A novel protection for powerformers in NIEPS

A new type of high-voltage generator which offers a direct connection to the power network without the need for a step-up transformer is called powerformer. The neutral of the most powerformers is unearthed which belongs to NIEPS. When a stator single phase-to-ground fault occurs in a powerformer, every generator that is connected in parallel with the faulty powerformer has the same voltage. Traditional protection schemes using zero sequence voltage and third-harmonic voltage signals cannot detect which powerformer is faulted. In order to solve this problem for powerformer protection, a novel stator single phase-to-ground fault protection based on the direction and magnitude of zero-sequence currents is proposed in this paper. Simulation results have shown that, under different fault conditions, the new scheme can distinguish reliably internal faults from external faults, and can detect stator single phase-to-ground fault occurred in which powerformer with resistance 1 kΩ. A 100% of the winding can be fully protected.     

不同频带下电压故障行波极性的一致性分析

输电线路故障后产生的电压故障行波是一个宽频带信号。由于电容式电压互感器不能有效传变宽频带电压行波信号,给行波保护投入电力系统实际应用带来困难。文中应用数学分析工具——小波变换,以及小波变换的多分辨率分析特性,将电压故障行波分解成多个频带信号,并研究了各个频带下电压故障行波初始极性之间的关系。研究结果表明：电压故障行波各...     

A novel digital directional transformer protection technique based on wavelet packet

This paper presents a novel digital technique for transformer protection. The technique is based on deriving a directional quantity proportional to the fault current signal and the prefault voltage signal. Standard fast wavelet transform (FWT) schemes may not be as effective for data that has chiefly oscillatory features. An effective solution to discrimination involves examining the signal in both the time and frequency domains simultaneously. The wavelet packet transform is an extension of the FWT that allows for finer characterization of signal content for both time and frequency together. A 11/132-kV transformer connected to a 132-kV power system was simulated using Alternative Transient Program/Electromagnetic Transient Program (ATP/EMTP). Results indicate that the proposed technique is stable, reliable, and fast during the discrimination between internal and external faults, magnetizing inrush currents, and internal faults, ratio-mismatch, and saturation of current transformers (CTs).     

利用站域信息的智能变电站变压器后备保护方案

采用复压过流原理的变压器后备保护方案存在灵敏度不足、整定配合复杂、故障切除延时过长等问题。提出在智能变电站中采用主后备分离模式的变压器保护配置方案。单独配置的后备保护,利用站域共享信息,以方向比较原理为基础确定故障位置,实现对变压器内部故障、中低压母线故障、死区故障和断路器失灵的后备保护功能。对于不对称故障采用负序、零序方向元件,对于三相故障采用基于正序电流幅值相位比较的方向元件。通过在PSCAD中建立典型的110 k V变电站模型,对于各种故障类型进行仿真,验证了所研究的后备保护方案的有效性。     

极化电流行波方向继电器的实现方案

根据极化电流行波方向继电器（PCTDR）的基本原理和特点,给出了PCTDR的整体设计方案。并设计了以复杂可编程器件（CPLD）、高速数字信号处理器（DSP）和高性能微处理器（MPU）为核心的基于三CPU结构的超高速行波保护板,给出了其硬件设计方案及主要软件流程框图。同时给出了行波方向纵联保护的构成方案和动模实验室测试结...     

Wavelet transform based digital protection for transmission lines

This paper presents a high speed, computationally efficient scheme for protection of transmission lines. The relay logic consists of three parts: directional protection, fault classification and fault location. Wavelet transform is used for extracting information from the fault transients and only the first level high frequency details of the voltages and currents are used. Proposed protection logic compares the directional signals from both terminals to discriminate between faults inside and outside the zone of interest. Fault classification is achieved using local terminal current information. An estimate of the location of the faults is obtained utilizing single faulted phase current information from both terminals. The logic is deterministic and can work reliably in the presence of fault resistance, load variation and CT saturation. The validity of the proposed logic was exhaustively tested by simulating various types of faults on a four bus meshed system modeled in EMTP/ATP.     

Partial discharge localization in transformer windings using multi-conductor transmission line model

Multi-conductor transmission line model (MTLM) of transformer winding has been used to find partial discharge (PD) location in transformers. To decrease computational complexity of the model, two methods for calculation of model parameters were studied and the most suitable method was chosen based on comparison between measured and calculated transfer functions of a 132 kV/20 kV transformer. To investigate the accuracy of MTLM in PD localization, PD pulses produced by a PD calibrator were injected into different points of a research 20 kV/0.4 kV transformer and measured at both ends of the winding. The sectional winding transfer functions computed by the model were used to refer measured PD signals to possible PD locations. Then by comparison of referred signals, PD location in the winding was estimated.     

