特征线算子分裂有限元的圆柱绕流大涡模拟

为研究圆柱绕流流场特性,将大涡模拟与特征线算子分裂有限元相结合,建立了大涡模拟特征线算子分裂有限元模型,对单圆柱和串列双圆柱绕流问题进行了数值模拟,所得结果与现有研究结果吻合较好。模拟结果表明:对单圆柱绕流,随着雷诺数的增大,圆柱近尾流区上下交替的涡旋逐渐靠近通过圆柱几何中心的水平线,且涡脱落位置逐渐靠近圆柱。对Re=1 000的串列双圆柱绕流,临界间距在圆柱直径的2.25~2.5倍之间;当两圆柱间距小于临界间距时,上游圆柱后方无明显涡旋脱落,间隙处压力较稳定;大于临界间距时,有涡旋脱落,上游圆柱尾流区上下表面交替出现强负压区。     

前柱和后柱对并列双柱脉动压力的干扰

本文研究了在并列双圆柱的正前方或正后加上一个等直径的圆柱，组成等边三角形排列的三圆柱的脉动压力分布，着重研究前柱或后柱对并列双圆柱脉动压力分布的影响，同时还在相同的试验条件下，进行了并列圆柱和三圆柱脉动压的比较。结果表明，并列双圆柱前方或后主库上第三个圆柱形成的等边三角形排列的三圆柱，受影响严重的是后排圆柱，脉动压力分布出现了严重的不对称，内侧的压力脉动极其强烈，外侧的压力脉动很弱，与时均压力分布     

Flow characteristics of the two tandem wavy cylinders and drag reduction phenomenon

This paper presents an extensive numerical study of 3-D laminar flow around two wavy cylinders in the tandem arrangement for spacing ratios (L/Dm ) ranging from 1.5 to 5.5 at a low Reynolds number of 1...     

SOME OBSERVATIONS OF TWO INTERFERING VIV CIRCULAR CYLINDERS OF UNEQUAL DIAMETERS IN TANDEM

Analysis of model test results was carried out to investigate the hydrodynamic interaction between a pair of elastically-supported rigid cylinders of dissimilar diameters in a water flume.The two cylinders are placed in tandem with one situated in the wake of the other.The diameter of the upstream cylinder is twice as large as that of the downstream cylinder.The spacing between the two cylinders ranges from 1 to 10 times the larger cylinder diameter.The Reynolds numbers are within the sub-critical range.The cylinders are free to oscillate in both the in-line and the cross-flow directions.The reduced velocity ranges from 1 to 10 and the low damping ratio of the model test set-up at 0.006 gives a combined mass-damping parameter of 0.02.It is found that the lift on and the cross-flow motion of the downstream cylinder have the frequency components derived from the upstream cylinder’s vortex shedding as well as from its own vortex shedding,and the relative importance of the two sources of excitation is influenced by the spacing between the two cylinders.The downstream cylinder’s VIV response appears to be largely dependent upon the actual reduced velocity of the cylinder.     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF FLOW-INDUCED VIBRATION ON TWO CIRCULAR CYLINDERS IN TANDEM ARRANGEMENT

Flow-induced vibration of two circular cylinders in tandem arrangement elastically mounted with a massspring-damping system was studied by solving the primitive variable Navier Stokes equations incorporating the Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian （ALE） method. The convection term and dissipation term were discretized using the third-order upwind compact scheme and the fourth-order central compact scheme, respectively. The typical spacing between the cylinders is 4 diameters, which is close to the critical value. The dynamic response of the vibrations on two cylinders with two-degreeof-freedom motion is different from that of an isolated cylin der, and also different from that of a cylinder vibrating in the wake of a fixed upstream one. Different flow patterns were found in the wake, and proved to be relevant to the discontinuities observed in the response of the oscillatory cylinders.     

三圆柱绕流压力的脉动幅度及其与RMS值数值关系的实验研究

本文用实验的方法研究了单圆柱和正品字和倒品字排列三圆柱脉动压力幅度的大小以及它们与均方根(RMS)值之间的定量关系.在大多数情况下,脉动幅度是RMS值的3～4倍,有较固定的数值变动范围.强烈的压力脉动发生在后排圆柱的某些部位,表明了群体干扰对脉动压力幅度的严重影响,而缝隙流动影响了它们与RMS值之间的比例关系.     

