过共晶Cu—Cr合金定向凝固特性研究

考察了Cu-1.7%Cr和Cu-5.6%Cr过共晶合金的定向凝固组织.实验表明:Cu-1.7%Cr和Cu-5.6%Cr过共晶合金定向凝固组织是由初生β相、α相和(α+β)共晶组成;α相是基于竞争生长机制的一种非平衡凝固组织.凝固速度和成分对初生β相生长形态产生显著影响.在Cu-1.7%Cr合金中,初生β相生长为等轴颗粒状,且受凝固速度的影响不大.在Cu-5.6%Cr合金中,随着凝固速度的增加,初生β相的生长形态经历了树枝状到等轴颗粒状的演变;α相包裹树枝状的初生β相生长,形成了类似"包晶"结构的微观形貌特征;颗粒状的、均匀分布的初生β相有利于α相的定向生长.降低合金成分和提高凝固速度有助于获得最佳组织形态的复合材料.     

热型连铸锌铝合金定向凝固线材的组织分析

对热型连铸锌铝合金定向凝固线材的铸态及热处理组织进行了观察、分析和讨论。结果表明：热型连铸锌铝合金线材的显微组织为定向生长的平行柱状枝晶组织;共晶合金ZA5的枝状芥是的每个枝晶都由多层片状共晶β和η两相构成,过共晶合金的组织为初生树枝晶和枝晶间共晶组织,其中ZA8,ZA12初生相为β相,ZA22和ZA27的初生相是α相。     

Cu-1．0Cr合金初始非稳态凝固与凝固界面形态选择

试验观察了Cu-1.0Cr合金初始非稳态凝固过程,探讨了初始非稳态凝固界面形态选择对稳态凝固组织形成产生的影响.结果表明,亚共晶Cu-1.0Cr合金初始非稳态定向凝固过程经历了平面状初生α相、完全(α+β)共晶组织以及枝晶状α相+(α+β共晶组织的3个演变阶段.随着凝固速度增加,初始过渡区长度减小,非稳态凝固过程由两个过渡生长阶段:平面状初生α相生长阶段和完全(α+β)共晶组织生长阶段,变为一个过渡生长阶段:平面状初生α相生长阶段.初始非稳态凝固界面形态的选择决定了稳态凝固组织的构成.亚共晶Cu-Cr合金要获得完全的共晶组织,初始非稳态定向凝固过程中的组织生长必须保持平界面.     

过共晶Cu-Cr合金定向凝固组织中α相的形成机制研究

考察了Cu-1.7%Cr过共晶合金的定向凝固组织,对过共晶组织中出现亚共晶合金的初生α相的生长进行了探讨.研究表明:Cu-1.7%Cr过共晶合金定向凝固组织由初生β相、α相和(α-β)共晶组成;α相和(α+β)共晶的成分较大偏离平衡相图中的各相成分;初生β相分布在α相基体上.Cu-1.7%Cr凝固组织中α相的形成是非平衡凝固过程中枝晶α相和共晶相之间竞争生长的结果.α相是一种非平衡凝固组织,(α+β)共晶是偏离了平衡共晶成分的伪共晶组织.随着冷却速率的增加,α相的形貌尺寸减小,而数量有所增加.     

凝固速率跃迁对定向凝固Al-40%Cu过共晶合金初生Al_2Cu相的影响

采用高温度梯度定向凝固装置进行了Al-40%Cu(质量分数)过共晶合金的定向凝固实验,研究了凝固速率跃迁过程中的凝固组织演变.结果表明,当定向凝固速率从10μm/s跃迁减速到2μm/s时,由于固/液界面附近的液相成分向共晶点成分变化以及耦合共晶组织的界面生长温度高于初生Al_2Cu相的界面生长温度,合金凝固组织从初生Al_2Cu枝晶和Al/Al_2Cu共晶组织转变为全耦合层片共晶组织.组织转变过程中,板条状的初生Al_2Cu相先分解成小尺寸的初生相,然后小的初生相逐渐被共晶组织所取代,这种组织转变是凝固界面前沿液相中溶质扩散不足造成的,而不是由合金中存在的热及溶质对流引起的.在初生相生长形态中,由于凝固速率跃迁引起的界面前沿液相中Cu成分富集,造成凝固界面生长温度升高,Jackson因子α变小,Al_2Cu初生相由小平面相向非小平面相转变.     