Discrimination between faults and magnetising inrush currents in transformers based on wavelet transforms

This paper presents the development of a wavelet-based scheme, for distinguishing between transformer inrush currents and power system fault currents, which proved to provide a reliable, fast and computationally efficient tool. The operating time of the scheme is less than half power frequency cycle (based on 5 kHz sampling rate). In this work wavelet transform concept is presented. Feature extraction and method of discrimination between transformer inrush and fault currents is derived. A 132/11 kV, transformer connected to a 132 kV power system were simulated using the EMTP. The generated data were used by the MATALB to test the performance of the technique as to its speed of response, computational burden and reliability. The proposed scheme proved to be reliable, accurate and fast.     

极化电流行波方向继电器

电容式电压互感器不能有效传变宽频带的电压故障行波信号,使得传统利用电压故障行波构成行波方向继电器的保护算法不能应用于实际电力系统保护中,为此提出了一种极化电流行波方向继电器。该方向继电器以电压故障行波中工频分量初始极性与电流故障初始行波的波头极性相比较判定故障方向,解决了传统行波方向继电器因不能有效获取宽频带电压故障行...     

基于补偿零序压差原理的110kV线路纵向故障保护方案

针对现有保护装置没有计及纵向故障的保护方案的问题,首先分析110 kV负荷站变压器中性点接地和不接地方式下线路的单相、两相断线故障特征。其次依据断线故障特征提出了基于线路双端零序电气量的补偿零序电压差动原理的断线保护方案,实现了断线故障的快速可靠动作。最后在110 kV纵联差动保护装置上增加断线保护逻辑,并在数字仿真系统上建立110 kV负荷站输电系统,验证了所提断线保护方案的有效性。     

基于纵联比较原理的变压器后备保护新方案

提出了一种基于纵联比较原理的变压器后备保护新方案.在现有保护的基础上,通过综合比较安装在变压器各侧测量元件的判断结果,能达到快速确定故障位置、隔离故障的目的.若判断为区内故障可实现快速跳闸;若为区外故障,能快速判断出故障所在侧,实现有选择性、动作延时配合简单的后备保护功能.该方案有效解决了变压器高压侧后备保护对中、低压侧故障灵敏度不高的问题,能缩小故障影响范围,缩短后备保护动作延时.考虑到在变压器不同运行方式下后备保护方案的通用性,选择基于故障分量的方向元件作为变压器各侧的测量元件.对各种故障情况进行了EMTDC(Electro-Magnetic Transientin DC Svstem)仿真计算,证明了该方案的可行性.     

Computationally Efficient Wavelet-Transform-Based Digital Directional Protection for Busbars

This paper proposes a novel wavelet-transform-based directional algorithm for busbar protection. The algorithm decomposes the current and voltage signals into their first-level details, which consist of frequencies in 500- to 1000-Hz bandwidth, for generating directional signals. A high level of computational efficiency is achieved compared to the other wavelet-transform-based algorithms proposed, since only the high-frequency details at the first level are employed in this algorithm. The validity of this method was exhaustively tested by simulating various types of faults on a substation modeled in the alternative transients program/electromagnetic transients program. The algorithm correctly discriminated between bus faults, various types of external faults, and transformer energization even in the presence of current-transformer saturation. This paper also provides the design details of the algorithm using field-programmable gate array technology.     

基于MMC的配电网电力电子变压器故障特性分析

介绍了配电网电力电子变压器输入级、隔离级和输出级通常采用的拓扑结构;选取了半桥子模块型模块化多电平换流器、双有源桥和三相逆变器作为研究对象,基于PSCAD仿真平台,搭建了10k V配电网电力电子变压器仿真模型;对电力电子变压器中可能出现的故障类型,包括交流输入侧故障、中压直流侧故障、低压直流侧故障以及功率开关元件故障等进行了理论分析与仿真验证;对各类故障下电力电子变压器的过电压、过电流水平进行了分类统计,指出了对配电网电力电子变压器影响较大的故障类型。     

振动频谱特征值在诊断变压器故障中的应用研究

<正>常运行中的电力变压器的振动主要来自于变压器铁心和绕组的振动,振动信号中包含了丰富的能够表征变压器状态的信息。文章在1台10/0.4 k V三相双绕组电力变压器中设铁心松动、绕组松动、绕组幅向错位故障,利用基频、幅值、主频率、频率比重以及频谱复杂度等振动特征量,研究了变压器绕组在上述故障条件下油箱表面的振动变化规律。研究结果表明,三种故障条件下的频谱复杂度均会降低,绕组松动和铁心松动中的振动基频会升高,绕组错位中的基频振动会降低。文中的结论对基于振动信号分析法的电力变压器诊断具有借鉴意义。     

