一个新的体绘制加速算法

针对目前加速方式与传递函数交互设定需求的矛盾,提出了一个新的基于边缘切除原理的体绘制加速算法。算法针对两个关键难点:如何消除传递函数调整依赖性,如何识别空体素,提出了有效的绝对空体素识别准则,设计了高效的边缘空体素分离机制,构成了不依赖传递函数调整的加速模式。在保持高的图像质量的前提下,边缘切除算法具有显著的绘制速度提升。边缘切除过程在预处理阶段进行,算法参数易于选取和推广,具有广泛的适应性,非常适合需要交互设定传递函数的普及型医学图像分析系统应用。算法采用了规则的边缘切除方式,收缩后的体数据非常方便后续光线投射或溅射算法应用,可以方便地与其他各种加速方式组合使用,使不同角度的加速效果实现叠加,是当前各种主流加速技术的一个很好的互补技术。不同背景的运算实例,测试和验证了算法的有效性。     

基于图形硬件加速的体绘制关键技术综述

随着近年来计算机图形硬件性能的不断提高,利用硬件来实现体绘制过程中的某些环节以获取交互的绘制速率变为可能,并逐渐成为目前的研究热点。从体绘制的分类、明暗处理、重构、体积裁剪等4个角度对基于图形硬件加速的体绘制方法进行了分类综述,介绍了各种关键技术的研究进展和典型算法,并讨论了各自特点及其相互联系。     

A selective rendering method for data visualization

Selective visualization is a solution for visualizing data of large size and dimensionality. In this paper a new method is proposed for effectively rendering certain chosen parts among the full set of data in terms of a colour buffer, referred to as the virtual plane, for storing intermediate results. By this method, scientists may concentrate their attention on the contents of data in which they are interested. Besides, the method could be easily integrated with all the current direct volume rendering techniques, especially progressive refinement methods and selective methods. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Real-time ray casting rendering of volume clipping in medical visualization

This paper presents a real-time ray casting rendering algorithm for “volume clipping plane“ as an extension of the conventional ray casting technique.For each viewing direction a(moderate) pre-processing step is performed:the ray traverses the entire volume data (no early ray termination).Its intensity and opacity contributions are divided into several segments which are then sorted and stored by depth.At each sampling position along a segment,accumulated trans-parency and color are stored at a moderate memory overhead.For visualizing real-time volumeclipping,only relevant segment contributions (maximum two) at the location of the clipping plane are considered,thus reducing the calculation to meet real-time requirements.Compared with theprevious work that involves time-consuming re-clipping,re-traversing and re-shading,the proposed method achieves quality identical to ray casting at real-time speed.The performance is indepen-dent of the volume resolution and/or the number of clipping planes along a given viewing direction.Therefore it is suitable for real-time “internal volume inspections“,involving one or several cutting planes,typically applied e.g.,in medical visualization and material testing applications.     

脑血管体绘制的快速表意式增强

利用3维可视化技术重构脑血管模型,获取脑血管及其相关组织的立体结构,对于辅助诊断脑血管疾病具有重要意义.鉴于脑血管位置的特殊性、形态的复杂性及灰度信息的多变性,要求重构技术能够清晰还原其空间结构.基于CUDA(computed unified device architecture)的光线投射体绘制,引入深度和轮廓宽度等因子,采用基于曲率的轮廓增强、基于深度的边界增强以及基于立体显示和颜色融合的深度线索提示等表意式技术,实时重构高质量3维血管模型,生动展现脑血管的3维结构信息,如深度、梯度、观察方向等.实验结果表明,本文方法的有效性,在精确显示脑血管结构的同时能够增强体绘制效果.     

基于空间数据插值算法的空间散乱数据体绘制实现

体绘制技术是一种能够真实地反映空间数据场内部信息的可视化技术。在体绘制研究领域中,非规则的空间散乱数据体绘制目前仍然是一个研究热点。文中采用空间数据插值算法对散乱的原始数据进行网格化插值,然后使用光投影体绘制算法对规则网格数据进行体绘制。最后,通过新方法实现了某油藏区地下流体压力和孔隙度分布结构的体绘制。     

MaterialVis: Material visualization tool using direct volume and surface rendering techniques

Visualization of the materials is an indispensable part of their structural analysis. We developed a visualization tool for amorphous as well as crystalline structures, called MaterialVis. Unlike the existing tools, MaterialVis represents material structures as a volume and a surface manifold, in addition to plain atomic coordinates. Both amorphous and crystalline structures exhibit topological features as well as various defects. MaterialVis provides a wide range of functionality to visualize such topological structures and crystal defects interactively. Direct volume rendering techniques are used to visualize the volumetric features of materials, such as crystal defects, which are responsible for the distinct fingerprints of a specific sample. In addition, the tool provides surface visualization to extract hidden topological features within the material. Together with the rich set of parameters and options to control the visualization, MaterialVis allows users to visualize various aspects of materials very efficiently as generated by modern analytical techniques such as the Atom Probe Tomography.     

