生物法生产丙烯酰胺过程中腈水合酶的抑制和失活

为改进生物法生产丙烯酰胺工艺,研究了腈水合酶催化丙烯腈水合生产丙烯酰胺过程中影响腈水合酶反应速率和酶失活的因素. 实验证明,水合过程中体系pH值的变化基本不影响酶反应速率;底物丙烯腈的浓度低于10 g/L时,酶反应速率与底物浓度成正比,大于75 g/L后,对酶有抑制作用;产物丙烯酰胺显著抑制腈水合酶的活性;菌体细胞内可能存在可以稳定腈水合酶的物质,胞内的腈水合酶在40℃下的半衰期可以达到59.9 h;丙烯酰胺与温度的协同作用是腈水合酶失活的重要原因.     

游离细胞腈水合酶催化丙烯腈水合反应的双稳态反应动力学

腈水合酶是能够催化丙烯腈水合生成丙烯酰胺的一种重要的工业酶。本研究建立了游离细胞腈水合酶催化丙烯腈水合反应的双稳态反应动力学模型,关联了底物浓度、产物浓度和温度等主要因素对反应速率(表观酶活)的影响。在实验研究的基础上,通过麦夸特及全局最优化算法求解了动力学模型。结果表明,游离细胞腈水合酶催化的双稳态反应动力学模型是比较典型的产物抑制型,当产物浓度逐渐增大时,高浓度的产物将抑制腈水合酶的活性。当底物浓度10g·L-1时,由于底物加入反应体系时产生的局部瞬时高浓度,腈水合酶催化的丙烯腈水合反应的表观反应速率不随底物浓度变化。当底物浓度≥10g·L-1时,底物产物浓度对反应速率具有显著影响。温度对酶活的影响也十分显著,相同底物产物浓度下,28℃时的酶催化水合反应速率是15℃时的3.3倍。     

sol-gel法固定化漆酶及其性质

采用sol-gel法固定化漆酶,最佳固定化条件为:聚乙二醇分子量PEG600;聚乙二醇添加量1.5%;酶液浓度15mg/mL;水/前驱体质量比1:6;缓冲液pH值4.5。固定化漆酶活性保持在游离漆酶的50%以上,最适反应温度为60℃,最适pH值为pH4.5。同时,热稳定性、酸碱稳定性和贮存稳定性都有明显的提高。当以ABTS为底物时,固定化漆酶的K_m值(122.8μmol/L)比游离漆酶的K_m值(32.9μmol/L)高,与底物的亲和力有所降低。     

腈水合酶/酰胺酶体系制备蛋氨酸羟基类似物

西洼湖戈登氏菌CGMCC 4.218 4含有一个高效的腈水合酶/酰胺酶体系。本文利用该菌株全细胞中的腈水合酶(Nitrile hydratas)催化2-羟基-4-甲硫基丁腈(HMTBN)水合为2-羟基-4-甲硫基丁酰胺(HMTBAm),利用酰胺酶(Amidase)以原位串联的方式将2-羟基-4-甲硫基丁酰胺水解为2-羟基-4-甲硫基丁酸(HMTBA,蛋氨酸羟基类似物)。考察了底物浓度、细胞质量浓度、温度、pH、反应时间对腈水合酶和酰胺酶活性的影响,对腈水合酶、酰胺酶的热稳定性和pH稳定性进行了测定。结果表明,最优的反应条件为:50 mmol/L HMTBN,3 g/L干重细胞,温度30℃,pH=8.0,反应时间30 min。在最优反应条件下,采用分批补料策略,细胞可使用23批次,HMTBA的累积量在44 h内达到164 g/L,其产率为95%。     

