Application of wavelet analysis to the determination of partial discharge location in multiple-α transformer windings

The inner insulation system is a critical component of a power transformer. Its degradation may cause the device to fail while in service. If deterioration of the insulation system caused by Partial Discharge (PD) activity can be detected at an early stage, preventive maintenance measures can be taken. Due to the complex structure of power transformers, accurate locating of PD is not an easy task and is one of the main challenges in front of power utilities. Locating PD is more difficult in transformers with multiple-α windings. This problem comes to be vital in open access systems. A method for locating partial discharge within multiple-α windings is proposed, which is based on structural data of a transformer. A 66 kV/25 MVA transformer with fully interleaved winding and connected tap winding is used as test object. Wavelet transform is employed to process the partial discharge signals. Wavelet transform analysis method is a powerful tool for processing transients and non-stationary or time varying signals. Since the wavelet transform provides multi-scale analysis and time–frequency domain localization, it is particularly suitable to process the partial discharge signals. In order to improve the accuracy of the partial discharge location, a new technique for extracting Partial Discharge signals is introduced. Applying wavelet transform to a signal produces a wavelet detail coefficient distribution throughout the time-scale, which depends on the mother wavelet chosen. This technique is based on the capability of the chosen mother wavelet for generating coefficients with maximum values. The wavelet based de-noising method proposed in this paper can be successfully employed to extract PD pulse from the measured signal. It can provide enhanced information and further infer the original site of the PD pulse through capacitive ratio method. The method is described in details and the applications to determine the partial discharge location in multiple-α windings are explored.     

局部放电脉冲在单绕组变压器中传播过程的仿真分析

变压器所特有的绕组结构对局部放电脉冲的传播过程有重要影响。对传播过程的深入研究有助于正确理解测得信号所包含的信息。文章建立了局部放电脉冲在单绕组变压器绕组中传播过程的仿真计算模型，并结合不同放电位置计算了脉冲传播途径的传递函数。不同位置发生放电时，可利用同一测量点所测信号根据其幅频特性的不同来确定放电位置。     

A measurements-based discharge location algorithm for plain disc winding power transformers

A measurements-based electrical method for locating partial discharges (PD) in transformers is described in the paper. This location method relies on the series resonance frequencies of the signals produced at the transformer terminals by a discharge on the winding. Based on the equivalent circuit of plain disc type winding which consists of series inductance (L), series capacitance (K) and shunt capacitance to earth (C) of the winding, an analytical location algorithm is derived which gives the relationship between the location of a discharge and its terminal response's series resonance frequencies. LKC parameters of the equivalent circuit can be estimated using the series resonance frequencies of a calibration signal measured at the bushing tap during PD calibration. The PD location algorithm was tested on 11 kV transformer winding using signals produced by a discharge simulator and real discharges, and the results confirm its validity with a location accuracy of better than 10% of the winding length. However, blind area where this location algorithm is not applicable does exist near the neutral of the winding and far away from the measuring terminal. Since this location algorithm uses the series resonance frequencies below 500 kHz, it can be implemented with conventional PD measuring circuitry and instruments to detect and locate discharges in power transformers.     

基于多导体传输线模型的单相变压器绕组中放电的距离函数法定位

基于多导体传输线理论建立放电脉冲信号在大型单相变压器绕组中的传输模型.结合真实变压器绕组的具体结构,在频域仿真计算了绕组不同位置注入放电脉冲电流时其首末端的电流传输函数比曲线.根据绕组电流传输函数比曲线的可分性,采用距离函数法实现了变压器绕组中局部放电的电气定位.该方法根据实测与仿真传输函数之间的距离函数大小判断放电位置,180匝连续式单绕组和400kV单相变压器的模拟定位试验验证了该方法的有效性.     