串列条件下静止圆柱对振动圆柱的流致振动影响试验研究

利用圆柱群的流致振动进行海洋能发电是当前可再生能源研究的热点之一。由于多柱体绕流存在强烈的相互干扰作用,其流致振动与单圆柱有着明显的区别且运行过程中必然存在某些柱体损坏或停机的现象,对相邻圆柱产生巨大的影响。利用自循环水槽对串列条件下静止圆柱对振动圆柱的流致振动影响进行试验研究。考虑两种工况:(1)上游圆柱固定,下游圆柱可沿横流向自由振动;(2)下游圆柱固定,上游圆柱可沿横流向自由振动。结果表明:对于工况(1),当2.0≤L/D≤4.0时,固定上游圆柱对下游圆柱的振动响应起增强作用,当5.0≤L/D≤7.0时,固定上游圆柱对下游圆柱的振动响应起抑制作用;对于工况(2),当2.0≤L/D≤3.0时,固定下游圆柱对上游圆柱的振动响应起增强作用,当L/D=4.0时,固定下游圆柱对上游圆柱的振动响应起抑制作用。随着间距比的增大,振动圆柱的涡激振动(vortex induced vibration,VIV)上端分支范围逐渐减小。相比于工况(1),工况(2)中上游圆柱的振动响应对间距比更为敏感。     

Large-eddy simulation of the flow past both finite and infinite circular cylinders at Re =3900

The flow past a finite circular cylinder with a height-to-diameter ratio of 1.5 and an infinite circular cylinder of the same diameter at a Reynolds number Re= 3 900 is investigated using the large eddy simulation(LES). The objective of the present study is to explore the differences of the flow mechanisms between the finite and infinite circular cylinders. It is shown that the free end of the finite circular cylinders affects the wake region significantly. The mean drag coefficient and the fluctuating lift coefficient of the finite circular cylinder are smaller than those of the infinite circular cylinder. The three-dimensional separation and the separated shear layer instability of the finite circular cylinder can obviously be observed. The existence of an arch vortex in the average flow downstream of the free end is demonstrated.     

低雷诺数下并列双波浪柱尾迹干扰效应数值模拟

该文针对雷诺数Re=100下不同波长参数(/mλD=2、4、6和8)、不同间距比(1.5/3.5m≤L D≤)的并列双波浪柱后尾迹复杂的三维流动结构及干扰效应进行了数值研究。研究表明:三维并列双波浪柱在较小的间距比/1.5mL D=时,波峰对波谷排列的并列波浪柱后尾迹呈现明显偏置双稳流动结构,而波峰对波峰排列工况下基本呈现单一波浪型钝体后尾迹流动结构(尤其是在大波长/mλD=6和8时);当间距比/3mL D≥时,随着波长/mλD的增大,上下波浪柱各自呈现单波浪柱后尾迹流动结构;较大波长的三维波浪形状更好地组织了后尾迹三维流动结构,减少了并列双波浪柱后尾迹的相互干扰,从而减阻减振明显,最高减阻可达14.5%,脉动升力系数上下游波浪柱均趋于0.1。该研究可为近海工程的多立管结构及悬索桥的拉索振动抑制等提供理论支持。     

不等直径串列圆柱绕流大涡模拟

为研究背负式海底管线中增设的小直径附属管线对主管线的水动力影响,将大涡模拟中经典Smagorinsky亚格子模型与特征线算子分裂有限元法结合,并引入出口对流边界条件,完善了基于特征线算子分裂有限元的大涡模拟方法。通过自编程序数值模拟Re=1 000的单圆柱绕流,计算结果与相关文献吻合较好,验证了该算法计算圆柱绕流的有效性,并分析了Re=1 000时不同直径比、间距比情况下的串列双圆柱绕流,根据流场的不同涡脱落形态及两圆柱平均阻力系数、升力系数随直径比、间距比变化的规律得到了不同直径比条件下的临界间距范围。达到临界间距后,流场由单一涡脱落状态转变为双涡旋脱落状态。最后分析了两圆柱平均阻力系数及升力系数在临界间距后急剧增加的原因,为背负式海底管线的布局优化提供了理论依据。     

Finite element analysis of second order wave radiation by a group of cylinders in the time domain

A finite element based numerical method is employed to analyze the wave radiation by multiple or a group of cylinders in the time domain. The nonlinear free surface and body surface boundary conditions are satisfied based on the perturbation method up to the second order. The first- and second-order velocity potential problems at each time step are solved through a Finite Element Method (FEM). The matrix equation of the FEM is solved through iteration and the initial solution is obtained from the result at the previous time step. The three-dimensional (3-D) mesh required is generated based on a two-dimensional (2-D) hybrid mesh on a horizontal plane and its extension in the vertical direction. The hybrid mesh is generated by combining an unstructured grid away from cylinders and two structured grids near the cylinder and the artificial boundary. The fluid velocity on the free surface and the cylinder surface are calculated by using a differential method. Results for various configurations including the cases of two cylinders and four cylinders and a group of eighteen cylinders are obtained to show the joint influences of cylinders on the first- and second-order waves and forces, including the effects of spacing ratios and wave frequency on the second order waves and the mean force, in particular.     

