A modified hot tearing criterion for direct chill casting of aluminium alloys

Using the good criteria to predict hot tearing is very important during DC casting of aluminium alloys. Among all the hot tearing criteria, a fracture-mechanics based SKK criterion proposed by Suyitno et al. has made considerable improvements in the hot tearing prediction. However, its obtained hot tearing susceptibility (HTS) evolution during solidification is also not completely consistent with real industrial production circumstances, especially when approaching the solidus temperature. In this paper, some further modifications are made based on the SKK criterion to emphasise the important effect of solid bridging/grain coalescence on hot tear propagation. It is proved that the HTS evolution in freezing range predicted by the modified hot tearing criterion is in good agreement with casting practice.     

Macro- and micro-modelling of hot rolling of steel coupled by a micro-constitutive relationship

A macro- and micro-combined model has been developed to simulate the static and dynamic recrystallizations of austenite during hot rolling of steel. In addition to the coupled thermal and mechanical phenomena, a micro-constitutive relationship is used to link the macro and micro models. The macro model provides the thermal and deformation information for the micro model. A finishing line with seven stands is studied to verify the model's reliability. The results indicate that static recrystallization plays a more important role than the dynamic part in austenite refinement.     

2219和2195铝合金焊接接头的腐蚀行为差异研究

目的 研究运载火箭贮箱用2195新型铝锂合金搅拌摩擦焊接头和熔化焊接头相对于传统的2219铝合金焊接接头耐腐蚀性能的差异,分析耐蚀性的演变规律,为贮箱制造及表面防护提供理论指导。方法 以传统的2219铝合金为对照,采用盐雾腐蚀试验、动电位极化曲线测试等方法系统研究2195铝锂合金焊接接头的腐蚀电位、腐蚀电流密度、腐蚀速率等方面的性能,进而判断新型铝合金材料与传统铝合金材料耐蚀性能的差异。结果 2种铝合金焊接接头各个亚区的耐蚀性均呈现相同的变化规律,其中搅拌摩擦焊接头的耐蚀性能按照热影响区、母材区、热机影响区、焊核区的顺序依次增加;TIG焊接头的耐蚀性能按照热影响区、母材区、焊缝区的顺序依次增加,且在热影响区存在晶间腐蚀的现象。此外,2219和2195铝合金TIG焊接接头热影响区自腐蚀电位分别为?0.653 V和?0.667 V,腐蚀电流密度分别为7.35 mA/cm²和7.55 mA/cm²。结论 2219和2195铝合金搅拌摩擦焊和TIG焊接头的耐蚀性差别不大,且均在热影响区耐蚀性最差;采用同种合金进行焊接时,TIG焊接头的耐蚀性能比FSW接头的差。     

Effects of specimen geometry on temperature rise and flow behavior of aluminium alloys in hot torsion testing

Inappropriate design of the test specimen in hot torsion testing may lead to a high accumulation of heat in the central region of the specimen gauge length and as a result flow localization may occur. To avoid this, knowledge of the variation of temperature rise due to plastic deformation over the specimen gauge length for different specimen geometries is necessary. It is also necessary to estimate the distribution of temperature rise in the event that heat generation is inevitable so that the constitutive equations used are modified accordingly. This paper is devoted to these points.     

Estimation of fatigue crack growth retardation due to crack branching

Quantitative analysis is provided to estimate the reduction of fatigue crack growth rate due to overload crack branching. A recent mixed-mode fatigue crack growth model based on the dilatational component of the accumulated strain energy density near the crack tip is modified to quantify the retardation factor of crack growth rate following an overload. It is found that crack branching due to an overload results in considerable reduction of fatigue crack growth rate. The retardation factor estimated by the proposed methodology is correlated with test results for the 2090-T8E41 aluminum–lithium alloy indicating encouraging agreement.     

