Automatic access of semantic information by phonological codes in visual word recognition.

An important issue in reading research is the role of phonology in visual word recognition. This experiment demonstrated that naming time of a target word (e.g., nut) is facilitated more by a homophone of a semantic associate (e.g., beach) than by a visually similar control (e.g., bench). However, this priming effect from the homophone obtained only when the prime word was exposed for 50 msec and was followed by a pattern mask and not when it was exposed for 200 msec before the pattern mask. In contrast, the "appropriate" prime (e.g., beech) provided facilitation at both exposure durations. Because the priming was obtained with a stimulus onset asynchrony of 250 msec, these data provide support for G. C. Van Orden's (1987) verification model, which posits that meaning is accessed through the automatic activation of phonological information. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

复杂环境下一种基于SiamMask的时空预测移动目标跟踪算法

随着无人工厂、智能安监等技术在制造业领域的深入应用,以视觉识别预警系统为代表的复杂环境下动态识别技术成为智能工业领域的重要研究内容之一。在本文所述的工业级视觉识别预警系统中,操作人员头发区域由于其具有移动形态非规则性、运动无规律性的特点,在动态图像中的实时分割较为困难。针对此问题,提出一种基于SiamMask模型的时空预测移动目标跟踪算法。该算法将基于PyTorch深度学习框架的SiamMask单目标跟踪算法与ROI检测及STC时空上下文预测算法相融合,根据目标时空关系的在线学习,预测新的目标位置并对SiamMask模型进行算法校正,实现视频序列中的目标快速识别。实验结果表明,所提出的算法能够克服环境干扰、目标遮挡对跟踪效果的影响,将目标跟踪误识别率降低至0.156%。该算法计算时间成本为每秒30帧,比改进前的SiamMask模型帧率每秒提高3.2帧,算法效率提高11.94%。该算法达到视觉识别预警系统准确性、实时性的要求,对移动目标识别算法模型的复杂环境应用具有借鉴意义。      

Position and order information in recognition memory.

In three experiments we examined short-term recognition memory for order information. In each, a target string of letters was followed by a test string to which the subject responded "same" or "different." The test string either was identical to the target, or it included a transposition of a single pair of letters. Results were consistent in showing that the closer two transposed letters were to another in the target string, the poorer was the recognition of transposition. A probed recall procedure introduced in Experiment 3 required subjects to identify the serial position in the target string held by the probe letter. This procedure showed that memory for a letter's serial position was distributed over a number of serial positions and that the overlap of such positional uncertainty functions for individual pairs of adjacent items predicted recognition memory for transposition. Uncertainty about position of occurrence appears to determine order information, at least in part, and constitutes a neglected aspect of current theories of serial-position phenomena. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A decrement-to-familiarity interpretation of the revelation effect from forced-choice tests of recognition memory

In the revelation effect, the probability of labeling a target or a lure as "old" on item recognition tests increases if just prior to their recognition judgment, participants first identify a disguised version of the test item. The same occurs with interpolated tasks that occur just prior to a recognition judgment if the task shares constituents with the test items. One explanation of this test bias is an increased feeling of familiarity that comes from the identification stage preceding the recognition judgment (e.g., D. C. LeCompte, 1995; C. R. Lou, 1993). This study's finding in 4 experiments that 2-alternative forced-choice recognition either yields no effects of revelation or an "antirevelation" effect, even when both items were studied or nonstudied, is incongruent with this explanation. The authors argue that revelation decrements familiarity, and this results in a more liberal criterion shift. They also argue that their theory is more consistent with previous empirical data.     

The role of the temporal lobes in recognizing visuospatial materials: remembering versus knowing

Recognition memory for abstract visuospatial designs was assessed in unilateral temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) patients and normal controls using a remember/know recognition paradigm. Subjects assigned "remember" judgments to recognized items for which they could recall the study presentation, and "know" judgments to items recognized on the basis of familiarity without conscious recollection of the study episode. In Experiment 1 normal controls and left TLE patients gave more "know" than "remember" recognition judgments for visuospatial materials. Right TLE subjects, however, showed the opposite response pattern. Experiment 1a demonstrated that this dissociation between left and right temporal patients occurred in both presurgery and postsurgery patients. In Experiment 2 recognition was assessed following encoding conditions in which subjects answered questions about either the number of lines in the designs or the appropriateness of verbal labels for presented stimuli. The previous pattern of "know" and "remember" responses was replicated for all groups in the line count condition, but was reversed for normal controls in the label condition. These results are interpreted within a theoretical framework in which "remember" responses are based on the contribution of distinctiveness of individual items to recognition whereas "know" judgements reflect perceptual fluency.     