Volumetric texture synthesis for non-photorealistic volume rendering of medical data

This paper presents a novel technique, called volumetric texture synthesis, for non-photorealistic volume rendering. It extends texture synthesis from 2D areas/3D surfaces to volumes. By selecting different texture samples, it allows for a wide variety of stylized rendering for the target volume. As a preprocessing step, volume data analysis is used to identify texture orientations for the volume. This is followed by volumetric texture synthesis, which generates 3D non-photorealistic textures along the identified texture orientations. Finally, standard volume rendering is applied to display the volume data decorated by the texture. Experimental results are provided in the paper.     

基于一种新模型的交互式体绘制算法的研究

交互式体绘制算法基于一个新的可视化模型。目的是研究一种快速预览技术，在可视化内部结构时不需要专门的耗时巨大的转换函数。用两个参数来控制一个非常简单的绘制模型。交互旋转技术不需要任何特殊的硬件支持，所以可以广泛应用在低配置的电脑上。     

Error-controlled real-time cut updates for multi-resolution volume rendering

Multi-resolution techniques are required for rendering large volumetric datasets exceeding the size of the graphics card's memory or even the main memory. The cut through the multi-resolution volume representation is defined by selection criteria based on error metrics. For GPU-based volume rendering, this cut has to fit into the graphics card's memory and needs to be continuously updated due to the interaction with the volume such as changing the area of interest, the transfer function or the viewpoint. We introduce a greedy cut update algorithm based on split-and-collapse operations for updating the cut on a frame-to-frame basis. This approach is guided by a global data-based metric based on the distortion of classified voxel data, and it takes into account a limited download budget for transferring data from main memory into the graphics card to avoid large frame rate variations. Our out-of-core support for handling very large volumes also makes use of split-and-collapse operations to generate an extended cut in the main memory. Finally, we introduce an optimal polynomial-time cut update algorithm, which maximizes the error reduction between consecutive frames. This algorithm is used to verify how close to the optimum our greedy split-and-collapse algorithm performs.     

大规模数据快速体绘制方法的设计与实现

体绘制是科学计算可视化的重要手段,针对大规模数据场体绘制计算量大、效率低的问题,提出一种基于哈尔小波变换的三维规则网格数据场快速体绘制方法.采用整体描述、局部细化的策略对转换后的数据进行组织、管理和调度,实现了多尺度分析和快速随机存取,并有效解决了CPU在处理大规模数据集时纹理内存的局限;采用基于CUDA(计算统一设备架构)的GPU加速技术提高体绘制算法性能,很好的实现了大规模数据集的交互式可视化.     

Interactive classification for pre-integrated volume rendering of high-precision volume data

The pre-integrated volume rendering technique is widely used for creating high quality images. It produces good images even though the transfer function is nonlinear. Because the size of the pre-integration lookup table is proportional to the square of data precision, the required storage and computation load steeply increase for rendering of high-precision volume data. In this paper, we propose a method that approximates the pre-integration function proportional to the data precision. Using the arithmetic mean instead of the geometric mean and storing opacity instead of extinction density, this technique reduces the size and the update time of the pre-integration lookup table so that it classifies high-precision volume data interactively. We demonstrate performance gains for typical renderings of volume datasets.     

基于打包索引纹理的大规模数据体绘制算法

针对大规模数据体绘制效率低下的问题,提出一种算法：对体数据进行纹理分块打包,移除空数据块,并创建数据块的索引数据,绘制时通过索引访问打包后的纹理实现大规模数据完全载入显存,同时在索引中标记空数据及高密度数据块的位置,绘制前生成其有效的立方体数据表达,结合早期光线终止与空域跳过等加速技术,有效地实现了大规模的体数据的实时绘制,同时保证了结果图像的质量。     

Texture-based volume rendering of adaptive mesh refinement data

Many phenomena in nature and engineering happen simultaneously on rather diverse spatial and temporal scales. In other words, they exhibit a multi-scale character. A special numerical multilevel technique associated with a particular hierarchical data structure is adaptive mesh refinement (AMR). This scheme achieves locally very high spatial and temporal resolutions. Due to its popularity, many scientists are in need of interactive visualization tools for AMR data. In this article, we present a 3D texture-based volume-rendering algorithm for AMR data that directly utilizes the hierarchical structure. Thereby fast rendering performance is achieved even for high-resolution data sets. To avoid multiple rendering of regions that are covered by grids of different levels of resolution, we propose a space partitioning scheme to decompose the volume into axis-aligned regions of equal-sized cells. Furthermore the problems of interpolation artifacts, opacity corrections, and texture memory limitations are addressed. Published online: November 6, 2002 Correspondence to: R. K?hler     