Y含量对MgZn9YxZr0.5合金热裂敏感性的影响

基于Clyne-Davies模型,对MgZn9YxZr0.5(x=1,2,4,6,质量分数/%,下同)合金热裂敏感性(CSC)进行预测;采用X射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)分别对MgZn9YxZr0.5合金的显微组织与断口区域形貌进行观察,并采用"T"型热裂模具测试系统,采集MgZn9YxZr0.5合金凝固收缩应力随温度(或时间)的变化曲线。结果表明:CSC预测值与裂纹体积实测值具有相同的变化趋势,其热裂敏感性从高到低的顺序是:MgZn9Y1Zr0.5>MgZn9Y6Zr0.5>MgZn9Y2Zr0.5>MgZn9Y4Zr0.5;当w(Y)≤4%时,枝晶干涉点温度与热裂纹萌生温度随Y含量增加而降低,而当w(Y)=6%时,枝晶干涉点温度与热裂纹萌生温度随之升高。随Y含量不同,MgZn9YxZr0.5合金凝固过程中析出相类型、含量以及α-Mg枝晶倾向的改变被认为是影响晶界裂纹萌生、扩展和热裂的主要微观机制。     

AZ81A镁合金焊接接头的组织与性能

对AZ81A镁合金进行了搅拌摩擦焊和钨极氩弧焊的工艺实验.通过观察焊接接头宏观成形,分析焊缝显微组织,测试焊接接头的显微硬度分布,对两种焊接方法焊接性进行了分析.研究结果表明:搅拌摩擦焊的外观成形及可操作性均优于熔化焊,焊件焊后基本没有变形.搅拌摩擦焊接头的焊缝为锻造组织,焊核区为细小的再结晶组织;热影响区为部分再结晶组织,再结晶的晶粒沿原铸造晶界生长.熔化焊接头的焊缝区组织为较母材细小的等轴晶,熔合区组织的晶界为α固溶体和Mg17Al12共晶,并有强化相析出;热影响区组织的晶界分布有不连续的共晶.     

Visualization of hydrogen diffusion in steels by high sensitivity hydrogen microprint technique

Hydrogen diffusion in steels was examined by both a high sensitivity hydrogen microprint technique (HMT) and an electrochemical hydrogen permeation method. The main diffusion path in an extremely low carbon steel was lattice within grains; grain boundaries were not accelerated diffusion paths. In the case of a hypo-eutectoid steel, hydrogen diffused through proeutectoid ferrite and ferrite in pearlite under steady-state of hydrogen diffusion. The diffusion paths, however, were carbide/ferrite interfaces when hydrogen charging was interrupted before achievement of the steady state. This is probably ascribable to the reversible trapping effect of the interface. The detection efficiency of the high sensitivity HMT was 75% for the low carbon steel and 40% for the hypo-eutectoid steel.     

镁合金热裂行为研究进展

热裂是合金铸造过程中最常见的严重铸造缺陷之一。随着镁合金材料应用范围的不断扩大和复杂薄壁铸件的增加,热裂成为镁合金商业化应用的瓶颈。全面阐述了国内外对镁合金热裂行为的测试方法,归纳出了镁合金热裂形成机制,以及镁合金中热裂倾向定量评价方法等。根据多年的深入研究结果详细总结了镁合金热裂的影响因素。同时,还介绍了镁合金热裂的理论预测方法和最新数值模拟模型。为建立稳定、统一的热裂评价标准提供了有实际价值的参考。     

微量钇稀土合金化对高强铝合金LY12CZ焊接热裂纹倾向性的影响

LY12CZ是一种共晶型高强铝合金,其焊接性极差。本文采用交流低频脉冲钨极氩弧焊(AC PTIG),探讨了重稀土钇(Y)对LY12CZ焊缝组织及其焊接性的影响。试验表明:由焊丝可以向焊缝金属中过渡适量稀土金属钇。适量钇可以细化焊缝金属组织,改善焊缝树枝状组织,对提高焊缝抗热裂纹性能及焊接接头的机械性能有一定的作用。     

