PVA/SiO2杂化纤维的制备与表征

采用溶胶凝胶法制备了不同SiO2含量的PVA/SiO2杂化溶胶,通过拉丝得到杂化纤维。对溶胶的可纺性和杂化纤维的性能进行了研究。结果表明,SiO2溶胶与PVA/SiO2杂化溶胶在反应过程中的黏度变化规律相似,黏度均存在三个变化区间,随PVA含量的增加,杂化溶胶的可纺性能改善。FT-IR表明,杂化纤维中PVA与SiO2之间形成了化学键结合;XRD、DSC和光学显微分析表明,杂化使PVA结晶能力明显降低;热失重和耐溶剂研究表明,PVA与SiO2之间的化学键结合使杂化纤维具有良好的耐热性能。     

PVA/SiO_2/TiO_2杂化纤维的制备与表征

采用溶胶-凝胶法以正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)和钛酸四丁酯(TBOT)为原料制备了SiO2/TiO2溶胶,并与PVA进行杂化,得到PVA/SiO2/TiO2杂化溶胶,陈化后用拉丝法制得PVA/SiO2/TiO2杂化纤维。研究了PVA和TBOT对杂化溶胶的黏度变化与成纤性能的影响,并对杂化纤维的性能进行了测试。用FT-IR、EDS、XRD和TG对制得的纤维进行了表征。结果表明,PVA有利于改善杂化溶胶的成纤性能,随钛含量增加杂化溶胶的黏度变化速度加快;杂化纤维中各组分分布较为均匀,通过杂化限制了PVA的结晶并改善了PVA的耐热性能。     

聚醋酸乙烯酯/二氧化硅杂化材料的制备与性能研究

以硅酸钠在HCl溶液中的水解,经四氢呋喃(THF)萃取,制备聚硅酸溶胶,再与聚醋酸乙烯酯(PVAC)的THF溶液混合,经溶胶-凝胶过程制备了PVAC/SiO2有机/无机杂化材料.用扫描电镜(SEM),红外光谱(IR),X射线衍射,热失重及透光率等的分析测试,对制备的PVAC/SiO2杂化材料进行了结构与性能的研究.结果表明:本法制备的杂化材料中SiO2在PVAC的基体中分布均匀,SiO2在非晶态的PVAC中亦呈无定形态,杂化材料的硬度、软化温度和热分解温度都比纯PVAC有较大的提高;SiO2含量少于40%的杂化材料其断裂伸长率、屈服强度和断裂强度也比纯PVAC提高;另外,还发现在制备过程中加入少许偶联剂KH-570后,杂化材料中的有机-无机相间的相容性增加,不易发生相分离,材料的透光性能也大为改善.     

聚醋酸乙烯酯／二氧化硅杂化材料的制备与性能研究

以硅酸钠在HCL溶液中的水解，经四氢呋喃（THF）萃取，制备聚硅酸溶胶，再与聚醋酸乙烯酯（PVAC）的THF溶液混合，经溶胶-凝胶过程制备了PCAC/SiO2有机/无机杂化材料。用扫描是镜（SEM），红外光谱（IR），X射线衍射，热失重及透光率等的分析测试，对制备的PVAC/SiO2杂化材料进行了结构与性能的研究。结果表明：本法制备的杂化材料中SiO2在PVAC的基体中分布均匀，SiO2在非晶态的PVAC中亦呈无定形态，杂化材料的硬度、软化温度和热分解温度都比纯PVAC有较大的提高；SiO2含量少于40%的杂化材料其断裂伸长率、屈服强度和断裂强度也比纯PVAC提高；另外，还发现在制备过程中加入少许偶联剂KH-570后，杂化材料中的有机-无机相间的相容性增加，不易发生相分离，材料的透光性能也大为改善。     

环氧树脂/二氧化硅杂化材料的制备与性能表征

溶胶-凝胶法制备环氧树脂/SiO2杂化材料,利用FTIR、SEM和综合热分析仪对杂化材料的结构、显微形态及热性能进行了表征.结果表明,杂化材料中SiO2与环氧树脂两相间存在氢键作用;SiO2质量分数＜7%时SiO2与环氧树脂之间无明显相界面,可获得有机聚合物链段与无机网络互穿的有机/无机杂化材料;SiO2质量分数为11%时材料具有最佳耐热性能.     