极端条件驯化法提高腈水合酶产生菌的丙烯酰胺耐受性

为了提高产腈水合酶的菌体Nocardia sp.对催化产物丙烯酰胺的耐受性,利用极端条件改造了现有的丙烯酰胺生产菌株RS,通过向发酵液间歇加入丙烯腈催化生成丙烯酰胺,为菌体制造出一个极端环境,使菌体在生长催化过程中逐渐适应高浓度丙烯酰胺,强化其丙烯酰胺耐受性,驯化得到了RS-1菌株. 研究了驯化过程中菌体存活率、比死亡速率和腈水合酶活性随丙烯酰胺浓度的变化. 在不同的丙烯酰胺初始浓度(0~400 g/L)下比较了两菌株的丙烯酰胺耐受性,RS-1菌体催化丙烯腈水合的速率都大于RS菌体,平均提高30.8%;而且RS-1菌株的胞内腈水合酶也具有较好的丙烯酰胺耐受性. 在相同的水合条件下,RS-1菌株催化所得的丙烯酰胺终浓度和丙烯腈转化率分别为587.1 g/L和99.97%,都明显优于RS菌株的水合结果. 在进一步的水合实验中,RS-1菌株催化所得的丙烯酰胺终浓度达到了641.4 g/L.     

固定化L-天门冬酰胺酶的性质及其填充床反应器的研究

利用海藻酸钙包埋、戊二醛交联的方法对L-天门冬酰胺酶进行固定化。研究了固定化L-天门冬酰胺酶的最适pH、最适温度、米氏常数、半衰期等酶学性质,并考察了影响固定化酶柱式填充床反应器转化率的因素。结果表明:固定化酶最适pH值为8.5,最适温度为67°C,固定化酶的米氏常数Km增大,固定化酶半衰期随着温度的增加而逐渐减小;温度、反应柱内径、底物溶液浓度、流速等因素对填充床反应器转化率均有显著影响。     

Rhodococcus boritolerans FW815腈水合酶分离纯化及其酶学性质研究

Rhodococcus boritolerans FW815具有高效水合2,2-二甲基环丙甲腈活性,利用蛋白质柱层析技术从中分离得到R.boritolerans FW815腈水合酶。实验结果表明,该腈水合酶分子量为40 kDa,由大小分别为24 kDa、22 kDa两种亚基构成。R.boritolerans FW815腈水合酶最适作用温度为37℃,最适作用pH值7.0。Cu2+、Zn2+、Ni2+等金属离子及EDTA对该腈水合酶有较强的抑制作用。除2,2-二甲基环丙甲腈、2-氨基-2,3-二甲基丁腈之外,R.boritolerans FW815腈水合酶对2-氧代-1-吡咯烷基丁腈、丙烯腈、2-氨基-4-甲硫基丁腈也表现出腈水合酶活性。     

腈水合酶的发酵研究

Nocardh sp163#在含有脲和钴的培养基中发酵生产腈水合酶,可以催化丙烯腈水合为丙烯酰胺。调节培养条件使发酵液的酶活力达到815万u／ml。温度28—30℃,反应体系呈中性酶活性很高并且稳定。     

产腈水合酶菌株的驯化研究

以Nocardia sp. LNSY0611为出发菌株,通过逐渐增加培养基中丙烯腈的浓度重复继代培养,得到一株酶活为72.5 U·mg-1的腈水合酶高活力菌株Nocardia sp. LNSY0611XH,酶活比出发菌株提高了15倍.初步确定驯化最优条件为:葡萄糖20 g·L-1、诱导剂脲0.06 g·L-1、Co2 0.3 g·L-1、丙烯酰胺10%、温度30℃及pH 7.在此条件下,腈水合酶可高效表达.     

漆酶在介孔分子筛MCM-41上的固定化研究

以介孔分子筛MCM-41作为漆酶固定化的载体,采用物理吸附法进行固定化,考察了时间、pH和给酶量对固定化效果的影响,并对固定化酶的活性及其稳定性进行了研究,讨论了影响固定化过程和固定化酶性质的主要原因.结果显示,在pH为3时,酶和载体比例为62.5 mg·g-1时吸附12 h固定化效果最好,固定化酶活性回收率为50%;与游离漆酶相比,MCM-41固定化漆酶的最适反应pH略有升高,最适温度没有变化,其pH稳定性和热稳定性都显著优于游离漆酶,固定化漆酶具有可重复操作的性质,与底物反应反复操作10批次后剩余活性为40%.以上表明,MCM-41作为固定化漆酶的一种新型载体材料,有利于改善漆酶的稳定性和实用性.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。