Determination of available transfer capability using multi-objective contingency constrained optimal power flow with post-contingency corrective rescheduling

In a new competitive electricity market, accurate information should be shared to provide nondiscriminatory access to all participants. Key information to determine how much power can be shipped through the network is dubbed available transfer capability (ATC). This paper presents a methodology for the calculation of ATC, which is performed through a fuzzy logic approach to parallelizing contingency constrained optimal power flow (CCOPF). This algorithm may be used by utilities to optimize economy interchange for severe contingencies analyzed without disclosing details of their operating cost to competitors. In fact, the main objective of fuzzy multi-objective CCOPF is to determine the minimization of both the base-case (pre-contingency) operating cost and the post-contingency correction times as conflicting but fuzzy goals. Also, Benders decomposition is adopted to partition the fuzzy formulation with contingency constraints, which allows for post-contingency corrective rescheduling, motivated by the improvement of the computational efficiency using parallel processing. The IEEE-30 bus system is employed to test the proposed algorithm and the results are comprehensively demonstrated by a distinct comparison between the conventional optimal power flow and the CCOPF with respect to the same array of transactions, base-case, and generation/line outages.     

Assessment of branch outage contingencies using the continuation method

This paper provides a contribution to the contingency analysis of electric power systems under steady state conditions. An alternative methodology is presented for static contingency analyses that only use continuation methods and thus provides an accurate determination of the loading margin. Rather than starting from the base case operating point, the proposed continuation power flow obtains the post-contingency loading margins starting from the maximum loading and using a bus voltage magnitude as a parameter. The branch selected for the contingency evaluation is parameterised using a scaling factor, which allows its gradual removal and assures the continuation power flow convergence for the cases where the method would diverge for the complete transmission line or transformer removal. The applicability and effectiveness of the proposed methodology have been investigated on IEEE test systems (14, 57 and 118 buses) and compared with the continuation power flow, which obtains the post-contingency loading margin starting from the base case solution. In general, for most of the analysed contingencies, few iterations are necessary to determine the post-contingency maximum loading point. Thus, a significant reduction in the global number of iterations is achieved. Therefore, the proposed methodology can be used as an alternative technique to verify and even to obtain the list of critical contingencies supplied by the electric power systems security analysis function.     

电网运行状态下的概率优化调度

构建电网运行状态下的有功功率概率优化调度模型,该模型以期望运行效益最大化为目标,采用马尔可夫链对系统未来调度时段的预想事故状态概率进行预测,在满足所有预想事故发生前后状态所对应约束集下获取调度解。其中,在容许时间内,针对预想事故发生后可能出现的系统安全破坏情形,以发电机组允许的输出功率再调整、紧急负荷中断及输电元件短时允许过载量作为有机牵制扩展到约束集中,并考虑相应安全校正措施的费用代价。该模型实现了电网运行状态概率预测与有功调度决策的紧密结合,可得到系统期望最大运行收益的时序变化曲线及各时段下风险收益概率均衡的调度方式。以IEEE-14节点系统为例进行测试分析,论证所提模型的合理性和有效性。     

A new method for secured optimal power flow under normal and network contingencies via optimal location of TCSC

In the deregulated power industry, private power producers are increasing rapidly to meet the increase demand. The purpose of the transmission network is to pool power plants and load centers in order to supply the load at a required reliability, maximum efficiency and at lower cost. As power transfer increases, the power system becomes increasingly more difficult to operate and insecure with unscheduled power flows and higher losses. FACTS devices such as Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator (TCSC) can be very effective to power system security. Proper location of TCSC plays key role in optimal power flow solution and enhancement of system performance without violating the security of the system. This paper applied min cut algorithm to select proper location of TCSC for secured optimal power flow under normal and contingencies operating condition. Proposed method requires a two-step approach. First, the optimal location of the TCSC in the network must be ascertained by min cut algorithm and then, the optimal power flow (OPF) with TCSC under normal and contingencies operating condition is solved. The proposed method was tested and validated for locating TCSC in Six bus, IEEE 14-, IEEE-30 and IEEE-118 bus test systems. Results show that the proposed method is good to select proper location of TCSC for secured OPF.     

