A thermodynamic analysis of a transcritical cycle with refrigerant mixture R32/R290 for a small heat pump water heater

In this study, a thermodynamic analysis on the performance of a transcritical cycle using azeotropic refrigerant mixtures of R32/R290 with mass fraction of 70/30 has been performed. The main purpose of this study is to theoretically verify the possibility of applying the chosen refrigerant mixture in small heat pumps for high temperature water heating applications. Performance evaluation has been carried out for a simple azeotropic mixture R32/R290 transcritical cycle by varying evaporator temperature, outlet temperature of gas cooler and compressor discharge pressure. Furthermore, the effects of an internal heat exchanger on the transcritical R32/R290 cycle have been presented at different operating conditions. The results show that high heating coefficient of performance (COP_h) and volumetric heating capacity can be achieved by using this transcritical cycle. It is desirable to apply the chosen refrigerant mixture R32/R290 in small heat pump water heater for high temperature water heating applications, which may produce hot water with temperature up to 90 °C.     

A theoretical study of an innovative ejector enhanced vapor compression heat pump cycle for water heating application

This study presents a novel vapor compression heat pump cycle in which an ejector associated with a subcooler is applied to enhance the heating performance for air-source heat pump water heater application. The heating coefficient of performance (COP_h) and heating capacity of the novel cycle using the non-azeotropic mixture refrigerant R417A are theoretically investigated, for the ranges of evaporating temperature (−15 to 10 °C) and condensing temperature (55-60 °C). The theoretical results show that the COP_h and volumetric heating capacity of the novel cycle are better than that of the conventional heat pump cycle. It is found that for the operating conditions considered, the maximum COP_h and volumetric heating capacity can be improved by up to 1.62-6.92% and 15.20-37.32% over the conventional heat pump cycle, respectively. The performance characteristics of the novel cycle show its promise in air-source heat pump water heater applications.     

非共沸混合制冷工质用于二级自然复叠制冷系统研究

自然复叠制冷系统采用非共沸混合制冷剂,利用自然分离、多级复叠的原理,可以使用单台制冷压缩机,通过2级气液分离和热交换,实现复叠式制冷系统才能达到较低的蒸发温度和制冷能力,同时简化了控制系统,提高了制冷系统的可靠性。     

环保型空调器的研究与试验

选择对臭氧层无破坏作用的Ｒ３２／Ｒ１３４ａ混合工质作为家用空调器工质Ｒ２２的替代物，对其与润滑油的相溶性，可燃性等进行了实验研究，并对使用这种工质的压缩机，空调器进行了实验。     

Use of nanoparticles to make mineral oil lubricants feasible for use in a residential air conditioner employing hydro-fluorocarbons refrigerants

The application of nano-fluids in refrigerating systems is considered to be a potential way to improve the energy efficiency and reliability of HVAC&R facilities and to make economic the use of environment-friendly refrigerants. In this paper, we report a method that uses nanoparticles to enhance the energy efficiency of retrofitted residential air conditioners (RAC) employing HFCs as alternative refrigerants. The reliability and performance of RAC with nanoparticles in the working fluid have been investigated experimentally. A new mineral-based nano-refrigeration oil (MNRO), formed by blending some nanoparticles (NiFe₂O₄) into naphthene based oil B32, was employed in the RAC using R410a as refrigerant. A method showing how to disperse the NiFe₂O₄ nanoparticles in the mineral oil refrigeration lubricants is presented together with an investigation of their stability. The solubilities of the new MNRO in R134a, R407C, R410a and R425a were measured. The performances of the RAC, such as the cooling/heating capacity, the power input and the energy efficiency ratio, were determined. The results indicate that the mixture of R410a/MNRO works normally in the RAC. The cooling/heating EER of the RAC increased about 6% by replacing the Polyol-Easter oil VG 32 lubricant with MNRO.     

新型环保制冷剂R1234ze/R600a PVTx性质

在Burnett原理基础上搭建了高精度PVT实验台,对新型环保混合制冷剂R1234ze/R600a进行了热物性测试。在温度范围为280.15~330.15 K时,测量了质量分数为80%/20%和75%/25%的R1234ze/R600a混合制冷剂的PVT性质,同时拟合出了相应温度与压力下该混合工质的密度与气体维里方程,为进一步研究该混合制冷剂作为新型替代制冷剂的性能提供了热物性参数。     

Theoretical study of R32 to replace R410A in variable refrigerant flow systems

In recent years, global warming has reached critical levels and this has caused a gradual decrease in the use of refrigerants. In the 1997 Kyoto Conference, it was announced that after 2011, use of refrigerants which have higher global warming potential (GWP) of 150 will be restricted. Hence, it was foreseen that R410A, with a GWP of 2088, which has been used in residential heating, ventilating and air conditioning systems, will be prohibited in the near future. This study investigates the thermodynamic performance using R32, which is a potential alternative because of its low GWP, and R410A in variable refrigerant flow (VRF) systems. As a result of theoretical analysis, it was observed that the coefficient of performance of R32 is 5% higher in heating mode and 6% higher in cooling mode than that of R410A. Considering all of this, it was confirmed that R32 can be used in VRF systems as a replacement for R410A in terms of performance.     

