Evaluation and application of oil-immersed zinc oxide elements enclosed in pole-mounted distribution transformers

Voltage due to lightning surge is now a major problem to be overcome to ensure full reliability of any power supply. Hence, gapless oil-immersed surge arresters using zinc oxide elements have been applied to pole transformers. These surge arresters are used as a means of insulation coordination for pole transformers. These arresters contribute to the reduction of the number of failure of pole transformers. This paper describes applications and effects of specially developed oil-immersed surge arresters in pole transformers on 6.6-kV distribution lines. © 1997 Scripta Technica, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 121(2): 37–46, 1997     

Suppression of lightning-induced overvoltages by distribution line surge arresters

The primary aim of surge arresters in power distribution lines is to protect lines and equipment from the voltage induced by nearby lightning strokes. To further improve power systems, methods to protect distribution lines against direct lightning strokes are still needed. An effective measure against direct lightning strokes is to increase the number of arresters. However, if the surge current is too large, some surge arresters absorb energy in excess of their capability and may break; this leads to a line fault. To evaluate the protective effect of the surge arresters against direct lightning strokes to overhead ground wire, the authors measured both the voltage across the surge arresters and the energy absorbed by them using a full-scale model line and a 12 MV impulse generator. The results were compared with simulation results by EMTP. There have been no previous studies making a comparison of this kind.     

10kV配电变压器雷击损坏事故分析

对多次变压器雷害事故原因进行了分析,提出了在变压器低压侧加装避雷器等改善方案,采用暂态分析软件ATP-EMTP对避雷器的效果进行了仿真验证。     

Estimation of transmission line parameters from measurements

This paper describes the method of estimating the transmission line parameters from voltage, current, and power measurements at the two ends of the line. This becomes necessary if a new parallel transmission line is constructed between two substations due to load growth or if an underground cable replaces an overhead line and the overall parameters of the paralleled lines or the cable are desired to be determined. The parameters of the equivalent pi network of the line are obtained from the measurements at the line ends by using the Newton–Raphson method to solve the non-linear equations. The proposed method then gives the resistance/m, inductance/m, and capacitance/m, considering the distributed nature of the transmission line. The technique to determine the conductance parameter is also presented.     

A field study of lightning overvoltages in low‐voltage distribution lines

The number of home electric appliances, such as personal computers and telephones, has been rapidly increasing. Lightning damage to these home electric appliances has a great impact on a highly sophisticated information society. There are cases in which lightning overvoltages in low‐voltage distribution lines cause malfunctions in them, even though they are equipped with surge protective devices to protect against lightning overvoltages. Therefore, for lightning protection of low‐voltage equipment including home electric appliances, it is important to understand the phenomenon of lightning overvoltages in low‐voltage power distribution lines. However, many aspects of this problem are not entirely clear, in particular how they are generated. The Tokyo Electric Power Company carried out lightning observations on low‐voltage distribution lines. The observation results provide a statistical distribution of lightning overvoltages in low‐voltage distribution lines. A mechanism for generating lightning overvoltages in low‐voltage distribution lines is inferred from the observed waveforms and facilities data. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 183(2): 12–21, 2013; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.21299     

基于混沌学的500kV GIS变电站雷电侵入波保护方案的选择

针对雷电引起站内电气设备产生过电压的问题,提出了4种不同的保护方案,通过ATP软件对站内变压器、电抗器、CVT及GIS入口各方案下电压的保护裕度和经济性进行了分析。     

一种基于半波傅氏算法的继电保护快速算法

本文通过半波傅氏算法的实部与Ｍａｎｎ－Ｍｏｒｒｉｓｏｎ算法的组合，提出了一个快速的保护算法。该算法的数据窗是半个周波加两个采样点，而其滤波效果却大大优于半波傅氏算法。此算法能较大地消除非周期分量对基波分量的影响。其程序与计算非常简单。已用电磁暂态仿真程序ＥＭＴＰ进行了大量仿真实验，验证了此算法的优良性能。     

Solid-state tap-changer of transformers: Design, control and implementation

This paper presents the implementation of a prototype electronic tap-changer of transformer. Mechanical tap-changer has many problems such as low operating speed, short lifetime and heavy size. In order to solve these problems a fully solid-state tap-changer with a new control strategy and optimal configuration is proposed. The design of tap-changer is discussed and bi-directional solid-state power electronics switches are implemented. Following the realization of the tap-changer controller, developed software for such precise control is introduced. To verify the design procedure and optimal configuration and apply the developed software, a prototype low-power tap-changer has been built and tested.     