交直流系统连锁故障引发功率倒向方向保护策略

针对目前交直流混联系统连锁故障引发的功率倒向导致纵联方向保护存在适应性的问题,以交流线路发生率较高的单相接地故障为例,在分析了过渡电阻对功率倒向和工频故障电流频率偏移影响的基础上,根据故障后母线电压突变量、故障点电压突变量、补偿电压突变量幅值之间的关系提出一种基于补偿电压突变量的本地信息判据方法。该方法不需要通信设备的参与,仅靠本地的故障信息进行区内外故障判别,不受交直流混联系统功率倒向的影响,并利用频率修正算法对故障电流进行修正。利用PSCAD软件建模仿真验证了该方法的有效性。     

一种特高压3/2接线纵差保护抗电流互感器饱和措施

特高压长线路3/2接线侧母线附近区外故障时2个分电流互感器都有可能饱和,使引入2个电流互感器和电流的相量差动保护遇到了较大困难.提出了一种实用抗电流互感器饱和措施,采用低电压启动判据筛选出可能引起电流互感器饱和的3/2接线侧母线附近的区内和区外故障,然后根据短数据窗电流不饱和的特点,采用适当的定值区分3/2接线侧母线附近区内故障差流和区外故障分布电容电流,从而通过闭锁防止区外故障因饱和误动.该方法已在实验样机中得到应用,并成功地通过保护动模试验.     

变电站故障的远后备保护

最近几年,已发生多起由于变电站直流电源消失,导致电力系统内的故障范围扩大,主变压器等电气设备受到严重损坏的事件。文中提出在不增加变电站设计复杂性的前提下,对上一级变电站的出线保护进行简单的改进,即设置能够切除110 kV变电站主变压器低压侧各种短路故障的远后备保护。基于此思路,设计了一种新的保护继电器,并将其作为一个相对独立的模块置于现有的微机线路保护中。     

Laboratory investigation of an amplitude comparator baseddirectional comparison digital protection scheme

A directional comparison digital protection scheme has been implemented with a 16-b single-board computer at each end of a physical model of a transmission line, with communication between the two ends. The protection algorithm makes use of the fundamental frequency components of the deviation signals of the voltage and phase-shifted current. Software routines have been developed for fault monitoring, directional determination, and the trip/block decision. Graphics features incorporated in the software are explained. Tests for various faults conducted on the physical model of a double-circuit transmission line show that the direction to a fault is determined in 3 to 7 ms. The blocking features of the relay are demonstrated     

A novel probabilistic neural network‐based algorithm for classifying internal fault in transformer windings

The major function of protective devices in a power system is to detect the occurrence of faults and to isolate the faulty sections from the rest of the system. Much progress has been made in the development algorithms for detecting faults in power transformers, which depend on transients‐based techniques. This paper presents an algorithm based on a combination of discrete wavelet transforms and probabilistic neural networks (PNNs) for classifying internal faults in a two‐winding three‐phase transformer. Fault conditions of the transformer are simulated using alternative transients program/electromagnetic transients program (ATP/EMTP) in order to obtain current signals. The mother wavelet Daubechies4 is employed to decompose the high‐frequency components from these signals. All three phases of the differential current signals are used in the fault detection decision algorithm. The variations of first‐scale high‐frequency component that detects fault are used as an input for the training pattern. The training process for the neural network and fault diagnosis decision is implemented using toolboxes on MATLAB/Simulink. Various cases and fault types based on the Thailand electricity transmission and distribution systems are studied to verify the validity of the algorithm. Backpropagation neural network is also compared with the PNN in this paper. It is found that the proposed method gives satisfactory accuracy with less training time, and will be particularly useful in the development of a modern differential relay for a transformer protection scheme. © 2013 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

±400 kV换流变压器阀侧套管绝缘结构设计

±400 kV换流变压器阀侧套管的设计裕度均低于特高压等级换流变压器套管,且±400 kV换流变压器阀侧套管在换流阀厅用量较大,因此有必要针对±400 kV换流变压器阀侧套管绝缘结构设计进行具体分析讨论.分析了±400 kV换流变压器阀侧套管双导电管结构的发热机理,从理论解析角度给出了双导电管结构的设计尺寸,进一步优化设计了套管的芯体绝缘结构,从内、外绝缘配合的角度给出了套管的外绝缘设计方案,并对其整体电场分布情况进行了校核计算:工作电压下其径向电场强度控制在3.11 kV/mm,工频耐压下其轴向电场强度控制在0.51 kV/mm,均满足±400 kV换流变压器阀侧套管设计电场强度控制要求.对研制完成的±400 kV换流变压器阀侧套管进行型式实验,结果表明所研制的套管通过了工频干耐受电压试验并局部放电测量、雷电冲击干耐受电压试验和温升试验等典型型式试验.