喷射混凝土力学时空特性在中东抽蓄中的应用

通过对喷射混凝土的实际受力机制以及隧洞施工过程响应特征的研究,发现喷混凝土的施工和受力过程具有非常复杂的时间和空间效应。研究表明:喷混凝土支护结构的受力会随着隧洞掌子面的推进而越来越大;喷混凝土从初喷到复喷,直至达到设计强度,其变形和强度的力学特性是随着时间而逐渐变化的,即混凝土的起强过程;喷混凝土与围岩间接触面的力学性质也随时间发生变化;支护结构设计分析中,若不考虑喷混凝土施工和力学特性的时间和空间效应,将会高估喷混凝土的实际受力状态。通过以色列Kokhav Hayarden抽蓄电站施工支洞喷混凝土设计的实际应用,证明了隧洞喷混凝土支护设计计算中考虑其时间和空间效应是必要的,否则将会高估其实际受力。     

Bemessung,Anwendung und Qualitätssicherung von Stahlfaserspritzbeton im Tunnelbau

Die Spritzbetonbauweise hat sich im Tunnelbau seit Jahren bewährt. Spritzbeton wird als unbewehrter Beton, in Verbindung mit Bewehrung sowie als Stahlfaserspritzbeton eingesetzt. Bei den meisten Tunnelschalen aus Stahlfaserspritzbeton werden Stahlfasern derzeit nur als konstruktive Bewehrung verwendet. Die Faserzugabe führt zu einer nennenswerten Erhöhung der Bruchenergie und somit zu einer höheren Zähigkeit des sonst spröden Materials und damit zu einer höheren Sicherheit. Stahlfaserspritzbeton kann auch anstelle von Spritzbeton mit statisch erforderlicher Mattenbewehrung eingesetzt werden. Die Bemessung erfolgt dann unter Berücksichtigung der Nachrisszugfestigkeit. Diese kann wie bei Stahlfaserbeton an Biegebalken ermittelt werden, die aus größeren Proben herausgesägt werden. Anhand von verschiedenen Beispielen werden die unterschiedlichen Anwendungen aufgezeigt und die dafür erforderlichen Prüfungen vorgestellt. Design, Execution and Quality Management of Steel Fibre Reinforced Shotcrete in Tunnels The shotcrete method has been proven for tunnel structures since years. Shotcrete can be used unreinforced, in combination with reinforcement meshes and with fibre reinforcement. At the moment most steel fibre shotcrete tunnel liners have non‐structural fibre reinforcement. However, the addition of fibres increases the fracture energy of the material and changes the shotcrete behaviour from brittle to ductile with higher reliability. Steel fibre shotcrete can also replace shotcrete with traditional mesh reinforcement. The verification of steel fibre shotcrete takes the post cracking tensile strength of the material into account. The tensile strength of the cracked fibre concrete can be derived from bending tests on beams cut out of a larger shotcrete sample. This paper presents the different types of executed shotcrete applications in tunnels and the necessary test methods.     

Impact of fire on tunnels in Hawkesbury sandstone

The majority of tunnels in Sydney, Australia are within near-saturated Hawkesbury sandstone. Crown support in these tunnels typically comprises permanent rockbolts, and shotcrete ranging in thickness from about 75 mm to 250 mm. Sidewalls are mostly exposed sandstone with occasional rockbolts, and, in places, a thin shotcrete skin for surface protection.Rock will quickly be exposed to high temperature in a tunnel fire where no, or a thin layer of shotcrete exists. Rock with thicker shotcrete may also be exposed where spalling of the shotcrete occurs.The phenomenon of spalling in fire has been widely researched for concrete and, to a lesser extent, shotcrete [e.g. Tatnall, P.C. 2002. Shotcrete in fires: effects of fibers on explosive spalling. Shotcrete, 10–12]. It is assessed as being primarily associated with steam pressures produced by evaporation of water in pores [Hertz, K.D. 2002. Limits of spalling of fire-exposed concrete. Fire Safety Journal 38, 103–116].This paper assesses, by means of laboratory and field tests, how exposed sandstone is likely to respond in a tunnel fire.It is concluded that substantial explosive spalling will occur early and at relatively low temperatures. This spalling could create dangerous conditions for rescue, and escaping personnel. However, beyond the zone of spalled sandstone there would be only minor structural impact on the rock mass.     

Quality evaluation of shotcrete by acoustic emission

Shotcrete is known to have high strength, good durability and limitless shape possibility, and is normally applied to repair and restoration of concrete structure and often employed for ground support. In order to improve the placement and the strength of shotcrete, fly ash is mixed. In order to investigate the quality of hardened shotcrete with fly ash, acoustic emission (AE) technique is applied. After detecting AE date, Damage Estimation of Concrete by Acoustic Emission Technique (DeCAT) and a normalized AE activity are taken into consideration. It is found that the compressive strength of shotcrete with fly ash of class 1 is higher than that of shotcrete with ordinal Portland cement. Relative damages estimated by DeCAT show the improvement of quality of shotcrete with fly ash of class 1. Distribution on the normalized AE activity derives a clear deference between shotcrete and ordinary concrete.     