能量比值法定位变压器局部放电

提出了先确定变压器两测量端信号能量比值与放电位置的关系曲线,用放电后测算得的信号能量比值确定放电位置的方法。仿真和试验表明,<1 MHZ放电信号的能量比值具有良好的位置特性,其定位特征量的误差<10%。     

Using correlation coefficients for locating partial discharge in power transformer

Most serious failure of power transformers is due to the insulation breakdown. Partial discharge (PD) that damages insulation by gradual erosion is major source of insulation failure. The effective ability of the wavelet packets analysis as a tool for disk-to-disk partial discharge faults detection and localization in transformer windings is shown in this paper. Techniques for locating a PD source are of the major importance in both the maintenance and repair of a transformer. One of the most well-known methods of PD localization in transformers is based on winding modeling and current of neutral point analysis. Since the impedance between PD location and neutral point of winding depends on the PD location in respect to neutral point, the frequency spectrum of neutral point current varies when the PD location changes. In the other word, the current components of neutral points vary according to the place where PD occurs. So in this paper, detailed model of transformer winding is modeled and the neutral point current is studied for locating PD. The used method is validated by the simulated model of transformer windings. This model produces a very acceptable current when compared to the experimental data. In this paper for locating partial discharge (PD) in transformer windings, a simulated model is developed for the transformer winding and the PD phenomenon mechanism. The impulse current test and wavelet packets transformation are used to locate PD. It is shown that the neutral current measurement of the transformer winding has useful information about PD location.     

Thermal modeling of disc-type winding for ventilated dry-type transformers

A thermal model for disc-type winding of ventilated dry-type power transformers is presented. The proposed model was based on fundamental heat transfer mechanisms, i.e. heat conduction, convection and radiation. All cooling surfaces were identified, and heat transfer coefficients for each identified surface were presented. The thermal model was applied to a ventilated dry-type power transformer rated at 2000 kV A under different load conditions. Temperature distributions were calculated, and the hottest-spots were located accordingly. The temperatures for the predicted hottest-spots were measured by an infrared thermometer, and they were compared with the temperatures calculated by the model. They are in good agreement.     

A hybrid transformer model for determination of partial discharge location in transformer winding

Partial discharges are well known as a source for insulation degradation in power transformers. A hybrid transformer model is introduced to simulate the transformer winding transient response. Transformer structural data is used to determine the hybrid model parameters. Calculations of the hybrid transient model parameters are based on the parameters of the lumped parameter equivalent transformer model and electromagnetic rules. Modern computation techniques and optimizations are employed beside this model for PD location using the multi conductor transmission line model and also to analyze its propagation aimed at achieving (i) more reliable simulation results (ii) less computational time (iii) accurate results for a wide range of frequency. The simulation results on a 66 kV, 25 MVA fully interleaved winding are presented. The measurement results on this winding are employed to validate this model     

Wavelet based transformer protection using high frequency power directional signals

This paper proposes a novel wavelet transform based relaying scheme for power transformer protection. The relay logic consists of two parts: disturbance detection based on first level high frequency details of the voltage signals only and fault discrimination using a power based directional signal derived from the first level high frequency details of both voltage and current signals. The logic is deterministic, computationally efficient, fast, secure and highly reliable. The operating time is 6 ms, about 1/3rd of power frequency cycle (20 ms). The scheme uses only the sign of the directional signals, rather than the difference in their magnitudes, hence it can work reliably in the presence of transformer tap variation, fault resistance and CT saturation. The validity of the proposed logic was exhaustively tested by simulating various types of internal and external faults, energization conditions and load variations on a 132 kV system modeled in ATP/EMTP with a 31.5 MVA, 132/33 kV, Y–Δ transformer. The proposed logic was able to correctly discriminate between internal faults, external faults and non-fault disturbances for all the 880 test cases.     

