一种电能质量多扰动分类中特征组合优化方法

针对电能质量扰动分类中冗余特征量造成分类器训练困难、分类准确率下降的问题,提出一种基于改进遗传算法的特征组合优化方法。该方法对信号进行小波变换,提取各层的改进小波能量熵作为原始特征,并构造一种基于欧氏距离的适应度函数,采用改进的自适应遗传算法对原始特征进行筛选和优化组合,形成用于电能质量扰动分类的最优特征组合。分别采用二分类-支持向量机法(Binary-SVM)、多标签径向基神经网络(ML-RBF)和多标签K近邻法(ML-KNN)对不同噪声情况下的电能质量单一扰动和混合扰动进行分类,仿真结果验证了所提特征组合优化方法能有效提高分类器的训练速度和分类准确率。     

Classification of disturbances in hybrid DG system using modular PNN and SVM

This paper presents the classification of islanding and power quality (PQ) disturbances in grid-connected distributed generation (DG) based hybrid power system. The penetration of DG influences the PQ levels in the distribution networks. Islanding disturbances are separated out from the PQ disturbances based on the selection of suitable threshold value, at the initial stage of classification process. Further, the power quality disturbances are automatically classified into distinct classes based on feature extraction using S-transform followed by training of two classifiers, namely, modular probabilistic neural network (MPNN) and support vector machines (SVMs). Five different types of disturbances are considered for the classification problem. The study reveals that S-transform (ST) in association with MPNN and SVM can effectively detect and classify islanding and PQ disturbances. The proposed methodology uses features instead of real data set and thereby reduces the data size to classify disturbance signal without losing its original property. The accuracy and reliability of proposed classifier is also tested on signals contaminated with noise and PQ disturbances caused due to wind speed variation on an experimental prototype set-up.     

Power quality disturbance classificationbased on time-frequency domain multifeatureand decision tree

Accurate classification of power quality disturbance is the premise and basis for improving and governing power quality. A method for power quality disturbance classification based on time-frequency domain multi-feature and decision tree is presented. Wavelet transform and S-transform are used to extract the feature quantity of each power quality disturbance signal, and a decision tree with classification rules is then constructed for classification and recognition based on the extracted feature quantity. The classification rules and decision tree classifier are established by combining the energy spectrum feature quantity extracted by wavelet transform and other seven time-frequency domain feature quantities extracted by S-transform. Simulation results show that the proposed method can effectively identify six types of common single disturbance signals and two mixed disturbance signals, with fast classification speed and adequate noise resistance. Its classification accuracy is also higher than those of support vector machine (SVM) and k-nearest neighbor (KNN) algorithms. Compared with the method that only uses S-transform, the proposed feature extraction method has more abundant features and higher classification accuracy for power quality disturbance.     

基于自适应不完全S变换与LOO-KELM算法的复合电能质量扰动识别

针对电能质量复合扰动识别中特征提取效率低、分类器识别能力与学习速度无法同步提高的问题,提出一种基于自适应窗不完全S变换与留一交叉验证优化的核极限学习机(LOO-KELM)算法的复合电能质量扰动识别方法。首先根据选定的主频率点自适应调节S变换窗宽系数,提取具有高时频分辨率的59种电能质量(PQ)特征,再通过留一交叉验证寻找最小预测残差平方和,实现核极限学习机的输出权重优化,最后根据提取PQ特征集与优化后的核极限学习机实现复合扰动的识别与分类。仿真和实测结果表明,所提方法对不同噪声下的16类混合电能质量扰动均具有较高的分类精度,相较于现有复合电能质量识别方法,分类精度更高且训练时间更短。     

Detection and classification of power quality disturbances using S-transform and modular neural network

This paper presents an S-transform based modular neural network (NN) classifier for recognition of power quality disturbances. The excellent time—frequency resolution characteristics of the S-transform makes it an attractive candidate for the analysis of power quality (PQ) disturbances under noisy condition and has the ability to detect the disturbance correctly. On the other hand, the performance of wavelet transform (WT) degrades while detecting and localizing the disturbances in the presence of noise. Features extracted by using the S-transform are applied to a modular NN for automatic classification of the PQ disturbances that solves a relatively complex problem by decomposing it into simpler subtasks. Modularity of neural network provides better classification, model complexity reduction and better learning capability, etc. Eleven types of PQ disturbances are considered for the classification. The simulation results show that the combination of the S-transform and a modular NN can effectively detect and classify different power quality disturbances.     