镁合金钨极氩弧焊活性剂的研究进展

结合镁合金活性钨极氩弧焊焊接工艺(A-TIG)的特点,系统地综述了单质型、卤化物型、氧化物型和复合型活性剂的研究进展。活性剂增加镁合金焊接熔深主要有"电弧收缩"和"表面张力温度梯度改变"两种作用机制。复合型活性剂综合了各类单一不同活性剂的优点,成为目前A-TIG研究的重点。     

Effect of welding processes on fatigue crack growth behaviour of AISI 409M ferritic stainless steel joints fabricated using duplex stainless steel fillers

The present investigation aims to study the effect of welding processes such as shielded metal arc welding (SMAW), gas metal arc welding (GMAW) and gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) on fatigue crack growth behaviour of the ferritic stainless steel (FSS) conforming to AISI 409M grade. Rolled plates of 4 mm thickness were used as the base material and AISI 2209 grade duplex stainless steel (DSS) was used as filler metal, for preparing single pass butt welded joints. Centre cracked tensile (CCT) specimens were used to evaluate the fatigue crack growth behaviour. From this investigation, it is found that the GTAW joints showed superior fatigue crack growth resistance compared with SMAW and GMAW joints. The reasons for the superior performance were discussed in detail.     

4种改性聚苯硫醚贮存寿命热老化试验研究

对不同颜色(黑色和本色),长玻纤和碳纤增强、增韧增强改性聚苯硫醚进行了热空气老化试验研究,通过选择拉伸性能下降超过30%作为贮存寿命判据,预测40%长碳纤增强聚苯硫醚(黑色)、40%长玻纤增强聚苯硫醚(本色)、40%长玻纤增韧增强聚苯硫醚(黑色),40%长玻纤PA66增强聚苯硫醚(黑色)贮存寿命分别为32.4、55.5、23.8和60.3年,适宜在武器装备上推广使用     

焊丝成分对T91/316L异种钢焊接接头微观组织和力学性能的影响

T91马氏体钢与316L奥氏体钢异种钢的焊接主要应用于超超临界机组(USC)和核电领域中的加速器驱动次临界洁净核能系统(ADS)。本研究采用ER309L、ER316L和ERNiCr-3三种不同的焊丝,使用钨极氩弧(TIG)焊对T91马氏体不锈钢和316L奥氏体不锈钢进行了焊接,并对焊接接头进行了微观组织和力学性能分析,同时研究了焊后热处理对焊接接头的影响规律。研究结果表明,使用三种焊丝获得的焊缝的微观组织都是粗大的奥氏体枝晶,且其枝晶的晶粒垂直于熔合线往焊缝中心生长。焊态下焊接接头拉伸试样在T91侧的粗晶热影响区(CGHAZ)发生脆性断裂,经过焊后热处理(750 ℃/1 h)的焊接拉伸试样的韧性断裂均发生在316L母材处,且抗拉强度显著上升,这表明焊后热处理能够提高T91/316L异种钢焊接接头的拉伸性能。在未焊后热处理状态下,使用ERNiCr-3焊丝获得的焊接接头焊缝的冲击性能优于其他焊丝。焊态下焊接接头硬度在T91侧熔合线处显著升高,而焊后热处理后T91侧熔合线处的硬度凸起几乎消失。     

不锈钢母材及其焊缝金属材料单拉本构关系研究

对12个奥氏体型及12个双相型不锈钢正面角焊缝和侧面角焊缝连接试件进行了单调拉伸试验,考察了不同焊接工艺对角焊缝连接力学性能的影响。结果表明：采用氩弧焊焊接工艺的不锈钢角焊缝试件破坏面与电弧焊焊接工艺的试件破坏面形状相差较大,后者破坏面更加光滑;同时由于受到复杂应力的作用,正面角焊缝试件的真实破坏角度并不为相关规范规定的理论值45°;对于奥氏体型不锈钢角焊缝,氩弧焊试件与电弧焊试件的强度比分别为1.03 (正面角焊缝试件)及1.13 (侧面角焊缝试件),相对变形量之比为1.46及1.11;而对于双相型不锈钢角焊缝,两者的强度比分别为1.12和1.04,相对变形量之比为1.66及1.45;氩弧焊试件表现出了更好的力学性能。对于两种不锈钢材料,正面角焊缝强度均远大于侧面角焊缝的强度,建议在工程设计和相关规范的编制/修订中考虑正面角焊缝强度提高的影响。     

