Efficient detection with arrays in the presence of angular spreading

The spatial channel in applications such as radar, sonar, and wireless communications is typically characterized by complex signal scattering leading to multiple signal components arriving at the array from a spread of angles. This multipath angle spread is well known to lead to loss of spatial signal coherence, requiring complicated combining schemes to achieve optimal performance, particularly when the signal is partially coherent across the receiving array. We show that the discrete Fourier transform serves as an efficient, robust, and asymptotically optimal spatial combiner for uniform linear arrays (ULAs) in multipath channels. In addition, the proposed spatial processing allows for convenient integration of conventional frequency-domain methods for angle-of-arrival searches. Simulation results show that the proposed combining scheme provides near-optimal performance at significantly less computation, even for arrays of moderate size.     

大规模天线组阵信号并行合成方法

在通用计算平台上进行数字信号处理是软件无线电的发展方向之一,为大规模天线组阵的信号合成提供了新思路。针对通用计算平台上大规模天线组阵的合成问题,研究了基于任务分解原理的多天线组合成方法(MAGM)和基于数据分解原理的多信号块合成方法(MSBM)。两种方法的实时性分析结果表明,MSBM比MAGM更适用于通用计算平台。MSBM要求各信号块的合成是独立的,故提出一种SUMPLE算法的积分时段内迭代方法。仿真结果表明,该迭代方法与传统迭代方法具有同等合成性能。     

阵列探测器在成像光谱偏振探测技术中的应用

为了在成像光谱偏振仪中应用近红外焦平面阵列探测器,得到高质量图像信息,结合新型弹光调制型成像光谱偏振探测技术(PEM-ISP),提出了一种基于近红外焦平面阵列探测器的成像光谱偏振探测技术。系统采用FPA-640512 InGaAs焦平面阵列探测器作为光学探测接收元件,采用高速现场可编程门阵列(FPGA)作为信号处理单元,做到对光学信号的快速采集与并行处理,满足高速、实时的信号传输与处理技术等要求。将经高速A/D采集得到的数据存储到FPGA外扩的静态随机存储器中,以保证数据的完整性。数据最终通过通用串行总线传至上位机,上位机通过LabVIEW实现图像还原。结果表明,该系统可以应用于PEM-ISP中,实现对测量信号的精确探测与采集,并得到完整的图像信息。     

Channel assignments for improved gain in baseband array feedcompensation systems

The performance of a real-time digital combining system for use with array feeds has been considered in previous articles. The purpose of the combining operation is to recover signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) losses due to antenna deformations and atmospheric effects. Previously, arbitrary signal powers and noise variances were assumed, but no attempt was made to match the receiver channels to the available signal powers. Here it is shown that for any signal power and noise variance distribution, a “best” channel assignment exists that maximizes the combined SNR in the limit of vanishingly small combining losses. This limit can be approached in practice by observing sufficiently many samples. Specific signal power and noise variance distributions are considered, and it is shown that even relatively “noisy” channels can be used effectively to recover SNR losses resulting from signals diverted out of a “high-quality” channel by antenna deformations     

Systolic array implementation of a real-time symbol-optimum multiuser detection algorithm

This paper presents the systolic array implementation of a real-time symbol-optimum multiuser detection (MUD) algorithm for a direct-sequence code-division multiple-access system by truncating the backward recursions in the generalized forward/backward schedule. Simulation results show that the real-time algorithm provides negligible performance loss compared to the original symbol-optimum detection algorithm. The systolic array implementation is derived in this paper through the factor graph language of the real-time algorithm in order to exploit the suitability of the algorithm for parallel signal processing.     