Detection and classification of single and combined power quality disturbances using fuzzy systems oriented by particle swarm optimization algorithm

In this paper, a new approach for the detection and classification of single and combined power quality (PQ) disturbances is proposed using fuzzy logic and a particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. In the proposed method, suitable features of the waveform of the PQ disturbance are first extracted. These features are extracted from parameters derived from the Fourier and wavelet transforms of the signal. Then, the proposed fuzzy system classifies the type of PQ disturbances based on these features. The PSO algorithm is used to accurately determine the membership function parameters for the fuzzy systems. To test the proposed approach, the waveforms of the PQ disturbances were assumed to be in the sampled form. The impulse, interruption, swell, sag, notch, transient, harmonic, and flicker are considered as single disturbances for the voltage signal. In addition, eight possible combinations of single disturbances are considered as the PQ combined types. The capability of the proposed approach to identify these PQ disturbances is also investigated, when white Gaussian noise, with various signal to noise ratio (SNR) values, is added to the waveforms. The simulation results show that the average rate of correct identification is about 96% for different single and combined PQ disturbances under noisy conditions.     

汽车雨刮电机电磁干扰特征提取方法

针对汽车内部严重的电磁兼容问题,需要对车内电磁干扰源进行准确的分析.采用小波变换方法对汽车雨刮电机干扰信号进行多尺度分解,利用分解得到的各高频子带的小波系数特点,提出了小波域内突变参数和不平衡参数的计算方法,分并且提取各小波系数的累积能量参数、突变参数以及不平衡参数,并与重构后的各层细节信号的波形特征作了对比分析.结果表明,小波系数的累积能量参数、突变参数和不平衡参数能够准确描述原始信号中不同成分信号的特征,对电磁干扰源的识别和分类具有指导价值.此外,这种方法对其他电磁干扰信号的特征提取具有参考价值.     

一种平稳小波变换改进阈值函数的电能质量扰动信号去噪方法

含噪电能质量扰动信号分析的前提是准确找到突变点信息,对信号进行去噪的同时,又必须保留突变点特征。针对此问题,选取平稳小波变换分解信号,并利用提出的改进阈值函数对信号进行去噪。将含噪的电能质量扰动信号进行多层平稳小波变换,逐层估计平稳小波变换细节系数中噪声的均方差σ_j,计算各层阈值σ_j2lnk~(1/2)并根据信号、噪声的小波系数在不同尺度上的分布特点,通过ln(j+1)对各层阈值进行修正,结合改进的阈值函数分别对各层小波系数进行处理。利用尺度系数和处理后的小波系数进行重构,得到去噪后的信号。仿真结果表明,改进的阈值函数去噪方法能够较好地滤除噪声并保留突变点特征,从处理后的小波系数中可以清晰地观察到扰动的起止时刻,并能够分辨出暂态振荡与谐波干扰。     

基于谐波滤波器组的电能质量扰动数据压缩方法

提出一种基于谐波滤波器组的电能质量扰动数据压缩方法,该方法采用谐波滤波器组实现原始信号中稳态分量与暂态分量的分离,并通过插值离散傅里叶变换(IpDFT)算法来高精度估计谐波分量参数,然后对确定的稳态分量和暂态分量分别采用参数量化和小波变换进行压缩。最后,利用实际的电能质量扰动数据测试了该方法,结果表明,该方法对于各种类型的电能质量扰动信号均有效,同时在压缩比相同时,与通用小波压缩方法相比具有更好的压缩性能。     

基于S变换的电能质量扰动支持向量机分类识别

采用s变换和支持向量机进行电能质量扰动的分类识别。作为连续小波变换和短时傅立叶变换的发展，S变换引入了宽度与频率成反向变化的高斯窗，具有与频率相关的分辨率。由于S变换具有良好的时频特性，因而非常适合于进行电能质量扰动信号特征提取。首先通过S变换进行扰动信号特征提取，然后构造支持向量机分类树进行扰动分类。算例表明该方案具有分类准确率高，对噪声不敏感，训练样本少等优点，是电能质量扰动识别的有效方法。     

