Teil 3: Anwendung von Laborergebnissen in der Baupraxis,Ausführungsfehler

Sound protection of cavity floors. Part 3: Application of laboratory results in practice; pitfalls during construction This third part of the three‐part „Sound protection of cavity floors”︁ series relates the laboratory examination and analysis of the acoustic parameters of cavity floors to the application in practice. Part 1 [1] described the historic development of cavity floors since the 1980s and the main airborne sound protection parameters, i.e. the standard flanking level difference (airborne sound protection for horizontal transfer, flanking level reduction) and the sound insulation of solid ceilings with cavity floors for vertical sound transfer. Part 2 of the series [2] described the impact sound insulation parameters, i.e. the weighted impact sound reduction (impact sound improvement) and the weighted flanking impact sound level (weighted standard impact sound level for horizontal transfer). This third part suggests cavity floor design options for meeting the required sound protection levels that may exist either in the form of minimum requirements stipulated by building authorities or through civil law agreements between users and investors.     

Schalldämmung und Schall‐Längsdämmung von Fassadenkonstruktionen im Prüfstand – Erkenntnisse für die bauakustische Beratung in der Praxis

Airborne sound insulation and flanking sound insulation of façade constructions (Curtain wallings) in the test stand – findings for acoustic consulting in practice. Based on serial and single measurements for the determination of the weighted sound reduction index and of the normalized flanking sound insulation in horizontal and in vertical transmission direction of façades effects of the measurement procedure and of constructive façade details onto the measurement result are shown. For the performance of measurements of the weighted sound reduction index of façade constructions the possibility of the utilization of German standards DIN ENISO140‐3 in a test stand for wall constructions or of the in field procedure of DIN ENISO140‐5 in a test stand for the determination of the flanking sound insulation of façades is possible. Because the two measurement procedures lead to measurement results with systematically differences for the same façade construction, next to the formal aspect of the communicability of the two measurement procedures the mounting situation of façade elements in the test stand is taken into account. The influence of constructive details of the façade construction and their detailed effect on the determined weighted sound reduction index and/or the determined normalized flanking level difference is supposed to be shown due to carried out measurements of different façades. To that size, kind and order of the glazing, carrying out of façade molliums and façade transoms as well as construction of the façade connecting element as a single‐element for the determination of the normalized flanking sound insulation of a façade construction are taken into account.     

Teil 1: Entwicklungsstand und Flankenpegeldifferenz

Sound protection of cavity floors Part 1: State of the development and difference in flanking transmission level After more than 20 years of development, a summary of current insights regarding the sound protection of cavity floors is provided, based on more than 500 measurements in an acoustics laboratory and several hundred measurements on site, with the latter invariably taking account of the combined effect of walls, ceilings, cavity floors and other components.     

R′w oder DnT,w? Überlegungen zur Kennzeichnung des Schallschutzes und Konsequenzen für eine Neufassung von DIN 4109

R′_w or D_nT,w? Considerations regarding sound protection notation and consequences for the revision of DIN 4109. Since its publication in 1989, DIN 4109 “Sound insulation in buildings” has be come a tried and tested tool for designing sound protection measures in domestic buildings and offices. Since 1992 European standards have been harmonised. For sound protection this meant the abolition of component tests in the laboratory based on “practical flanking transmission”. The German sound protection concept, which was based on the assumption of transferability between R′_w values measured in the laboratory to the expected sound insulation R′_w of the tested construction element on site, has thus become obsolete. Following the replacement of DIN 52210 by DIN EN ISO 140, laboratory measurements no longer involve the sound protection value R′_w, but only the sound insulation value R_w. This article discusses issues relating to this development.     

Längsdämmungsmessung in normalen Schalldämm‐Prüfständen

Measurement of longitudinal sound reduction in standard test facilities. The German standard DIN 4109 requires the knowledge of the longitudinal sound reduction of flanking building components. Many test laboratories do not posses the proper test facilities and therefore install the test objects alongside the flanking wall of the test facility, thereby creating a narrow cavity. The influence of this cavity on the longitudinal sound reduction was examined experimentally and numerically. This should clarify under which conditions the longitudinal sound reduction can be measured using this setup. The article presents the experimental examination.     