谱相减与波束形成相结合的语音增强算法

根据阵列信号语音增强的思想,提出一种基于频城处理的谱相减与波束形成相结合的语音增强结构。结构为多路信号输入,每路含噪信号在谱相减后,增加了波束形成结构,不仅有效地消除了背景噪声,也抑制了谱相减后的音乐噪声。并使用该算法对实际环境中采集到的含噪语音信号进行了仿真,结果显示经过该系统处理后的增强语音的信噪比有了较大的提高,主观试听效果也很好。     

New adaptive beamforming algorithm employing forward/backwardaveraging and signal enhancement schemes

We introduce the new adaptive beamforming algorithm which improves the performance of an adaptive antenna array system through a forward/backward averaging scheme of the post-correlation signal vector and a signal enhancement scheme using Hermitian Toeplitzation of an array covariance matrix in DS/CDMA. A forward/backward averaging scheme decorrelates the received correlated signal after despreading in a matched filter and the Hermitian Toeplitzation scheme enhances the performance of the received signal by removing the undesired effect obtained from an array covariance matrix estimation. It is shown through simulation results that the performance of the proposed algorithm is very superior to that of the conventional Wiener maximal ratio combining (MRC) algorithm     

用于ADS-B解交织的高增益稳健PA算法

广播式自动相关监视(Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast,ADS-B)是基于全球卫星定位系统的航空器运行监视技术,由于ADS-B信号随机接入的广播方式和不断增加的空域流量,不可避免会带来信号交织问题,造成解码信息错误或丢失。本文基于正交投影（Project Algorithm,PA）,利用天线阵带来的信号处理增益,提出了一种高增益稳健的解交织算法:首先利用PA估计源信号的导向矢量,然后结合Capon波束形成算法,提高解交织信号的输出信噪比,考虑导向矢量的估计误差,本文将稳健波束形成（Robust Capon Beamforming,RCB）算法应用于此,从而进一步提高解交织算法的稳健性。仿真和实采数据结果均验证了本文所提算法能够较稳健地提高解交织信号的输出信噪比。      

基于双通道触发的嵌入式阵列信号高速采集技术

嵌入式控制系统的VXI总线数据采集的核心技术在于对嵌入式阵列信号的采集,通过对阵列信号的高速采集提高控制系统的快速信号处理和分析能力。提出一种基于双通道触发的嵌入式阵列信号高速采集技术,并进行系统优化设计。首先分析了嵌入式阵列信号高速采集系统总体设计构架,进行阵列信号采集的干扰滤波与检测算法设计,基于VXI总线技术设计了具有双通道触发功能的嵌入式阵列信号高速采集系统,实现系统的软件开发和仿真平台构建。系统调试和仿真结果表明,该系统进行嵌入式阵列信号采集的功能组合性较完备,实时性好,可靠度较高,系统具有较高的实用价值。     

A two-element adaptive antenna array for IS-136 PCS base stations

We describe computer simulation and laboratory performance results of a real-time two-element adaptive antenna array testbed for the uplink of a 1.9-GHz IS-136 PCS base station. Our simulations and real-time experimental results with a channel emulator show less than a 1-dB implementation loss as compared to theoretical results for the noise-only case. With interference, at low fading rates the implementation loss to is only a few decibels. However, the performance degrades with increasing fading rate, such that the adaptive array performance is similar to maximal ratio combining at 60-m/h fading rates (179 Hz at 1.9 GHz)     

Computational integral imaging-based 3D digital watermarking scheme using cellular automata transform and maximum length cellular automata

A novel 3D watermarking algorithm by combining use of computational integral imaging (CII) and cellular automata transform (CAT) is proposed in this paper. In this proposed scheme, first, the original image signal is decomposed into three resolution levels by using the level-3 2D CAT, and meanwhile, the middle-frequency domains are obtained. Then, an elemental images (EIs) array is generated by recording the information of rays of light coming from an object through a pinhole array in the CII system. The EIs array is encrypted by linear maximum-length cellular automata as the encrypted watermark embedded into the CAT middle-frequency domains. Finally, the watermarked image is obtained by using the level-3 2D inverse CAT. To verify the usefulness of the proposed algorithm, we carry out the computational experiments and present the experimental results for various attacks. Experimental results show that this proposed watermarking system provides excellent results in unobtrusiveness and robustness.     