基于深度学习融合网络的含噪电能质量扰动识别方法

针对强噪声环境下电能质量扰动识别精度不高的问题,提出一种自适应小波降噪和深度学习相结合的电能质量扰动识别方法。首先,通过改进峰和比分层自适应阈值和能量优化的阈值函数算法对含噪扰动信号进行降噪处理。然后,通过残差神经网络对降噪后的扰动信号进行深层特征提取,在此基础上融入多头注意力机制下的双向长短时记忆网络,建立时序特征依赖关系,构成适用于噪声环境下的扰动识别框架。最后,在不同强度噪声环境下对20类扰动信号进行仿真实验。由仿真结果可知,该方法具有良好的噪声鲁棒性,在不同噪声环境下均有较高的识别正确率。     

基于不完全S变换与梯度提升树的电能质量复合扰动识别

针对电能质量复合扰动中特征选择困难和分类准确率不高的问题,提出基于不完全S变换和梯度提升树的特征选择和分类器构建方法。首先通过选取特定频率的不完全S变换得到扰动的时频矩阵。再从时频矩阵中提取53种原始特征量,并基于梯度提升树对各个特征的重要性进行度量,选取重要特征。最后根据选取的特征集训练和构建梯度提升树,得到扰动分类器。仿真实验表明,对于包括8种复合扰动在内的共17种扰动类型,该方法的分类准确率高于CART决策树、随机森林(RF)、多层感知机(MLP)等现有方法。不同噪声条件下的分类结果表明,该方法具有良好的抗噪性能和算法鲁棒性,展现出良好的应用前景。     

基于TRCSP和L2范数的脑电通道选择方法

脑-机接口（BCI）系统常用高密度电极通道来获取较高空间分辨率的脑电（EEG）信号，但同时也会引入过多的噪声通道，影响脑电的解码性能。为了消除无关的噪声通道，提出了一种基于Tikhonov正则化共空间模式（TRCSP）和L2范数的运动想象脑电通道选择方法。首先基于TRCSP和分类器得到最优的空间滤波器，接着基于L2范数对空间滤波器得到的各通道的权重值进行排序。选择前K个通道的数据进行CSP特征提取，根据分类器的分类准确率确定最优K值，进而得到最优的通道数和通道组合。在实验中，使用6种分类器分别在BCI竞赛III（2005）数据集IVa和实验室自采集数据上验证所提出的通道选择方法的有效性。所提出的方法在两个数据集上的平均分类准确率分别达到了87.57%和74.32%，优于其它现有的方法。     

GIS局部放电检测中的小波包变换提取信号

在介绍小波包变换算法的基础上，将小波包变换用于白噪声干扰下的气体绝缘组合电器(GIS)局部放电信号提取。对模拟的局部放电信号进行了小波包分解与重构的计算机仿真研究，分析了不同的局部放电波形、噪声水平及采样率对去噪结果的影响，最后对GIS内置传感器实测波形进行了小波包变换去噪。     

Optimal feature selection for classification of the power quality events using wavelet transform and least squares support vector machines

In this paper, a new optimal feature selection based power quality event recognition system is proposed for the classification of power quality events. While Apriori algorithm is capable of processing categorical data, an effective feature vector, which represents distinctive features of digital power quality event data, has been obtained by means of the proposed k-means based Apriori algorithm feature selection approach. The proposed k-means based Apriori algorithm feature selection approach is presented with a power quality event recognition system. In the power quality event recognition system, normalization and segmentation processes have been applied to three-phase event voltage signals. Using 9-level multiresolution analysis, wavelet transform coefficients of the event signals have been obtained. By applying nine different feature extraction processes to these coefficients, a 90 dimensional feature vector belonging to three-phase event voltage signals has been extracted. Optimal feature vector has been obtained by applying the k-means based Apriori algorithm feature selection approach to the obtained feature vector, which has been applied as the last step to the input of the least squares support vector machine classifier and recognition performance results have been obtained. Real power quality event data have been used to evaluate the performance of the proposed feature selection approach and power quality event recognition system. According to the results, the proposed k-means based Apriori algorithm feature selection approach and power quality event recognition system are efficient, reliable and applicable and classify three-phase event types with a high degree of accuracy.     