楼板隔声材料的撞击声隔声实验室测量结果研究

隔声降噪问题越来越成为住宅品质的关注方向,尤其是上下楼层之间的撞击声隔声,隔声地板、隔声砂浆、隔声涂料及隔声垫等隔音材料应运而生。本文对比了这4种产品的计权撞击声压级和计权撞击声压级改善量的实验室测试结果。结果表明,这4种隔音材料的隔声效果、隔声原理和施工要求各有特点,在一定厚度、一定密度下均能改善基础分户楼板的计权撞击声压级,并达到标准要求。     

Schallschutz zwischen Reihenhäusern mit unvollständiger Trennung

Sound insulation between terraced houses with incomplete separation. Between terraced houses with double‐leaf partition walls a high quality of sound insulation can be accieved even with suitable structures to go through and attaced to the ground. Therefore it is required to have a sufficient high mass per unit area of the structures to go through, to have a sufficient high mass per unit area of the double‐leaf partition wall and to have a suitable spartial arrangement of the living rooms (floor plan). Different qualities of separation have to be distinguished. It is suggested, to establish a qualtitative ΔR_w‐additional for the prediction and calulation of the sound insulation in the German Standard DIN 4109. Measuring results of the frequency dependent reduction of the impact sound pressure level at the double‐leaf partition wall are presented.     

Flankenübertragung bei Massivholzkonstruktionen – Teil 2: Einfluss von Befestigungsmitteln auf die Verbesserung durch den Einbau elastischer Zwischenschichten

Flanking‐Transmission at Solid Wood Constructions. Part 2: Influence of Fasteners on the Improvement by Application of Flexible Interlayers. As shown in part 1, the application of elastic interlayers leads to significant improvement of flanking insulation. Their impact is, however, highly affected by installation of required metal fasteners. By means of sound and vibration measurements their influence is quantified and assigned to the particular connection. Optimized fasteners are presented and their acoustical potential is verified.     

建筑隔声与地面辐射供暖

楼板传声是建筑噪声最主要来源之一,现有普通混凝土楼板的计权标准化声压级大多隔声性能不能满足国家标准,需要通过构造浮筑楼板等方式提高楼板隔绝撞击声性能,使其满足国家现行标准要求。地面辐射供暖系统因其特殊的结构形式,其内在具有提高楼板隔绝撞击声性能的优势。本文对建筑楼板隔声现状、地面辐射供暖对建筑隔声的作用以及地面辐射供暖隔声效应的测试方法进行了阐述。     

Flankenübertragung bei Massivholzkonstruktionen – Teil 1: Verbesserung der Flankendämmung durch Einbau elastischer Zwischenschichten und Verifizierung der Anwendbarkeit von EN 12354

Flanking‐Transmission at Solid Wood Constructions. Part 1: Improvement of Flanking Transmission by Application of Flexible Interlayers and Verification of Applicability of EN 12354. Since solid wood constructions are more frequently applicated for multy‐storey residential buildings the demand for reliable prediction of sound insulation is increasing. Prediction is carried out following EN 12354 which, however, does not contain any input data for solid wood constructions. Therefore, sound‐ and vibration measurements are realized on solid wood test facilities where flanking transmission and input data for standardized predictions are acquired. The normalized impact sound pressure level is calculated for different flexible interlayers and compared to the results of the measurements. Single number quantities show satisfactory accordance between measurement and prediction with deviations between 0 and 2 dB. Considering frequency dependent values major deviations, which can be detected in a certain frequency range, require more accurate modelling.     

改善撞击声隔声性能的住宅楼板构造设计

随着中国城市化进程的加速和生活水平的提高,居民对住宅的声环境质量要求越来越高。混凝土楼板的撞击声较难隔绝,对住宅的声品质造成很大影响。该文采用不同材料设计4种楼板隔声构造,并进行现场撞击声隔声测试。测试结果表明,4种楼板隔声构造的计权标准化撞击声压级均小于65dB,满足高要求分户楼板对撞击声隔声的要求。在建筑方案设计阶段如能重视楼板隔声构造设计,能有效提高楼板的撞击声隔声性能,从而提升住宅建筑的声品质。     