Laboratory testing of early age bond strength of shotcrete on hard rock

This study investigates early age bond strength of shotcrete (sprayed concrete), in the case of shotcrete sprayed on hard rock. Shotcrete differs from ordinary, cast concrete through the application technique and the addition of set accelerators which give immediate stiffening. The bond between shotcrete and rock is one of the most important properties. During the very first time after spraying the physical properties and the bond to the rock depend on the set accelerator and the micro structure that is formed. In this work a laboratory test method for measuring early bond strength for very young or early age shotcrete is presented. The newly developed method was tested and evaluated and proved that it can be used for bond strength testing already from a couple of hours after shotcreting.     

浅埋黄土隧道衬砌结构受力分析

通过对三十里铺隧道的现场测试,研究浅埋黄土隧道一衬和围岩接触应力、锚杆轴力、喷射混凝土表面应变、二衬中钢筋应力和浇注混凝土应变随时间变化规律及分布特征。结果表明,围岩释放应力最大值在7～10 d,位置在拱腰处;锚杆轴力稳定时间为30 d左右,且在空间上出现压应力区;喷射混凝土表面应变较大且常出现跳跃性变化;二衬钢筋应力初期为拉应力;边墙处的稳定时间为6～8 d后,拱顶处30 d后仍然递减;二衬混凝土应变由初期的拉应变向压应变变化。隧道衬砌的受力分析结果为支护系统的优化提供依据,对同类工程的设计提供借鉴。     

浅埋黄土隧道衬砌结构受力分析

 通过对三十里铺隧道的现场测试,研究浅埋黄土隧道一衬和围岩接触应力、锚杆轴力、喷射混凝土表面应变、二衬中钢筋应力和浇注混凝土应变随时间变化规律及分布特征。结果表明,围岩释放应力最大值在7～10 d,位置在拱腰处;锚杆轴力稳定时间为30 d左右,且在空间上出现压应力区;喷射混凝土表面应变较大且常出现跳跃性变化;二衬钢筋应力初期为拉应力;边墙处的稳定时间为6～8 d后,拱顶处30 d后仍然递减;二衬混凝土应变由初期的拉应变向压应变变化。隧道衬砌的受力分析结果为支护系统的优化提供依据,对同类工程的设计提供借鉴。     

In situ testing of young shotcrete subjected to vibrations from blasting

A criterion for how close, in time and distance, to young shotcrete blasting can take place will be an important tool in planning for safe and economical tunnelling projects. As a first step, in situ tests with young, plain un-reinforced shotcrete have been conducted in a Swedish mine. Shotcrete panels were projected on tunnel walls and exposed to vibrations from explosive charges detonated inside the rock at shotcrete ages between 1 and 25 h. The shotcrete was tested to investigate growth of compressive strength and also to determine final compressive and adhesive strengths. The response of the rock was measured with accelerometers, giving signals that were later numerically integrated to particle vibration velocities. An average scaling relation of distance between explosive charges and the point of observation and weight of explosives was also derived. The recorded vibration levels showed that the shotcrete had withstood high particle velocity vibrations without being seriously damaged, even when the rock material was fragmented and ejected. Drumminess of shotcrete appeared, indicating that the major failure mechanism was sudden loss of adhesion at the shotcrete–rock interface. No differences in performance between shotcrete of different ages were observed. It was, thus, confirmed that young shotcrete without reinforcement can also survive high vibration levels without being seriously damaged.     

Adhesion strength and shrinkage of shotcrete

Shotcrete is widely used as rock support in mines and in civil engineering projects. In many cases the adhesion between the shotcrete and the rock is one of the most important properties.The objective of this study was to: (i) identify typical failures of shotcrete in a mining environment, (ii) measure the growth of the adhesion strength of shotcrete with respect to age, (iii) investigate the influence of surface treatment (scaling and cleaning) on the adhesion strength of shotcrete and (iv) investigate the occurrence of shrinkage cracks in the shotcrete and failures in the interface between the shotcrete and the rock.The failure mapping showed that most of the observed failures of shotcrete are in areas with a thin shotcrete layer (<20 mm) together with a low adhesion strength. Furthermore, the measured average thickness of shotcrete (40 mm) was almost the same as the ordered thickness, the problem is the wide scatter. In 18% of the thickness measurements, the shotcrete thickness was less than or equal to 20 mm. If the shotcrete lining in the mine has the same thickness distribution as during the tests, the supporting ability of as much as 18% of the shotcrete lining can be considered as more or less negligible.No differences in free shrinkage were observed between plain and steel fibre reinforced shotcrete. Relatively large areas with lack of contact between shotcrete and wall were observed in the shrinkage tests. This indicates that restrained shrinkage can destroy the bond between the shotcrete and rock. The results from the restrained shrinkage tests show the importance of the bond at the interface. If bond failure occurs, the ability to distribute and control the crack width ceases.The growth of the adhesion strength on a sandblasted concrete wall and the growth of the compressive strength showed a correlation. However, the scatter in the results indicates that further investigations have to be done in order to establish a reliable relation between the growth in adhesion and compressive strength with age. The results from the field tests showed that the adhesion strength was significantly higher on rock surfaces that had been water jet-scaled (with 22 MPa water pressure) than those treated by mechanical scaling followed by cleaning of the rock surface (water pressure 0.7 MPa).     