结合线路雷击故障分析220kV主变中性点绝缘配合缺陷

介绍了220kV线路雷击故障情况,对中性点绝缘配合方式和继电保护整定时间提出了整改意见。     

电力系统元件经济运行指标的统一

在分析输电线路、变压器和异步电动机的物理特性基础上,对其经济运行指标进行了统一。首先将输电线路无功充电功率定义为输电线路的空载损耗,然后分析输电线路传输功率损耗率最低点的运行状况,在此基础上指出目前采用输电线路经济电流密度指标来衡量输电线路经济运行的不足,从而推导了衡量输电线路经济运行状况指标的输电线路经济负载率。在目前考虑变压器实际运行情况后的经济负载系数上,提出进一步考虑变压器投资回收,并推导了考虑变压器投资回收后的变压器经济负载率。最后将考虑异步电动机运行状况以及投资回收的经济负载率与输电线路、变压器的经济负载率格式进行了统一,指出3个元件的经济运行指标是统一的,可以用统一经济指标——经济负载率来判断和选择输电电路、变压器和异步电动机的经济运行情况。     

用于过电压监测的变压器套管末屏电压传感器的研制

介绍了一种基于变压器套管电容采集电网过电压的方法,阐述了套管末屏电压传感器的设计原理。     

Analysis of transformers on the concept of elementary winding

The complexity and variety of winding configurations give rise to the difficulty in generalizing the analysis procedures of a transformer. Based on the abstraction of the manufacture procedures and structures of windings, this paper proposes the concept of elementary winding. By the self- and mutual impedance matrix of elementary windings and their short- circuited impedance matrix, the corresponding two kinds of circuit equations are fabricated, respectively. Subsequently, calculation of the self- and mutual impedances and the short-circuited impedances for element windings is conducted. And a wonderful method for describing connection of element windings is presented. Finally, an example verified the proposed theory which underpins the generalization of analysis procedures of a transformer and other apparatus of its kind.     

电力变压器铁芯磁场和损耗分布的三维数值方法与实施 第一部分:三相三柱变压器

基于用等效拼接间隙考虑搭迭效应的新构想,本文建立了三柱变压器铁芯磁场的三维标量位各向异性非线性时变分析模型,提出了由瞬时磁密幅值和磁化角计算铁耗的新方法,并通过对实际模型的有限元模拟证实了分析模型及计算方法的合理性和可靠性。     

配电变压器防雷保护的研究

由于正、逆变换过电压的作用,配电变压器的雷击损坏率一直很高,低压用电设备因雷击损坏的情况也很严重。对此,进行了更进一步的研究,并提出了一种新的配电变压器防雷保护方法。通过在现场5年的大量运行,证明其防雷效果非常理想。     

Age-dependent maintenance strategies of medium-voltage circuit-breakers and transformers

The general life and reliability models of electrical equipment are essential to evaluate their actual conditions because of the degradation of equipment. To optimize the maintenance strategies for maximal reliability and minimal cost in a quantitative way, available maintenance models of ageing equipment shall be found to describe actual maintenance actions in time-series processes. In particular, a functional relationship between failure rate and maintenance measures is to be developed for electrical equipment. This paper demonstrates some actual examples by applying these models and the results show the value of using a systematic quantitative approach to investigate the effect of different maintenance strategies.     

单相配电变压器在低压配电网中的应用

河北南部的大部分配电网经过近几年的建设与改造,特别是经过农网改造和新农村电气化村的建设,10kV线路已基本能满足城乡用电需求,但在个别地区,特别是城乡结合部,还存在着因小工业及居民生活用电增容迅猛、电压合格率低、家用电器无法正常工作等现象。河北省电力公司为解决低压配电网中存在的线损负荷高、电压质量差等问题,     

Effect of lightning overvoltages on low-voltage power distribution lines due to direct lightning hits to overhead ground wire

Overhead ground wires and surge arresters have been installed to protect high-voltage power distribution lines and apparatus from overvoltages induced by nearby lightning strokes. The effects of surge arresters for protection of high-voltage distribution lines against direct lightning strokes have already been investigated using the digital simulation program EMTP (Electromagnetic Transients Program). With regard to the protection of low-voltage distribution lines from overvoltages induced by lightning strokes, experimental analyses using a scale model line have been reported. This paper reports on the comparison between the experimental analyses and EMTP simulation of power distribution lines, including low-voltage lines, and the validity of EMTP simulation. Furthermore, this paper analyzes the overvoltages on low-voltage power distribution lines against direct lightning strokes to overhead ground wire using the digital simulation.     

变压器绕组电阻快速测试方法初探

制作了变压器绕组电阻快速测试装置，论证了变压器电阻快速测试采用高压小电流恒流源的可行性。     

1000kV长距离交流输电线路工频过电压仿真研究

我国能源资源和生产力发展呈逆向分布,西部能源基地与东部负荷中心距离在1000～3000km左右,使得建立长距离、大容量的特高压输电系统成为必然。短距离特高压输电线路的过电压问题已有研究,而当传输距离进一步增加时,工频过电压情况更为严重,抑制方法更为复杂。结合超高压输电线路工频过电压抑制方法,针对特高压线路的具体实例,对远距离特高压输电线路的工频过电压进行了较全面的仿真研究,研究了带有串联电容补偿和并联电抗补偿的特高压输电线路的特性,为特高压远距离输电工程的建设提供了理论依据。