Einfluß der Deckenschlankheit auf den Durchstanzwiderstand nach DIN 1045‐1, SIA 262, Ö‐Norm B 4700(01) und Eurocode prEN 1992‐1‐1

Influence of the Slab Slenderness on the Punching Resistance according to DIN 1045‐1, SIA 262, Ö‐Norm B 4700(01) and Eurocode prEN 1992‐1‐1 In the last three years the new design codes [1] — [4] were established. The punching resistance of each code was developed on the state of the art. But the formulas show significant differences. Parametric studies documented, that the punching resistance of less slender flat slabs ( λ = length between the supports / effective depth = l/d = 20) is increased according to SIA 262 and Ö‐Norm B 4700(01) in comparison to DIN 1045‐1. EC prEN 1992‐1‐1 neglects the influence of the flat slenderness, however the maximum punching capacity of stirrups is on the design level of double headed studs or stud‐rails. This is contradictory to the current design experience and punching test results [5]. In this contribution the influence of the slab slenderness on the punching resistance with and without shear reinforcement is discussed. In addition, the extremely high maximum punching shear capacity according prEN 1992‐1‐1 is judged by the codes DIN 1045‐1, SIA 262 and Ö‐Norm B 4700(01).     

On the sound insulation of masonry wall façades

In this paper, laboratory measurements of sound reduction index for two types of cavity walls commonly used in façades are presented. The first type consists of “masonry–air cavity–brick” and the second one consists of “masonry–air cavity–-gypsum board”. Data are used to show that masonry walls with gypsum boards provide higher sound insulation than masonry cavity walls. The influence on sound reduction index of apertures made on external leaf of the wall to ventilate the cavity of the wall is also examined.     

Hinterlüftete Außenwände,konstruiert aufgrund der von Karl Gertis erarbeiteten bauphysikalischen Grundlagen

Ventilated external walls, constructed based on the building physics principles developed by Karl Gertis. In his postdoctoral thesis Karl Gertis described the basic principles of the function and the geometric boundary conditions for the construction of ventilated external walls. The proposed revision of DIN 18516‐1:2008‐09 will again based on the fundamental results of his work. Meanwhile, further work has been carried out on various aspects, including the work by Janser and Marquardt on wind load assumptions and the corrosion‐inhibiting effect of ventilated external walls. Ventilated external facings can be retrofitted to damaged walls in large‐panel buildings to improve thermal insulation, as a remedial measure for joint defects, and in order to improve corrosion protection. This paper discusses the physical mechanisms relating to wind load reduction and corrosion protection.     

绿色建筑评价中楼板撞击声隔声指标探讨

绿色建筑评价中对楼板撞击声隔声的要求引用《民用建筑隔声设计规范》,单值评价量有实验室测量的计权规范化撞击声压级Ln,w和现场测量的计权标准化撞击声压级L'nT,w。对撞击声隔声评价指标Ln,w、L'n,w、L'nT,w进行理论分析,并结合现场测量和实验室测量对分析结果进行验证。结果表明：当建筑楼板的撞击声隔声性能较差时,侧向传声对测量结果影响较小,现场测量指标L'n,w与实验室测量指标Ln,w相差不大;L'nT与L'n在接收室体积V=31m3时相等,当接收室体积V＞31m3时,L'nT会小于L'n,因此L'nT,w会低于L'n,w和实验室测量值Ln,w,接收室体积越大偏差越大,按照当前住宅户型的发展趋势,客厅体积一般在60~130m3,采用L'nT,w进行撞击声隔声评价会导致其数值低于实验室测量指标Ln,w,约为3~6dB;采用现场测量指标L'nT,w进行撞击声隔声评价会受到接收房间体积的影响,因此建议在现场绿色建筑楼板撞击声隔声性能评价时同时参考L'n,w的测量结果。     

Schallschutz mit schalldämmenden Lüftungsgittern

Sound protection using sound‐absorbing ventilation grilles. Sound‐absorbing ventilation grilles are used for supply and exhaust air openings in buildings, in naturally ventilated multistorey car parks, and for screening noise‐emitting equipment requiring a flow of air. The sound insulation of different ventilation grilles was measured in the laboratory. A nomogram taking account of the gap length and width was developed for estimating the weighted sound reduction index of typical sound‐absorbing ventilation grilles. Suggested spectrum adjustment values for the weighted sound reduction index are provided.     