高温环境下替换工质R134a的特性分析

介绍了目前行车空调使用的制冷剂的种类和特性，对替代工质R134a的高温特性进行了分析，并和其它工质进行比较，指出R134a是一种比较好的适应高温环境的工质，以及使用R134a时应注意的问题。     

R32用于喷气增焓热泵热水器中可行性研究

理论分析了R32作为空气源热泵热水器制冷剂的可行性,并设计搭建带有喷气增焓装置的实验系统,分别充注R32和R410A制冷剂进行性能对比测试。实验结果表明:对于本实验系统R410A的最佳充注量为1.4 kg,R32的最佳充注量比R410A减少约25%,且名义工况下R32热泵系统的COP要高出R410A热泵系统约4.2%;低温工况下,采用双级压缩系统的压缩比最高在3左右,有效缓解了常规热泵系统低温工况下压缩比过高的问题;低温工况下,R32热泵系统的COP明显高于R410A热泵系统。     

空调冷源温度与冷水机组的能效

在阐明影响冷水机组能效的基础上,利用压焓图,对制冷循环进行了热力学分析,进而以表格的形式列出了制冷剂分别为R134a和R407c,冷凝温度为40℃,蒸发温度在5℃～16℃之间变化时,制冷理论循环的单位质量制冷量、耗功量及制冷系数的变化规律.结果表明,制冷剂分别为R134a、R407c时,蒸发温度每升高1℃,制冷系数平均...     

R410A与R22在家用空调中的应用比较(1)

R410A不破坏臭氧层,是一种可以长期替代R22的绿色环保制冷剂,现已在家用空调中得到日益广泛的应用。本文分别对R410A与R22的热力性能,对4台具有可比性的R410A与R22空调的系统性能即制冷量和能效比进行比较考察,结果表明R410A具有良好的热传递与流动特性,有利于减少空调换热器尺寸、提高系统运行效率。     

三元混合工质在变浓度空气源热泵中的应用

简要回顾了国内外变浓度（容量）热泵系统中混合工质的研究进展,结合理论和试验结果,提出了在变浓度空气源热泵系统中使用三元混合工质的概念,并与二元混合工质进行了比较。通过数值模拟优选出具有较大潜力的R32／R125／R227ea,R32／R143a／R22Tea,R32／R143a／R134a和R32／R125／R134a三元非共沸混合工质,分析了它们在变浓度热泵系统中的运行特性,结果表明,它们在满足热泵变浓度容量调节方面具有较大潜力,是替代R22的理想工质,其中首推R32／R125／R227ea。     

低温复叠机组中R404A/R23替代R22/R13的理论研究

本文采用R404A／R23替代R22／R13在低温复叠制冷机组中的使用。从理论上计算和比较分析了替代的可能性。结果发现从总体上而言,替代是可行的,对机组的效率、制冷量等方面的影响不大;但就具体的一些细节方面尚需做出改进,本文也做出了阐述。     

三维高效强化传热管传热系数的试验研究(1):蒸发强化传热

试验测试了一种可用于满液式壳管换热器的管外侧强化沸腾和强化冷凝的双效强化传热管.用热阻分离法计算了使用R134a制冷剂时制冷剂侧和水侧的表面传热系数.试验结果表明,在较大的热流密度(大于20 kW/m2)下该管较传统的强化沸腾传热管具有较大的池沸腾表面传热系数;在较大的热流密度(大于15 kW/m2)下较传统的强化冷凝管具有较大的管外冷凝表面传热系数.     