基于二维虚拟空间平滑算法的跳频通信系统跟踪式干扰抑制研究

基于均匀矩形阵列,利用阵列接收信号及其共轭信息,推导出2维的虚拟空间平滑算法。通过构造2维虚拟子阵,消除干扰信号与期望信号之间的相关性,避免了有效阵列孔径的损失,提高了算法的空间谱分辨率。将该算法与相位补偿技术相结合,给出了一种抗跟踪式干扰的跳频通信系统。通过理论分析和模拟仿真,验证了该系统对跟踪式干扰具有较好抑制能力,在干扰方向的零陷抑制深度达50 dB以上,并且与普通跳频系统相比在-3 dB的强干扰环境下具有优良的误码率特性。     

Self-Calibration-Based Robust Near-Field Adaptive Beamforming for Microphone Arrays

Near-field beamforming using a microphone array has found many applications, such as sound acquisition in small rooms. However, robust near-field adaptive beamforming (NABF) against focal point errors has not been studied much in the literature until recently. In this brief, a robust near-field adaptive beamformer is proposed. The proposed method is developed by combining a new formulation of the point-constrained NABF and a self-calibration technique, in the presence of focal point uncertainties. The proposed method suffers from no loss in the degrees of freedom for interference rejection. Compared with conventional calibration-based adaptive beamformers, the proposed method has the advantage of not needing a noise-free calibration signal. Simulation results demonstrate that the performance of the proposed method is superior to that of the existing methods     

基于SPU的雷达信号处理技术

研究了基于信号处理单元（SPU）平台的雷达信号处理技术,结合某雷达系统需求,采用高性能双数字信号处理器（DSP）和现场可编程门阵列（FPGA）的SPU硬件处理平台实现雷达信号处理,使用串行设计技术提高雷达信号处理的实时性、通用性、可靠性,同时减少信号处理的硬件设备量。实验结果验证了基于单块SPU雷达信号处理的可行性。     

Performance enhancement of CDMA cellular systems with augmentedantenna arrays

The use of base station adaptive antenna arrays is an attractive way to increase the capacity of code division multiple access cellular systems. In this paper, a system with an adaptive minimum redundancy array (MRA) at the base stations is proposed. This system uses the high-resolution signal angle of the arrival estimation algorithm, ESPRIT, in conjunction with array augmentation techniques, and linear least squares adaptation. For the MRA, we propose to use virtual array elements at the locations where there is no sensor element. All real and virtual sensor outputs are weighted and combined to extract the desired signal components and suppress interference. To simplify the evaluation of the interference from adjacent cells, the concentric circle cell geometry is employed in place of the common hexagonal cell geometry. The performance of the proposed system is quantified by comparison with the omnidirectional antenna, and the adaptive uniform linear array (ULA) with the same number of elements and same array aperture, using realistic simulations. It is shown that, for a four-element array, there is about a 4- and a 1-dB improvement in the despread output signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio of the proposed system over the omnidirectional antenna and the conventional ULA, respectively     

实时高效联合变换相关器作指纹识别

提出一种用高效联合变换相关器(JTC)作实时指纹识别的方法。用直角棱镜作为指纹的实时输入装置,用多焦点全息透镜产生目标指纹和参考指纹的联合变换功率谱阵列．在输出面上得到增强和相关信号。实验表明．这种识别方法特别适于由于手指按压部位不同和用力大小不同而产生少许变形的指纹图像的识别。     