Wavelet-based feature extraction and selection for classification of power system disturbances using support vector machines

This paper presents a new approach for the classification of the power system disturbances using support vector machines (SVMs). The proposed approach is carried out at three serial stages. Firstly, the features to be form the SVM classifier are obtained by using the wavelet transform and a few different feature extraction techniques. Secondly, the features exposing the best classification accuracy of these features are selected by a feature selection technique called as sequential forward selection. Thirdly, the best appropriate input vector for SVM classifier is rummaged. The input vector is started with the first best feature and incrementally added the chosen features. After the addition of each feature, the performance of the SVM is evaluated. The kernel and penalty parameters of the SVM are determined by cross-validation. The parameter set that gives the smallest misclassification error is retained. Finally, both the noisy and noiseless signals are applied to the classifier given above stages. Experimental results indicate that the proposed classifier is robust and has more high classification accuracy with regard to the other approaches in the literature for this problem.     

基于改进GSA-SVM算法的电能质量扰动分类方法

针对不同类型电能质量扰动信号分类准确率不高的问题,通过MATLAB/simulink搭建常见的9种不同的电能质量扰动信号的模型进行仿真分析,提出一种改进的万有引力搜索算法(improved gravitational search algorithm, IGSA)对支持向量机(support vector machine, SVM)的惩罚因子和核函数参数进行寻优的方法,通过优化SVM的惩罚因子和核函数参数,构建IGSA-SVM分类器,再把提取到的特征向量进行归一化之后输入到所构造好IGSA-SVM分类器中进行训练与分类。仿真结果表明,IGSA-SVM分类器的分类准确率比SVM和GSA-SVM这2种分类器都要好,可以实现对9种不同的电能质量扰动信号的快速准确分类,有利于解决实际的工程问题。     

基于小波变换能量分布和神经网络的电能质量扰动分类

提出了基于小波变换能量分布和BP神经网络的电能质量扰动的自动分类方法.利用小波变换对电能质量扰动信号进行多分辨分析,计算各分解层能量分布,求出该能量分布与标准信号能量分布差值并将其作为信号特征量,通过一个3层BP网络得到扰动的类型.该方法将小波变换系数转化为能量分布,减少信号特征的数量,从而简化了神经网络结构.测试结果表明,即使在较强噪声信号背景下,该方法对电能质量扰动类型的识别率仍可达到94.5%,证明了该方法的有效性.     

基于改进多层前馈神经网络的电能质量扰动分类

电能质量扰动分类是电能质量控制的重要工作之一,主要工作包括信号特征提取和分类器构造两个阶段。采用S变换与改进的多层前馈神经网络相结合,提出一种新的电能质量扰动分类方法。首先利用S变换对原始数据进行处理,提取具有代表性的4类典型特征以表征不同种类的扰动类型的特性,之后使用拟牛顿法和自适应因子改进传统的多层前馈神经网络,将特征作为改进的多层前馈神经网络的输入向量,实现自动的分类识别。实验表明,新方法减少了噪声对分类准确率的影响,学习能力强,能够有效的识别电压暂降、电压瞬升、电压中断、暂态震荡、谐波等5种电能扰动。     

基于2D—ResNet的船舶电力系统电能质量扰动识别

为实现船舶电力系统电能质量扰动准确识别,结合深度学习提出基于二维残差网络(2D-ResNet)的电能质量扰动识别方法。首先将电能质量一维时间序列通过距离矩阵转化为二维平面图,随后将图像送入所提二维残差网络中提取特征。最终输出特征图通过线性层分类器得到识别结果,实现船舶电力系统电能质量扰动的在线识别。与现有特征提取方法相比,不同信噪比下该方法扰动识别准确率均最高。信噪比为20 dB时,单标签分类平均准确率为93.86%,多标签分类平均F1-score为96.52%,证明了2D-ResNet能有效提取扰动特征且对噪声具备鲁棒性。对于未知复合扰动,单标签分类器识别失败,而多标签分类器准确识别出扰动中的未知成分,且F1-score达到93%,证明了多标签分类适用于未知复合扰动识别。