Performance investigation of ozone-friendly R404A and R507 refrigerants as alternatives to R22 in a window air-conditioner

In this study, experimental research was carried out to investigate the performance of R22 and its ozone-friendly alternative refrigerants (R404A and R507) in a window air-conditioner. The performance parameters of the system using R22 were considered as benchmarks and those obtained using alternative refrigerants were compared. Experimental results showed that R22 had the lowest pressure ratio and discharge temperature closely followed by R507. The average discharge temperature obtained using R507 and R404A were 4.2% and 15.3% higher than that of R22, respectively. The lowest compressor power and energy consumption were obtained from R507 retrofitted system. Also, the highest refrigeration capacity and coefficient of performance (COP) were obtained using R507 in the system. The average refrigeration capacities of R507 and R404A were 4.7% higher and 8.4% lower than that of R22, respectively, while the average COP of R507 increased by 10.6% and that of R404A reduced by 16.0% with respect to that of R22. Generally, the investigation has revealed that R507 can be used successfully as a retrofitting refrigerant in existing window air-conditioners originally designed to use R22 in the event of HCFC phased out.     

Improvement of solar-electric compression refrigeration system through ejector-assisted vapour compression chiller for space conditioning in subtropical climate

In this study, improvement was made for the solar-electric compression refrigeration system by incorporating the ejector design to a conventional vapour compression chiller within the system. Through year-round dynamic simulation, the performances of the ejector-assisted vapour compression chiller (EAVCC) were evaluated under the intermittent and changing supply of solar energy in the subtropical climate. In addition, the effect of three common refrigerants, R22, R134a and R410A on the EAVCC was assessed and compared. It was found that the coefficient of performance of the chiller was increased and the total primary energy consumption of the system was decreased for all the three refrigerants, in which the degree of enhancement from R134a was the most significant. It was also noted that the effect of R410A on EAVCC was not apparent, and the overall system energy improvement was marginal. With appropriate ejector design and refrigerant selection of the solar-electric compression refrigeration system, the reduction potential of year-round primary energy consumption could be more than 5%. This would be certainly helpful in promoting the application of solar air-conditioning for building use in the subtropical climate.     

二元混合制冷剂气相pVTx性质测量

主要运用了Burnett法原理搭建了高精度PVT实验台,对新型环保混合制冷剂R290/R1234ze(E)进行了热物性测试。实验中控制温度为260.15~320.15K,测定了质量分数分别为80%/20%和75%/25%混合制冷剂R290/R1234ze(E)的PVT性质。实验装置的压力不确定度为±1 k Pa,温度不确定度为±10 m K,所测实验数据的相对误差都在1%之内。拟合出了相应温度与压力下该混合工质的密度与气体维里方程,为R290/R1234ze(E)作为新型替代制冷剂提供依据。     

汽车空调制冷剂R134a代替R12的研究

通过对R134a与R12两种制冷剂性质的对比,分析了R134a代替R12后对空调系统产生的影响以及系统作出的相应改变,指出R134a具有作为汽车空调制冷剂应具备的各种热工性能、安全性和环境性能等条件,总结出R134a代替R12的可行性与必要性。     

Magnetic refrigeration: a promising new technology for energy saving

Magnetic refrigeration is an emerging, environment-friendly technology based on a magnetic solid that acts as a refrigerant by magnetocaloric effect. The reference cycle for magnetic refrigeration is AMR (Active Magnetic Regenerative refrigeration). In this paper, attention is directed towards the near-room-temperature range. We compare the energetic performance of a commercial R134a refrigeration plant to that of a magnetic refrigerator working with an AMR cycle. The comparison is carried out by means of a mathematical model. In these simulations, we consider different solid magnetic refrigerants, namely, Gd, Gd_0.95Dy_0.05, Gd_0.9Tb_0.1,Gd₅Si₂Ge₂, MnAs_0.9Sb_0.1, and MnAs_0.95Sb_0.05. We compared two different geometries of the regenerator: a porous medium and a flat plate. In the former, the Coefficient of Performance (COP) of the AMR cycle is better than that of the vapour compression plant only in the low mass flow-rate range. Whereas in a flat plate regenerator, the COP of the AMR cycle is better than that of the vapour compression plant only in the high mass flow-rate range.     

制冷剂R290及其混合物燃爆特性与安全性研究

将具有燃爆性制冷剂R290（丙烷）分别与物理抑制剂CO2和化学抑制剂R13I1（三氟碘甲烷）混合,根据混合制冷剂的热物性参数确定R290的占比。实验结果表明：R13I1与R290组成的混合工质可直接替代传统制冷剂,根据所要替代的现有制冷剂的热物性参数可确定配比。用可燃气体/蒸气爆炸试验测试装置测试R290分别与CO2和R13I1混合后的爆炸参数,实验得出CO2和R13I1环境下,二者的体积分数分别为26.5%和6.42%时,R290不再具有燃爆性。同时,针对R290,推导出化学抑制剂最小惰化浓度的预测理论公式。