Consideration of multiple uncertainties for evaluation of available transfer capability using fuzzy continuation power flow

In today’s electric power industry, accurate and flexible information is needed to provide nondiscriminatory access to all market participants. This paper primarily purports to determine available transfer capability (ATC) based on the fuzzy set theory for continuation power flow (CPF), thereby capturing uncertainty. Assuming that uncertainties involved in the ATC calculation are estimated or measured, a fuzzy model is formulated in which major uncertainty parameters affecting the ATC are regarded as fuzzy variables subject to their possibility distributions. The purpose of this paper is to elaborate main features of the fuzzy continuation power flow (FCPF) algorithm that can handle uncertainties in load parameters and bus injections as well. As such, the robust solution will assist in providing additional information on the actual ability of the network to a system operator. In other respects, it poses a significant influence on the potential curtailment of power trades from which the reinforcement strategy can be set by the system operator. The viability of the proposed method would be verified through a stark contrast with the ones obtained from the conventional CPF and the fuzzy power flow (FPF) in the IEEE-24 RTS bus system and in the IEEE-118 bus system.     

A non-dominated Sorting Hybrid Cuckoo Search Algorithm for multi-objective optimization in the presence of FACTS devices

In this paper, a proposed Non-dominated Sorting Hybrid Cuckoo Search Algorithm (NSHCSA) for multi objective optimal power flow problem with FACTS devices namely Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator (TCSC) and Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC) with different objective functions including the installation cost of FACTS devices are presented. The practical and operating constraints are considered for this analysis. The location of the FACTS device is selected to enhance the system security with respect to minimizing line overloads and bus voltage violations. The proposed Hybrid Cuckoo Search Algorithm (HCSA) is the combination of Cuckoo Search Algorithm (CSA) and Genetic Algorithm (GA). For multi objectives selected Pareto front is obtained by using the fuzzy decision making tool. The effectiveness of the proposed method is tested on standard IEEE-30 bus test system in the presence of the TCSC and SSSC. The results are analyzed and compared with existing methods.     

Centralized and decentralized optimal decision support for congestion management

This paper presents a framework to carry out optimal power flow in a coordinated multi-transaction/utilities decentralized system. An AC power flow model has been used in this work for independent optimal dispatch of each utility. The global economic optimal solution of the whole electric energy system with congestion management has also been done in this work using the interior point (IP) optimization procedure. In this approach, each participant tries to maximize its own profit with the help of information announced by the operator which are information related to system security constraints and public issues. The developed algorithm can be run in parallel, either to carry out numerical simulations or to obtain an optimal generation schedule in an actual multi-utility electric system. The study has been conducted on a three utility modified IEEE-30 bus system with two market models and six utility modified IEEE-118 bus system. The results clearly show the effectiveness of the suggested IP optimization based optimal generation schedule in decentralized scenario. It has been demonstrated that the suggested decentralized approach produces improved optimal dispatch solution with enhanced market benefits and can effectively manage the congestion in the system as compared to the centralized approach.     

计及FACTS装置的可用输电能力计算

利用功率注入法,建立广义统一潮流控制器(generalized unified power flow controller,GUPFC)和线间潮流控制器(interline power flow controller,IPFC)的数学模型。将GUPFC和IPFC的目标控制约束及运行约束即内部功率平衡约束和考虑等效功率注入模型的潮流约束嵌入到最优潮流计算模型中,得到计及GUPFC和IPFC的可用输电能力(available transfer capability,ATC)计算模型,并利用跟踪中心轨迹内点法对模型进行求解。IEEE-30节点系统的仿真计算显示GUPFC对节点电压和多条线路甚至某一子网络潮流的灵活控制能力及IPFC对线间潮流的合理分配能力;同时验证模型和算法的有效性和可行性。     

基于人工蜂群算法的多目标最优潮流问题的研究

以污染气体排放量、网损最小为目标,建立多目标电力系统最优潮流数学模型,并提出一种基于人工蜂群的多目标算法对其进行求解。该算法利用外部存档技术来保存进化过程中已经找到的Pareto最优解,并在每次迭代后更新。最后根据模糊集理论从Pareto最优解集中选取最优折衷解,为决策者提供科学的决策依据。通过IEEE-30节点系统及IEEE-57节点系统的仿真,验证了该算法在求解大规模电力系统多目标问题上的有效性,相比其他多目标算法能有效避免局部收敛。     