Anelastic relaxation processes due to hopping of interstitial oxygen in scandium

The anelastic spectrum of the solid solution Sc–O has been investigated on a polycrystalline sample from 360 to 570 K for oxygen concentrations varying between 0.024 and 0.91 at.% O, as estimated by electrical resistivity and intentional doping. Two relaxation processes appear at 430 and 520 K for the vibration frequency of 3.5 kHz; both peaks are stable with thermal cycling and their intensities increase with the oxygen content.

The process at lower temperature has been tentatively interpreted as due to the stress-induced hopping of oxygen atoms between the non equivalent tetrahedral and octahedral interstitial sites. A possible mechanism for the higher temperature process could be the dissolution/formation of interacting O–O pairs.     

Simulations of transitions in superheated superconducting granules

We perform simulations of both colloidal suspensions and planar arrays systems of superheated superconducting granules. Transitions induced by an increasing external field appear in both situations as an ordering mechanism. Concentrated planar arrays present an interval of external field for which no transitions are produced. These effects can be interesting in applications for superheated superconducting granule detectors.     

先进航空材料焊接过程热裂纹研究进展

高焊接热裂纹敏感性是制约新一代合金材料在航空航天领域推广应用的技术瓶颈。本文分别从焊接热裂纹的产生机理和各类合金裂纹敏感性实验的角度梳理该方向的研究进展。焊接热裂纹主要包括凝固裂纹（在焊缝内部产生）和液化裂纹（在焊缝与部分熔化区交界处产生）。影响焊接热裂纹产生的因素包括材料成分、焊接热循环以及接头热应力。在梳理焊接热裂纹机理研究的基础上,分别总结了铝合金、镁合金、先进高强钢以及镍基合金焊接热裂纹的实验研究进展。建立考虑复杂多组元以及结晶形态对裂纹敏感性影响的量化判据,是该领域未来的重要发展方向。针对母材和焊材进行成分优化、添加形核剂或实施辅助工艺措施,是工程应用领域抑制热裂纹缺陷的有效方法。开展焊接热裂纹产生机理及其抑制方法研究,有助于突破新一代合金材料加工技术瓶颈,推进其在航空航天领域的应用。     

Determination of surface heat-transfer coefficients of steel cylinder with phase transformation during gas quenching with high pressures

In numerical simulation of quenching process, the boundary conditions of temperature field and stress field are very important, in which the boundary conditions of temperature field are very complicated. In order to simulate the thermal strains, thermal stresses, residual stresses and microstructure of the steel during gas quenching by means of the numerical method, it is necessary to obtain an accurate boundary condition of temperature field. The surface heat-transfer coefficient is a key parameter. The explicit finite difference method, non-linear estimate method and the experimental relation between temperature and time during quenching have been used to solve the inverse problem of heat conduction. The relationships between surface temperature and surface heat-transfer coefficient of cylinder have been given. The non-linear surface heat-transfer coefficients include the coupled effects between phase transformation and temperature. In calculation, physical properties were treated as the function of temperature and volume fraction of constituent. The results obtained have been shown that this technique can determine effectual the surface heat-transfer coefficients during gas quenching.     

低温冷风机热气融霜实验研究

简述了低温冷库冷风机的热气融霜方式,对一座低温实验冷库进行了热气融霜实验.研究了在不同库温情况下的融霜过程,从库温、凝水量、温度场变化以及制冷系统运行状况等方面,分析了热气融霜对低温冷库的影响.实验结果表明热气融霜具有时间短、对库温影响较小等优点.