客运专线隧道工程喷射混凝土施工质量控制的研究

喷射混凝土是隧道工程复合支护普遍采用的结构材料,具有施工速度快、支护及时、施工安全,以及支护质量好、强度高、密实、防水性能好等特点;为了更好地满足客运专线隧道工程的技术要求,该文对喷射混凝土的原材料、配合比设计及施工的质量控制进行了深入探讨,为今后客运专线隧道工程喷射混凝土的施工提供了较完善的技术支撑。     

浅谈隧道围岩变化特性和锚喷支护作用

研究了隧道围岩开挖后的应力特征、强度特征和变形特征,分析了不同围岩条件下锚喷支护作用的原理,介绍了锚喷支护相对于其他支护形式的特点,表明了锚喷支护技术将越来越完善。     

隧道围岩-喷射混凝土界面应力解析

根据喷射混凝土支护隧道围岩的界面力学特点,考虑喷层与围岩结合界面受力和变形协调关系,并结合围岩承载拱效应,建立了围岩喷层结构的复合曲梁共同承载模型,然后通过各微单元静力平衡推导复合曲梁的径向位移的控制微分方程,得到任意分布荷载作用下喷层与围岩界面应力以及喷层与围岩各自内力的解析式,可迅速获取喷层与围岩结合界面的力学状况,进而判断围岩稳定性与预测安全性,为隧道施工决策提供技术支撑。最后经隧道台阶法开挖的算例研究表明,喷层支护通过其与围岩的结合界面上传递应力使围岩内部形成压应力带,有利于围岩的稳定。     

轻型格栅支护与围岩共同作用的力学性能试验研究

本文采用在实验室条件下、小比例格栅支护模型，对轻型格栅支护作为一种施作及时，与围岩紧密相贴的柔性支护的作用机理进行了截面为三弦杆、四弦杆单独作用、与喷砼共同作用、有无仰拱，毛洞、素喷砼等不同试验组合的对比研究。从围岩与支护共同作用出发，在多榀格栅联合支护下，通过量测格栅弦杆上的应变、洞室的位移、支护结构与围岩间的接触应力，探索格栅支护的力学性能及破坏机理，对格栅支护的作用效果及力学性能做出客观的综合评价。     

网壳锚喷结构支护机理分析及试验研究

在介绍网壳锚喷结构支护技术特点的基础上,阐述了其支护机理,并简述了网壳喷层支架试验结果,达到用较少材料提高喷层支撑能力与抗压的目标,证明网壳锚喷结构是一种结构合理、工艺简单、能承受高应力及采动荷载的新型支架。     

锚喷支护技术在滑坡治理中的应用

通过具体工程实例,详细介绍了锚喷支护技术在边坡滑坡地质灾害处理中的应用情况,监测结果说明锚喷支护技术作为煤矿煤泥堆放场地边坡的一种新的防护形式是可行的,从而推广锚喷支护技术的应用.     

Behaviour of shotcrete supported rock wedges subjected to blast-induced vibrations