Pb-Bi包晶合金定向凝固微观组织演化

对Pb-(26,28,30,34)Bi(质量分数,%,下同)包晶合金进行平界面生长的低速定向凝固到枝晶状生长的高速定向凝固实验,研究了Pb-Bi包晶合金的微观组织形成及其演化。实验结果表明,在温度梯度G=30K/mm条件下,当凝固速度V=0.25μm/s时,初生α相和包晶β相均以平界面生长,凝固组织的演化过程为:单相初生α相→两相竞争组织→β单相。V=0.5μm/s时,定向凝固组织的演化过程为:单相初生α相→胞状α相+胞间包晶β相→α+β两相竞争组织→β单相。在G=20K/mm条件下,当凝固速度V=1μm/s时,初生α相以胞状领先生长,包晶β相则在胞状α间形核生长,并包裹住α胞。当凝固速度增加至V≥2μm/s时,初生α相由胞状转变为枝晶状,包晶β相则在枝晶间包围α枝晶。     

Pb-Bi-Sn准包晶合金定向凝固微观组织演化

采用液态金属冷却定向凝固结合液淬法,在温度梯度为18 K/mm、凝固速度为0.5～100 μm/s的条件下系统研究了Pb-30％Bi- 18％Sn准包晶合金的微观组织演化及溶质分布规律.主要从凝固路径、相组成、溶质分布及微观组织特征等几个方面来研究Pb-Bi-Sn准包晶合金定向凝固过程的组织演化.其中,准包晶合金的凝固路径通过DSC差热分析的方法进行研究,发现其凝固路径为:L→L+α-Pb→L+α-Pb+β-Pb7Bi3→L+α-Pb+β-Pb7Bi3+Sn→ (β-Pb7Bi3+Sn)共晶.结合XRD,分析定向凝固试样的相结构,结果表明:试样由具有面心立方结构的α-Pb相、密排六方结构的β-Pb7Bi3相和体心正方结构的(Sn)相构成.在Pb-Bi-Sn合金定向凝固过程中,当凝固速度为0.5～2 μm/s时,初生α-Pb相以胞状界面生长,而当凝固速度增大至5μm/s及以上时,初生α-Pb相将由胞状转变为枝晶状界面生长.利用能谱分析仪对定向凝固试样进行溶质分布测试,发现局部出现溶质偏析,导致共晶组织(β-Pb7Bi3+Sn)出现.     

Cu-Cr合金初始凝固界面形态对组织形成的影响

依据定向凝固初始过渡区的溶质分布,探讨了Cu-1.0wt%Cr合金凝固界面形态对组织形成的影响.研究表明:亚共晶Cu-1.0wt%Cr合金初始非稳态定向凝固过程经历了平面状初生α相、完全(α+β)共晶组织以及枝晶状α相和共晶的混合组织的三个演变阶段.随着凝固速度的增加,初始过渡区内单相α的凝固长度减小;初始凝固平界面易在初始过渡区的单相α生长阶段发生失稳,并导致完全(α+β)共晶组织的凝固过程不会发生.理论分析得到的初始过渡区平界面失稳及组织演变的规律,与实验结果相吻合.     

TiAl基合金方坯冷坩埚电磁约束铸造工艺研究

利用冷坩埚电磁约束铸造工艺制备了Ti-46A1-0.5W-0.5Si的定向凝固试样,并集中考察了冷坩埚法定向凝固条件下方坯试样的表面质量、宏观组织及微观组织.研究表明,电磁场的干扰对试样表面质量的影响比较大;随抽拉速度的增加,晶粒尺寸逐渐减小,晶粒数目增多;并且发现Ti-46A1-0.5W-0.5Si合金定向凝固是一个非平衡态的过程,凝固过程中初生相既有β相又有α相.     

触变成形AM608镁合金组织研究

采用OM、SEM、EDS、XRD对触变压铸AM608镁合金组织进行了分析,结果表明:触变压铸AM608镁合金组织由球状初生α-Mg颗粒(α1)与颗粒间的二次凝固组织组成.AlxMny相以颗粒状分布于二次凝固组织中.二次凝固过程主要分为三个阶段:二次凝固初生α-Mg相依附生长(α2),二次凝固α-Mg相的独立形核生长(α3)及共晶相的形成.二次凝固初生α-Mg相依附生长呈两种形态:一是形成初生α-Mg颗粒边缘不规则"锯齿"状二次凝固初生α-Mg相或"次α-Mg"(α3),二是在初生α-Mg颗粒边缘及初生α-Mg颗粒内"液池"周围形成"晕圈".α3相形成细小的等轴枝晶状,共晶反应产生显著的"骨骼"或"岛"状离异共晶β-Mg(17)Al(12)相.此外,在β-Mg(17)-Al(12)相附近还发现少量凌乱层片共晶.     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.