塑胶地板对楼板撞击声隔声性能改善的研究

现行国家标准图集《建筑隔声与吸声构造》08J931中没有摘录塑胶地板的撞击声压级,一定程度上局限了塑胶地板在绿色建筑中的推广应用。本文通过对塑胶地板的楼板撞击声压级进行测量,对地塑面层对楼板撞击声压级隔声性能进行了分析,并针对几种采用塑胶地板的功能房间提出了可行的楼板构造,为采用塑胶地板作为楼板撞击声隔声问题的解决方案提供了参考。     

Schallabsorbierende Doppelböden

Sound‐absorbing raised floors. Concrete core cooling is increasingly used as a temperature control method for office buildings. Concrete core cooling systems are integrated in slabs and preclude the installation of sound‐absorbing suspended ceilings, which would reduce the performance of such systems to uneconomical levels. Sound‐absorbing raised floors offer an alternative to sound‐absorbing ceilings. More than 60 sound absorption coefficient measurements were carried out in a reverberation chamber for different fitted carpets, sound‐absorbing raised floors and combinations thereof. This paper describes the different floor configurations and the corresponding sound absorption coefficients.     

Auswirkungen des in der EnEV 2009 nun auch für Wohngebäude geforderten Nachweises des sommerlichen Wärmeschutzes nach DIN 4108‐2 auf die Notwendigkeit bauseitig bereit zu stellender Verschattungssysteme

In DIN 4108‐2 ist ein Nachweis zum sommerlichen Wärmeschutz in Gebäuden formuliert, der seit Einführung der EnEV 2002 für den Nichtwohnungsbau gesetzlich vorgeschrieben ist. Mit der EnEV 2009 wird dieser Nachweis erstmals für neu zu errichtende Wohngebäude erforderlich. Die überwiegende Zahl der Wohnbauten in Deutschland wird derzeit bauseitig ohne Verschattungssysteme erstellt, es bleibt dem Nutzer selbst überlassen, hier ggf. nachzurüsten. Im vorliegenden Artikel wird untersucht, ob durch die EnEV 2009 hier Änderungen zu erwarten sind. Dazu wird exemplarisch eine für die Gegenwart in Grundriss und Fassadenaufteilung typische Geschosswohnung mit dem EDV‐Programm PRIMERO‐Sommer nach DIN 4108‐2 [3] bewertet und analysiert. Resultat ist, dass die Anforderungen für alle Räume zunächst so nicht erfüllt sind, also bauseitig zusätzliche Maßnahmen zum sommerlichen Wärmeschutz (Sonnenschutzverglasung, Verschattung, kleinere Fenster) notwendig sind. Die einzelnen Maßnahmen werden untersucht, sinnvolle Kombinationen entwickelt und zur Umsetzung in der Praxis vorgeschlagen. Consequences of the required assessment of thermal insulation in summer for residential buildings according to the German EnEV 2009 and DIN 4108‐2 to the need of shading systems to be provided by building owners. Effects of the new requirement in EnEV (German Energy Saving Ordinance) 2009 for residential buildings to show evidence of conformity as regards thermal protection in summer according to DIN 4108‐2 on the necessity to provide shading systems. Evidence of conformity as regards thermal protection in buildings in summer, which has been required by law for non‐residential buildings since the EnEV was introduced in 2002, is specified in DIN 4108‐2. EnEV 2009 extends this requirement to new residential buildings. At present, the overwhelming majority of residential buildings in Germany are constructed without shading systems; it is up to the building users themselves to retrofit these if necessary. This paper examines whether changes are to be expected as a result of EnEV 2009. For this, an apartment in a block with a floor plan and façade layout typical of today is assessed and analysed according to DIN 4108‐2 [3] with the PRIMERO‐Sommer EDP program by way of example. The result shows that the rooms as they are to begin with do not all fulfil the requirements and that the building owner must therefore adopt additional measures to provide thermal protection in summer (solar control glazing, shading, and smaller windows). The measures are examined individually, and effective combinations are developed and suggested for implementation in practice.