The static state of stress at the brow in a sub-level caving mine is, due to stress re-distribution, almost uniaxial (major principal stress perpendicular to the cross cut). Since large amounts of explosives are detonated in each production round, the impact of stress waves on the brow can be significant. An extensive failure mapping programme in the Kiirunavaara mine showed that many of the failures close to the brow were structurally controlled. Furthermore, the area of damaged shotcrete was extensive when plain shotcrete was used. At brows supported by fibre reinforced shotcrete, damage in the roof was observed within a horizontal distance of about 3 m from the drawpoint. To study the behaviour of roof wedges supported by shotcrete and subjected to blast-induced vibrations a single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) model was developed. The model consists of a shotcrete layer and a rock wedge.Vibration measurements showed that maximum particle velocity was approximately 1.2 m/s. The acceleration record showing the largest magnitude was used as the load in the dynamic analyses.The analyses showed that a wedge can be ejected by a dynamic load even if the static safety factor was >10. Furthermore, the non-linear response of the wedges was in most of the cases greater when the wedge was supported both by the joints and the shotcrete layer compared to the case when the wedge was only supported by shotcrete. A conclusion from the analyses is that it is difficult to predict the dynamic response from static calculations.To provide a safe working environment close to the drawpoint, the rock support must sustain the impact of stress waves from production blasting. To support rock wedges subjected to dynamic load the support must be able to consume the energy imposed on the wedges from blasting. The non-linear numerical analyses showed that reinforced shotcrete has the necessary bearing capacity to support the wedges formed in the roof of the cross cut close to the brow. This was in fair agreement with the failure mapping.The single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) model can be used to study the response of an arbitrarily shaped rock wedge supported by shotcrete as long as the movement of the wedge can be idealised by a pure translation and the dimensions of the wedge are small compared to the length of the incident wave. Analyses showed that 2D wedges can be used to judge whether symmetric or non-symmetric 3D wedges in a uniaxial stress field (which occurs close to the brow) are stable or not when they are subjected to waves induced by blasting.     

武汉地铁深基坑围护结构钢支撑轴力研究

钢支撑的轴力变化是深基坑监测的重要内容,它是验证深基坑设计合理性,保证安全施工的重要依据。武汉地铁名都站深基坑因开挖深度大、周边高层建筑物多、管线密布等原因,钢支撑的支护作用对于维持该基坑的稳定性尤为重要,所以监测和研究钢支撑轴力的变化,对于分析基坑稳定性具有十分重要的意义。以名都站深基坑钢支撑监测数据为基础,分析深基坑开挖过程中钢支撑轴力的变化情况。同时,采用莫尔-库仑本构模型,建立了各道钢支撑在不同开挖阶段的轴力分布模拟云图,并进行有限元分析,得到了深基坑施工过程中的钢支撑轴力变化规律。此外,还对各横撑与斜撑的轴力模拟计算最大值与监测最大值进行了对比分析,得出模拟值与监测值较为接近,为后续武汉地铁深基坑的设计和施工总结了值得借鉴的经验。     

地下油库锚喷支护拱顶圆筒罐室的设计与计算

随着地下工程锚喷支护的广泛应用,以及当前地下支护结构计算方法的提升,考虑到油罐罐室岩质条件好、拱顶圆筒结构受力好,为此提出采用拱顶圆筒锚喷支护结构形式取代当前钢筋混凝土结构,可有效提高工程的安全性、经济性和施工简便性。考虑到拱顶圆筒结构主要承受剪切应力与环向拉应力,为此对抗剪强度与抗拉强度同时进行了折减,并提出了剪切破坏和拉破坏两种安全系数。应用有限元强度折减法除计算剪切破坏安全系数外,还提出了计算拉破坏安全系数的方法。计算得到Ⅱ级围岩稳定安全系数远高于设计要求,Ⅲ级围岩也满足设计要求。在这一基础上提出了实用的锚喷支护结构形式与设计参数。研究表明,锚喷支护拱顶圆筒罐室结构是一种很有前景的结构形式,建议在工程上进一步试验与推广。     

Shortcrete support design in blocky ground: Towards a deterministic approach

The precise mechanisms by which shotcrete acts to stabilize the ground around a tunnel are not well understood and are the focus of ongoing research and discussion. Consequently design of shotcrete support is still more of an art than a science, with the majority of designs based on past experiences in similar settings, on empirical recommendations or on monitoring and modification during construction. In an attempt to provide an analytical alternative, and to gain some insight concerning the mechanisms which control shotcrete failure in blockyground, four deterministic design models are presented which illustrate shotcrete's effectiveness at supporting structurally defined blocks and wedges, thereby avoiding progressive loosening and destabilization of the rock mass around an opening. These models may also be used to verify or refine design recommendations which have been based initially on empirical guidelines, and to give an indication of the approximate factor of safety. Examples of typical design charts are given. Results of analyses based on these models show that failure of shotcrete is generally a two-step process, governed initially by loss of adhesion to the rock, followed by flexural failure. These results indicate that while adhesion is of critical importance in maximizing the peak ground support capacity of the shotcrete, flexural strength and toughness play a critical role in the post-peak region, once adhesion is lost.     

刚柔联合注浆支护技术在深部岩溶隧道施工中的应用

以某岩溶隧道工程为例,采用三维数值模拟及现场监测相结合的方式,对刚柔联合注浆支护技术在深部岩溶隧道施工中的应用进行对比分析。研究结果表明:刚柔联合注浆支护,其柔性材料可对围岩应力进行充分释放,而刚性材料则可以将应力传至拱脚,保证了隧道断面受力稳定;采用优化方案后,经现场实际监测数据反映,沉降及变形量收敛时间提前,且整体变形减小,对于控制岩溶隧道的稳定性作用明显。