小波分析在变压器绕组故障识别中的应用

利用小波技术分析了绕组单点局部放电、2 点局部放电模式下绕组各分段检测到的电压波形特征,计算了故障电压信号分解重构后低频与高频部分的小波能量函数值。计算结果表明,小波分析所得到的能量函数能较好地提取绕组中局部放电故障的信号特征,可为绕组局部放电模式识别和故障定位提供指导。     

Winding movement in power transformers: a comparison of FRA measurement connection methods

Frequency response analysis (FRA) is an effective diagnostic tool for detecting transformer winding movements. Various FRA traces can be measured from a set of transformer winding terminals each of which relate to a different test connection scheme. Practical considerations of test and analysis time dictate that only some of the connections are used, and currently there is no standard test connection. This paper presents a comparison of three FRA measurement connections widely employed in the industry today, namely: end-to-end voltage ratio, input admittance and transfer voltage ratio measurements. Using a simulation model of a 132/11 kV, 30 MVA transformer, FRA traces were generated under these connection schemes and their sensitivity towards three types of winding movement, namely: axial displacement, forced buckling and axial bending was studied. A correlation exists between the FRA measurement results of end-to-end voltage ratio, input admittance and transfer voltage ratio connection methods, provided that the HV neutral is grounded. Among the three connection methods assessed, the transfer voltage ratio connection method has the best sensitivity to axial displacement and forced buckling, whereas the end-to-end voltage ratio method has the best sensitivity towards axial bending     

变压器的UHF法局放故障定位初探

分析变压器中主要结构部件对UHF电磁波传播影响后提出了基于最短光程原理定位变压器局放故障的思路。用模拟局放源和金属障碍物、变压器绕组试验研究UHF信号传播路径长度与传播时间关系的结果表明:存在金属障碍物时电磁波传播时延大于理论值,具体误差与信号传播路径上障碍物的遮挡范围有关;绕组的油道结构对信号虽有一定衰减,但对传播时延基本无影响,信号可穿透绕组以近直线传播。     

基于辐射电磁波检测的电力变压器局部放电定位研究

在局部放电特高频检测技术基础上，提出一种基于天线阵列技术和时间差算法的电力变压器局放定位新方法。研究了电磁波法的定位精度与检测频率的关系，提出1~5GHz的局放定位检测频带；对铁心、线圈模型对电磁波传播的影响进行了试验探讨；提出基于4阵元天线阵列检测的方式；设计了基于多样本互相关－移位－叠加－互相关的时延测量算法；最后开发了融合遗传算法的时间差法定位技术，试验验证了该技术的定位效果。结果表明，提出的检测频带、传感器阵列技术及时延算法有效地解决了铁心对定位的不利影响，实现了时延的自动测量并将时延测量精度提高到数十皮秒；通过把遗传算法与时间差算法有机结合成功实现了对单一局放源的定位，实验中定位精度可达数厘米。     

Temperature distribution in foil winding for ventilated dry-type power transformers

Predicting temperatures of transformers is important in order to prevent the deterioration of electrical insulation since the life of the transformers corresponds with that of the insulation. Reports of thermal behavior of ventilated dry-type transformers are rare in the literature. In particular, foil winding has received little attention despite their wide usage in practice. In this study, a thermal model for foil winding was proposed and temperature distributions were determined by the finite element method (FEM). In order to cope with the non-uniformity of the heat fluxes in the foil winding due to induced currents, different convection coefficients and varying air temperature along the vertical height of the foil winding were suggested and applied to the thermal model. The thermal model was solved by coupling it with the electromagnetic model to calculate the non-uniform power losses. The model was applied to a ventilated dry-type power transformer rated at 2000 kVA. Experimental temperatures were measured with thermocouples, and used to verify the finite element results. They showed reasonable agreement and will provide a useful tool for transformer engineers.     

变压器绕组的局部放电定位研究

通过ATP-Draw建立了变压器单绕组模型,模拟了局部放电脉冲在绕组中的传播过程,并介绍了基于分段绕组传递函数的局部放电定位方法.     