考虑运行损耗的故障限流器布点优化和容量选择

为完善串联谐振型故障限流器的系统侧应用技术,提出了一种考虑运行损耗的故障限流器布点优化和容量选择方法。初步构建了一个以全网损耗增量和限流电抗值总和最小为目标函数,以母线短路电流、母线电压、限流器阻抗及其安装候选位置为约束条件的数学模型。借助PSS/E和Matlab粒子群算法工具包,实现了该优化问题的求解。案例研究在一个修改的IEEE-39节点系统中展开,不同台数优化安装方案的比较结果表明,该方法是有效的。其模型引入了网损变量,完善了传统目标函数中的经济性指标。     

预防性安全约束最优潮流的主导故障过滤技术

运用适当的故障过滤方法筛选有效的预想故障,可以提高预防性的静态安全约束最优潮流的计算效率。提出一种新的应用于预防性静态安全约束最优潮流的故障过滤方法,该方法根据故障引起的约束条件越限的程度,将故障区分为主导故障和非主导故障两类。迭代过程中,只将主导故障引入到安全约束最优潮流中计算,经过几次迭代即可求出结果。在IEEE-4、IEEE-14和IEEE-30节点系统上测试本文过滤技术,测试结果表明:应用主导故障过滤技术减小了每次计算的安全约束最优潮流的规模,有效的提高了预防性静态安全约束最优潮流的计算效率。     

A unified management of congestions due to voltage instability and thermal overload

This paper proposes two approaches for a unified management of congestions due to voltage instability and thermal overload in a deregulated environment. Both techniques aim to remove, in some optimal manner, voltage and thermal congestions stemming from base case or post-contingency states, by a simultaneous handling of operating and security constraints with respect to several contingencies. The objective of the first approach is to adjust the market-based power injections (generator output and possibly load consumption) at the least cost while the second one aims at curtailing power transactions in a transparent and non-discriminatory way. These techniques rely on sensitivities which pinpoint the best remedial actions against congestions owing to voltage instability and thermal overload. Numerical results with both approaches are provided on a realistic 80-bus system model.     

基于广域信息的电压稳定在线评估与无功电压协调控制方法

为提升系统全局电压稳定性,保证电网安全运行,亟需研究电网电压水平实时监测和系统无功电压动态控制方法。本文采用一种基于广域量测信息且兼具良好准确性与线性度的静态电压稳定指标,并结合综合隶属度函数法建立了综合考虑系统电压稳定裕度及系统网损的多目标最优潮流模型。该模型可对电压稳定裕度较低区域相关支路的电压稳定指标分配更高的优化优先级,以实现有效提升系统全局电压稳定性的目的。同时根据系统的不同运行工况确定目标函数权重系数的取值,以实现对系统运行经济性和电压稳定性重要程度的区分。采用IEEE 14节点系统和IEEE 57节点系统,应用Matlab编程验证了本文提出的无功电压控制模型及控制策略的合理性和有效性。     

Optimal power flow with expected security costs

This paper discusses the expected-security-cost optimal power flow (ESCOPF) problem. The objective of the problem is to minimize the expected total cost of system operation subject to power system constraints and expected security costs. The probabilities of operating in the pre-contingency operating state and the probabilities of operating in all possible post-contingency states are considered. In addition, the ESCOPF problem includes the cost of interrupting customer load and the cost of generator ramping, which may be necessary when a contingency occurs. The solution to the ESCOPF problem gives information regarding the marginal value of spinning reserve and the marginal value of interruptible load. A graphical tool is used to view the problem solution.     