醇类共溶剂对聚丙烯酸酯/SiO_2杂化涂层表面形貌和性能的影响

通过共混法制备了聚丙烯酸酯/SiO2(PA/SiO2)杂化乳液,在成膜过程中添加醇类共溶剂,驱使杂化乳液在成膜过程发生溶胶-凝胶反应;研究了醇类共溶剂种类对涂层性能的影响。结果显示,选用异丙醇作共溶剂时,交联度从65%提高到88%,而硬度从0.71提高到0.86,涂膜的综合性能最佳。采用傅里叶变换红外光谱、扫描电镜和原子力显微镜表征涂层表面结构时,发现功能聚合物与硅溶胶间发生溶胶-凝胶反应,并在涂层表面形成了聚合物-SiO2和Si-O-Si交联骨架,使得SiO2颗粒均匀分布于涂层中,提高了杂化涂层的热稳定性。     

溶胶-凝胶法制备有机-无机杂化光波导材料研究进展

有机-无机杂化材料因同时具有有机功能基团和无机功能基团的结构特点而易于有机光活性物质和无机活性物质的掺杂已被人们广泛关注和大力研究.溶胶-凝胶法是制备有机-无机杂化光波导材料的主要方法.阐述了溶胶-凝胶法制备杂化材料的原理,比较了几种目前研究得较多的有机-无机杂化光波导材料体系,指出了各自的优缺点,介绍了杂化材料制备光波导器件的工艺流程,最后归纳了溶胶-凝胶法制备有机-无机杂化光波导材料过程中存在的问题.     

溶胶-凝胶法制备含氟聚丙烯酸酯/SiO2杂化材料的结构与性能

用酸催化溶胶-凝胶法制得SiO2溶胶,与丙烯酸酯单体原位聚合,制备了含氟聚丙烯酸酯/SiO2杂化材料。利用红外光谱、场发射扫描电镜、X射线光电子能谱等表征了杂化材料的结构、形态及表面化学组成;研究了SiO2相的形态、分布和界面状况等与杂化材料的表面性能、热学性能和力学性能的关联与影响。结果表明,SiO2在杂化体系中以Si-O网络的形式存在,并与有机相之间有良好键合;杂化材料的疏水性、热稳定性和硬度随着SiO2含量的增加逐渐增强,附着力则先增大后减小。     

SiO2对MMA-PMOE共聚物的改性

采用溶胶-凝胶法,以正硅酸乙酯为前驱物,甲基丙烯酸-β羟乙酯为交联剂,制备了透明均质的PMMA-PPMOE/SiO2有机无机杂化材料,通过FT-IR、XRD、DSC-TG和偏光显微镜等研究了材料的结构和性能,结果表明,杂化材料中存在Si-O-C共价键,形成了有机无机杂化网络,从而使材料的耐热性优于PMMA-PPMOE有机聚合物。     

共溶剂对丙烯酸酯聚合物/SiO_2杂化涂膜性能的影响

通过共混法制备丙烯酸酯聚合物/SiO2(PA/SiO2)杂化乳液,成膜过程添加醇类共溶剂促进偶联改性的聚合物与硅溶胶(SiO2)颗粒之间发生溶胶-凝胶反应。SEM图证实,无共溶剂的杂化涂膜SiO2颗粒趋于表面迁移及团聚,而异丙醇作共溶剂时SiO2颗粒在杂化涂膜表面均匀分散。成膜过程中添加15%异丙醇,杂化涂膜的耐化学品性和硬度等性能最佳。水接触角分析证实,添加共溶剂的杂化涂膜具有更好的耐水性能。AFM图表明,无共溶剂的杂化涂膜表面存在高度为217.9nm的团聚体;添加异丙醇的杂化涂膜表面粒子高度为65.97nm,略高于SiO2颗粒粒径,说明SiO2颗粒均匀分散在杂化涂膜表面。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Synthesis of Alumina-Zirconia Nanocomposites by Solgel Process

Al₂O₃-ZrO₂ nanocomposites were developed starting with the solgel process. Composite alumina-zirconia nanopowders were synthesized from metallorganic precursors (Aluminium secondary butoxide and zirconium Iso propoxide) using the solgel process. The parameters affecting the synthesis—solvent, concentration of precursor, R/H ratio (i.e., dilution of water in solvent)—were varied as also the temperature and pH. BET and TEM were used to measure nanosize. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and also qualitative optical absorption led to identical particle size estimate. The variation of process parameters was used to study the effect and interdependence of process parameters. Artificial Neural Networks was used to rigorously analyze the process. Although this led to confirmation of interdependence of parameters, the presence of a single overwhelming solvent variable was also established. Then the optimal process was used to synthesize more nanopowder. To produce bulk nanocomposite the nanopowders were sintered by varying the temperature and time period. The sintered lithoids were probed with a vickers hardness tester to measure elastic modulus, hardness, and fracture toughness. The results showed high elastic modulus, modest hardness, and very high fracture toughness.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Friction Stir Processing Strategies for Uniform Distribution of Reinforcement in a Surface Composite

Friction stir processing (FSP) is an important technique for preparing surface composites. Fabricating defect-free surface composites with uniform particle distribution by FSP is a challenging task. In this study, silicon carbide particles reinforced AA5083 alloy surface composites was fabricated using different FSP strategies including variation in process parameters, dual-tool processing and tool offset overlapping. Material flow of the processed material with reinforcement particles demonstrated that the distribution of particles was influenced by the stirring action of the probe as well as the extrusion of the plasticized material due to the movement of the tool. Process parameters, particularly rotational speed, showed a dominant influence on the distribution of silicon carbide particles.