针对全空子数据体的GPU体绘制

目的 体绘制是3维数据可视化的主要方法之一。用于体绘制的数据体中包含有大量的空体素,导致光线投射算法进行没有意义的重采样计算,必然降低绘制算法效率。针对全空子数据体体绘制低效问题,提出基于GPU体高效绘制方法。方法 利用八叉树数据结构组织数据,有效管理包含许多空体素的子数据体。通过绘制八叉树非全空叶子节点子数据体表面,使光线投射算法中起始和终止重采样位置更接近数据体中的可视部分,同时根据八叉树全空节点子数据体判定纹理查询结果,计算合适的跳跃步长,快速跳过八叉树中全空节点子数据体。结果 当数据体中空体素较多时,确定合适的八叉树深度,有效地跳过数据体中的空体素,减少体绘制运算量,实现对原基于体包围盒表面绘制的GPU光线投射算法的加速。结论 设计不透明度函数,凸显数据体中层位面,并将算法成功应用于地震数据可视化,取得很好应用效果。     

目标特征指导的多分辨率体绘制算法

多分辨率体绘制是解决海量数据体绘制的一种有效方法。但对于数据散乱分布、同质区域较小的体绘制数据（比如物探领域的地震信号数据）,传统的基于香农熵或均方差的多分辨率方式均难以有效实现降低数据量的效果。本文提出了一种基于目标特征的多分辨率体绘制方法。以数据体中的目标特征为指导,适当降低非目标区域的分辨率,在尽可能不丢失其目标区域信息的情况下,实现有效的多分辨率体绘制。本文方法能够在目标保证数据量的前提下,尽可能的通过丢弃非目标区域的信息量,进而保护数据体的关键信息,以得到较好的绘制效果。实验结果表明,本文方法能与传统方法相比能够更好的保证关键区域绘制效果,同时进一步的降低用于绘制的数据量。     

针对全空子数据体的GPU体绘制方法

体绘制是三维数据可视化的主要方法之一。用于体绘制的数据体中包含有大量的空体素,导致光线投射算法进行没有意义的重采样计算,必然降低绘制算法效率。针对全空子数据体体绘制低效问题,本文提出基于GPU体高效绘制方法。利用八叉树数据结构组织数据,有效管理包含许多空体素的子数据体。通过绘制八叉树非全空叶子结点子数据体表面,使光线投射算法中起始和终止重采样位置更接近数据体中的可视部分,同时根据八叉树全空结点子数据体判定纹理查询结果,计算合适的跳跃步长,快速跳过八叉树中全空结点子数据体,减少无效重采样点。当数据体中空体素较多时,实现对原基于体包围盒表面绘制的GPU光线投射算法的加速。设计不透明度函数,凸显数据体中层位面,并将算法成功应用于地震数据可视化,取得很好应用效果。     

工业CT数据场面绘制和体绘制改进算法研究

工业CT图像的重建速度和精度是工业CT产品的两个重要指标。针对面绘制的MC算法提出了一种基于相似性区域分割的三维工业图像表面重建算法,实现了准确分割,并利用分割结果精确地提取等值面,显著提高了检测效率;针对体绘制的光线投射算法提出了一种基于二维最大熵阈值的分割预处理方法,利用二维直方图熵最大化寻找阈值的最佳组合,能有效减少重建体数据量,实测数据表明体绘制速度明显提高。     

Direct volume rendering of multiple scalar fields

Rendering of volume data without forming geometric objects is often termed direct volume rendering. Most of the previously developed methods for this purpose are restricted to display of one scalar variable. This paper presents methods for direct volume rendering of several scalar variables defined at discrete points in three-dimensional space. Typical requirements for the rendering of such data are proposed and then used as a basis for the derivation of a computational model. The proposed model uses a classification technique to composite specific types of information from different scalar fields. The visual display of the composite information is controlled through a set of rendering parameters.     

数据受限条件下的多模态处理技术综述

随着多媒体技术的发展,可获取的媒体数据在种类和量级上大幅提升。受人类感知方式的启发,多种媒体数据互相融合处理,促进了人工智能在计算机视觉领域的研究发展,在遥感图像解译、生物医学和深度估计等方面有广泛的应用。尽管多模态数据在描述事物特征时具有明显优势,但仍面临着较大的挑战。1)受到不同成像设备和传感器的限制,难以收集到大规模、高质量的多模态数据集;2)多模态数据需要匹配成对用于研究,任一模态的缺失都会造成可用数据的减少;3)图像、视频数据在处理和标注上需要耗费较多的时间和人力成本,这些问题使得目前本领域的技术尚待攻关。本文立足于数据受限条件下的多模态学习方法,根据样本数量、标注信息和样本质量等不同的维度,将计算机视觉领域中的多模态数据受限方法分为小样本学习、缺乏强监督标注信息、主动学习、数据去噪和数据增强5个方向,详细阐述了各类方法的样本特点和模型方法的最新进展。并介绍了数据受限前提下的多模态学习方法使用的数据集及其应用方向(包括人体姿态估计、行人重识别等),对比分析了现有算法的优缺点以及未来的发展方向,对该领域的发展具有积极的意义。