运用连续二次规划法计算区域间极限传输容量

区域间功率交换的极限传输容量(TTC)是互联系统电力市场中的一个重要指标。文中运用连续二次规划法进行最优潮流计算,取得相应的TTC。其目标函数是在满足潮流方程和系统运行约束条件下寻求特定发电机群和负荷群之间的传输功率最大值。文中将无功功率作为OPF的控制变量,故节点电压也被优化以得到最大传输容量。采用最优潮流方法可以避免用连续潮流方法计算TTC而较为保守的缺点。给出了有关的数学模型和计算方法及流程。IEEE-30节点系统的计算结果表明了用该方法计算TTC的有效性和实用性。     

计及统一潮流控制器的可用输电能力的计算

在电力市场环境下，研究和计算区域间可用输电能力可以引导市场参与者进行电能交易，保证充分利用电网输电容量，而研究计及FACTS装置的可用输电能力的计算更具有理论和实际意义。文中基于最优潮流，提出计及统一潮流控制器的可用输电能力的计算模型，利用功率注入法，将统一潮流控制器对潮流的控制作用转移到所在线路两侧的节点上，在不修改原有节点导纳阵的情况下嵌入模型。算法上采用逐步二次规划法，IEEE．30节点系统的计算结果表明，所提出的模型及算法是有效的和可行的。     

基于碳排放流理论的电力系统源-荷协调低碳优化调度

在低碳电力的背景下,需求侧资源逐渐参与电力系统调度,为降低电力系统碳排放提供了新思路.建立了一种考虑碳排放流理论和以碳价为价格信号的需求响应电力系统两阶段低碳优化调度模型.首先,以电力系统经济调度为一阶段优化模型.其次,基于Shapley值碳责任分摊方法,计算出各负荷侧碳责任合理范围并由此提出阶梯碳价定制方法,然后基于...     

安全约束最优潮流的实用模型及故障态约束缩减方法

针对大型电力系统安全约束最优潮流(SCOPF)问题具有的计算规模庞大、求解困难的特点,提出了基于潮流转移关系的SCOPF实用模型及故障态约束缩减方法。首先通过预想故障分析建立故障前后的有功潮流转移关系,将故障态支路有功潮流描述为基态支路有功潮流的函数,从而将故障态支路有功潮流约束描述为基态支路有功潮流的线性不等式约束;然后通过对并联线路或并列主变压器进行分组,利用组内支路的有功潮流分布关系减少需监视的支路规模;最后利用设备短时通流能力明显大于其长期通流能力的特征对故障态支路潮流约束进行过滤,以尽可能减小SCOPF问题的计算规模。IEEE 14节点测试系统和华东电网的仿真分析验证了所提模型及约束缩减方法的正确性和有效性。     

Multi-objective optimization operation with corrective control actions for meshed AC/DC grids including multi-terminal VSC-HVDC

This paper presents a multi-objective optimal operation of meshed AC/DC power grids including multi-terminal voltage-source-converter-based high-voltage direct current (VSC-MTDC) systems. The proposed approach is modeled as a corrective security-constrained optimal power flow (CSC-OPF) problem, with the minimization of both the operation cost and power loss as the objectives. Moreover, it provides a cost-effective solution to assist in decision-making, and improves the system security during operation. The N − 1 contingency security criterion is enforced for both AC and DC transmission networks, and corrective control is used to eliminate or alleviate post-contingency security violations. The corrective control actions used in this paper include not only secure operation control actions, but also economical post-contingency corrective control of the multi-terminal VSC-HVDC. To increase the computation speed, a contingency screening technique is applied to CSC-OPF by efficiently selecting the most severe case of the N − 1 contingency, as obtained using a voltage security index (VSI). The proposed approach uses the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) to find multi-objective OPF solutions by checking the post-contingency state feasibility while taking into account post-contingency corrective actions. Simulation results confirm the validity and effectiveness of this approach.     

考虑综合需求响应不确定性的电-气综合能源系统优化运行

为有效分析综合需求响应（integrated demand response,IDR）不确定性给系统安全稳定运行带来的影响,以电-气综合能源系统（integrated electricity-gas system,IEGS）为例,提出一种考虑IDR不确定性的IEGS优化运行模型。首先,根据基于能源价格的IDR项目实施特点,分析出IDR中的模糊性和概率性变量,建立相应的IDR不确定性模型;然后,以点估计法计算系统概率能量流,并将其计算结果作为机会约束,使在最小化IEGS运行成本的同时,保证系统运行的安全性。最后,以改进的IEEE-33节点电力系统和比利时20节点天然气系统构成的IEGS为例,验证所提模型和方法的有效性,并评估不确定性环境下系统的风电消纳能力。