运行中的电力变压器油箱表面振动信号的研究

变压器绕组和铁心是发生故障较多的部件。通过对电力变压器空载试验及负载试验时分别测量油箱表面的振动信号，从而得到铁心及绕组的振动信号，为开展变压器绕组及铁心监测与诊断方法的研究提供了十分重要的依据。本文提出了对实际运行的电力变压器油箱表面的振动信号进行测量，比较分析变压器型号、传感器测量位置等对测得的振动信号的影响；当缺乏历史数据时，可以通过和同型号变压器或上下对称位置处的振动信号比较来判断绕组或铁心状况；并且通过对传感器安装位置发生偏离时测得信号的比较分析，提出了测点的布置与以往数据相比，相差半径范围不应超过5cm的结论。     

运行中的电力变压器油箱表面振动信号的研究

变压器绕组和铁心是发生故障较多的部件。通过对电力变压器空载试验及负载试验时分别测量油箱表面的振动信号,从而得到铁心及绕组的振动信号,为开展变压器绕组及铁心监测与诊断方法的研究提供了十分重要的依据。本文提出了对实际运行的电力变压器油箱表面的振动信号进行测量,比较分析变压器型号、传感器测量位置等对测得的振动信号的影响;当缺乏历史数据时,可以通过和同型号变压器或上下对称位置处的振动信号比较来判断绕组或铁心状况;并且通过对传感器安装位置发生偏离时测得信号的比较分析,提出了测点的布置与以往数据相比,相差半径范围不应超过5 cm的结论。     

Die Fähigkeit eines detaillierten Modells zur Diagnose axialer Verschiebungen in Transformatorwicklungen mit Hilfe von Übertragungsfunktionen

übersicht  Im Rahmen einer Forschungsarbeit wurde mit Hilfe einer Versuchsanordnung bestehend aus einer unverschachtelten Doppelscheibenspulenwicklung (ca. 1.3 MVA, 10 kV) und einer Vierfach-Lagenwicklung der Einfluss axialer Wicklungsverschiebungen auf die übertragungsfunktion n?her untersucht. Ein detailliertes mathematisches Modell wurde auf der Grundlage der Versuchsanordnung erstellt und ein Vergleich zwischen gemessenem und errechnetem Frequenzverhalten vollzogen. Neben einer zufriedenstellenden übereinstimmung zwischen Messung und Rechnung bei der Beschreibung des Frequenzverhaltens ist das Modell au?erdem in der Lage die Auswirkungen einer axialen Verschiebung korrekt wiederzugeben.

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Contents  Axial displacement of transformer windings has been studied in this research work using a test transformer. The transformer primary winding has 31 double disk coils (approx. 1.3 MVA, 10 kV) and the secondary is a four layer concentric winding. A detailed mathematical model was developed for the test object and a comparison was carried out between measured and calculated results. It is shown that this model can present the behavior of the transformer windings in the frequency domain in case of sound and displaced conditions.

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Eingegangen an 10. Oktober 2000     

油浸式电力变压器动态热路改进模型

油浸式电力变压器绕组的热点温度是指导变压器负载运行方式和影响变压器绝缘寿命的重要参数,准确计算绕组热点温度具有重要意义。在分析运行变压器散热过程的基础上,考虑油箱外壁与周围环境的热量传递,利用传热学原理和热电类比方法,定义非线性热阻和集总热容,并考虑油粘度随温度的变化,建立电力变压器动态等效热路的改进计算模型。将模型的计算结果与实验室自然油循环自然空气(oilnatural-air natural,ONAN)冷却方式下100 kVA/5 kV油浸式温升试验变压器实测数据和IEEE Std C57.91推荐方法计算值进行对比,比较结果表明:通过改进模型计算的变压器顶层油温和绕组热点温度具有较高的精度。     

基于修正热路模型的变压器顶层油温及绕组热点温度计算方法

提出基于修正热路模型方法进行变压器顶层油温及绕组热点温度计算的方法,对变压器的传热过程进行了研究,建立了热路模型。介绍了根据不同油温进行热路参数的调整并利用调整后的热路参数进行变压器顶层油温及热点温度的计算。采用文中计算方法与国家标准计算方法,对某220 kV变压器进行计算,将计算结果与变压器的温升试验数据进行比对,表明在考虑油流粘度变化的情况下,计算结果能够反映变压器热传递的暂态过程信息。