Phonological and associative inhibition in the early stages of English word identification: Evidence from backward masking.

The role of phonological information in English word identification and the activation pattern of phonological and associative dimensions were investigated with a backward-masking paradigm. Mask type (graphemic, homophonic, associative, unrelated word control, and nonletter #-baseline) and target exposure duration were manipulated. Graphemic and homophonic but not associative masks influenced target recognition at 28 ms, and homophonic masks inhibited recognition relative to graphemic masks. At 42 ms, homophonic masks facilitated recognition, and associates inhibited, rather than enhanced, recognition relative to word controls. These results suggest that phonological computation occurs before associative computation and that phonological inhibition arises from lexical competition. The phonological and associative inhibitory effects are interpreted in terms of the center-surround perceptual principle. In this interpretation, backward-masking conditions cause observers to seek orthographic rather than phonological codes. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

NK cells can recognize different forms of class I MHC

NK recognition and lysis of targets are mediated by activation receptor(s) whose effects may be over-ridden by inhibitory receptors recognizing class I MHC on the target. Incubation of normal lymphoblasts with a peptide that can bind to their class I MHC renders them sensitive to lysis by syngeneic NK cells. By binding to class I MHC, the peptide alters or masks the target structure recognized by an inhibitory NK receptor(s). This target structure is most likely an "empty" dimer of class I heavy chain and beta2m as opposed to a "full" class I trimer formed by binding of specific peptide that is recognized by CTL.     

Semantic interference from visual object recognition on visual imagery.

A new technique for examining the interaction between visual object recognition and visual imagery is reported. The "image-picture interference" paradigm requires participants to generate and make a response to a mental image of a previously memorized object, while ignoring a simultaneously presented picture distractor. Responses in 2 imagery tasks (making left-right higher spatial judgments and making taller-wider judgments) were longer when the simultaneous picture distractor was categorically related to the target distractor relative to unrelated and neutral target-distractor combinations. In contrast, performance was not influenced in this way when the distractor was a related word, when a semantic categorization decision was made to the target, or when distractor and target were visually but not categorically related to one another. The authors discuss these findings in terms of the semantic representations shared by visual object recognition and visual imagery that mediate performance. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

X-ray structure at 1.76 A resolution of a polypeptide phospholipase A2 inhibitor

The high resolution crystal structure of a natural PLA2 inhibitor has been determined by Patterson search methods. In the heterodimeric, neurotoxic complex, vipoxin, isolated from the venom of Bulgarian viper, PLA2 inhibitor represents the non-toxic subunit. The model was refined to a crystallographic R-factor of 15.5% for data between 6 and 1.76 A resolution. The packing of the inhibitor in the crystal reveals close contacts between the molecules, which are symmetry-related by the 2-fold axes of the lattice. These pairs associate as a crystallographic dimer, stabilized by a set of interactions, including van der Waals contacts between residues from symmetry-related pairs, denoted as the recognition site and the recognition surface. Residues Ph3, Trp31 and Tyr119 represent the recognition site of inhibitor which possibly fits to the hydrophobic wall of the target PLA2. The topology of the inhibitor represents the PLA2 type of folding: three long helices and a beta-hairpin. Superposition of the structure of the inhibitor shows an almost complete overlap with different mammalian and viper PLA2 in the backbone and in the position of the sidechains of the residues that belong to the active centre and the hydrophobic wall. A "lock and key" mechanism of recognition of its native PLA2 in gland cells and other toxic PLA2 in vitro has been suggested. The mechanism includes complementary "head to tail" interactions between the recognition site of the inhibitor and a recognition surface located on the hydrophobic wall of the target PLA2. Having a high spatial homology with the PLA2 family of enzymes but opposing their action, the inhibitor from vipoxin presents an example of a divergent evolution of an ancient PLA2. The presence of a space for binding calcium in the inhibitor is believed to be a rudiment and proof of a common origin with PLA2.     

基于改进的微粒群算法的板形模式识别方法

针对在实际生产中板形信号识别精度不高的问题,通过对板形信号和板形识别数学模型的分析,采用基于混沌序列的微粒群寻优算法对板形信号进行识别。以勒让德正交多项式作为板形缺陷的基模式,将板形信号模式识别过程转化为函数的优化问题,有效地提高了算法的寻优效果,改进了板形信号模式识别的速度和精度。