基于FPGA的实时幸运区域融合算法

大气湍流对光学目标图像的分辨率会产生随机性 的影响。幸运区域融合(lucky-region fusion,LRF)是一 种针对受大气湍流影响图像序列的图像合成技术,通过在一系列短曝光图像中选取具有高分 辨率的区域进行融合,从而获得一张清晰的图像。LRF 算法在台式计算机上实现比较简单, 但这是事后处理的方法,没有实时性。描述一种针对灰度图像流实时地进行提取、分区处理 和合成的LRF算法及其系统实现技术。根据现场可编程门阵列(field programmable gate array,FPGA)数字信号处理的特点 , 提出了一种适合于FPGA处理的实时LRF算法。用硬件描述语言对该算法进行逻辑设计,将 其嵌入到一个中小规模的FPGA上,从而构成一个纯硬件的紧凑的LRF处理系统。通过模拟 的序列图像和在实验室实际拍摄了短曝光序列图像,对该系统进行了测试。实验结果表明, 所提出的实时LRF算法可行,所实现的FPGA系统可以实现输入灰度图像序列的实时动态幸 运区域融合,并最终获得高分辨率的融合图像。     

A New Blind Beamforming Procedure Based on The Conjugate Gradient Method for CDMA Mobile Communications

The objective of this paper is to present an adaptive algorithm for computing the weight vector which provides a beam pattern having its maximum gain along the direction of the mobile target signal source in the presence of interfering signals within a cell. The conjugate gradient method (CGM) is modified in such a way that the suboptimal weight vector is produced with the computational load of O(16N), which has been found to be small enough for the real-time processing of signals in most land mobile communications with the digital signal processor (DSP) off the shelf, where N denotes the number of antenna elements of the array. The adaptive procedure proposed in this paper is applied to code division multiple access (CDMA) mobile communication system to show its excellent performance in terms of signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR), bit error rate (BER), and capacity, which are enhanced by about 7 dB, times, and 7 times, respectively, when the number of antenna elements is 6 and the processing gain is 20 dB.     

Blind adaptation of antenna arrays using a simple algorithm basedon small frequency offsets

With the development of wireless and personal communication systems, there is considerable interest in using antenna array technology to improve the system capacity in both present and future generation wireless systems. A novel and simple algorithm is proposed for blind adaptive extraction of a binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) signal in the presence of interference by cyclostationary signal processing using an antenna array. The algorithm operates in an interference-limited system in which the desired and interfering signals have identical symbol rates, but are modulated on slightly different carrier frequencies. Compared to existing blind algorithms which also exploit the cyclostationarity of the received signal, the new algorithm provides a simpler and faster converging means to estimate the channel phase for diversity combining. Analytical and simulation results are presented and performances are compared with direct matrix inversion (DMI) and existing blind algorithms. Based on the proposed algorithm and the result obtained by Gardner, Schell and Murphy (1992), a time-division multiple-access (TDMA) system with the new channel assignment scheme called cyclic TDMA (CTDMA) is proposed. The simulation results also show that the proposed algorithm is relatively simple and very promising in applications to indoor wireless communication where interference rejection and increased spectrum efficiency are the objectives. Analysis and simulation results are presented to confirm the interference rejection capabilities. The robustness of existing and proposed algorithms to the perturbation of cyclostationarity is also discussed     

Crossed-dipole arrays for asynchronous DS-CDMA systems

In this paper, the use of a crossed-dipole array is proposed in joint space-time channel estimation for asynchronous multipath direct sequence code division multiple access (DS-CDMA) systems. The polarization diversity offered by such an array, unlike linearly polarized arrays, is able to detect and estimate any arbitrary completely polarized signal path. By utilizing the polarization information inherent in the received signal to construct the polar-spatio-temporal array (polar-STAR) manifold vector, the accuracy and resolution of the polar-STAR parameters' estimation are significantly improved, and its signal detection capability is enhanced. To alleviate the need for a multidimensional search in the polarization space, a computationally efficient joint polarization-angle-delay channel parameter estimation algorithm is proposed for a "desired user" that operates in an asynchronous multiuser and multipath environment. The proposed algorithm, which can be seen as an application of MUSIC-type techniques, is based on combining a two-dimensional STAR-Subspace type technique with a set of analytical equations and is supported by representative examples and computer simulation studies.