WAKE SHIELDING EFFECTS OF THREE CYLINDERS IN CURRENTS

A large amount of experimental work has been carried out in the past to understand mean and fluctuating forces on a single circular cylinder in cross flows. In comparison substantially less work can be found on the interference between multiple cylinders and the number of publications available becomes drastically smaller as the number of cylinders involved increases. The current experimental work systematically examines the wake shielding effects of three cylinders in a towing tank. Though staggered, the three cylinders are arranged mainly along the flow direction with the downstream cylinders situating in the wakes of the upstream cylinders.The tests are mainly carried out in the sub-critical Reynolds number regime with the upper end close to the critical Reynolds number regime. Significant drag reduction on downstream cylinders is identified.     

Numerical simulation of low-Reynolds number flows past two tandem cylinders of different diameters

The flow past two tandem circular cylinders of different diameters was simulated using the finite volume method. The diameter of the downstream main cylinder （D） was kept constant, and the diameter of the upstream control cylinder （d） varied from 0.1D to D. The studied Reynolds numbers based on the diameter of the downstream main cylinder were 100 and 150. The gap between the control cylinder and the main cylinder （G） ranged from 0.1D to 4D. It is concluded that the gap-to-diameter ratio （G/D） and the diameter ratio between the two cylinders （d/D） have important effects on the drag and lift coefficients, pressure distributions around the cylinders, vortex shedding frequencies from the two cylinders, and flow characteristics.     

Vortex shedding in the flow around two side-by-side circular cylinders of different diameters

In this paper,the 3-D turbulent flow around two side-by-side circular cylinders of different diameters,at sub-critical Reynolds number(Re=3 900),is numerically simulated by the large eddy simulation(LES).The spacing ratios(T/D)between the two cylinders are considered in four cases(T/D=1.2,1.5,1.8 and 2.7)to study the vortex shedding and turbulent properties in the flow field.The main results are focused on the drag and lift coefficients,the vortex shedding frequency,the coherent structure,and the scale properties.It is shown that when T/D is equal to 1.2,the vortex shedding of the main cylinder is strongly suppressed by the small cylinder,the drag and lift coefficients of the main cylinder are smaller than those in other three cases.While T/D is equal to 1.5,the vortex shedding of the main cylinder can be improved,the drag and lift coefficients of the main cylinder are larger than those in other three cases.The empirical mode decomposition(EMD)method is applied to decompose the velocity signals traced by the LES.It is shown that there is a linear relationship between the mean period and the mode in the semi-log coordinates.The vortex shedding period of the main cylinder is consistent with the period of the restructured coherent structures quantitatively.     

A 3-D numerical study of solitary wave interaction with vertical cylinders using a parallelised particle-in-cell solver

This paper aims to provide a better understanding of the interaction between solitary waves and vertical circular cylinders. This is achieved via process based numerical modelling using the parallel particle-in-cell based incompressible flow solver PICIN. The numerical model solves the Navier-Stokes equations for free-surface flows and incorporates a Cartesian cut cell method for fluid-structure interaction. Solitary waves are generated using a piston-type wave paddle. The PICIN model is first validated using a test case that involves solitary wave scattering by a single vertical cylinder. Comparisons between the present results and experimental data show good agreement for the free surface elevations around the cylinder and the horizontal wave force on the cylinder. The model is then employed to investigate solitary wave interaction with a group of eleven vertical cylinders. The wave run-up and wave forces on the cylinders are discussed.     

Numerical simulation of flow past twin near-wall circular cylinders in tandem arrangement at low Reynolds number

Fluid flow past twin circular cylinders in a tandem arrangement placed near a plane wall was investigated by means of numerical simulations. The two-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations were solved with a three-step finite element method at a relatively low Reynolds number of Re = 200 for various dimensionless ratios of 0.25 ≤ G/D ≤ 2.0 and 1.0 ≤ L/D ≤ 4.0, where D is the cylinder diameter, L is the center-to-center distance between the two cylinders, and G is the gap between the lowest surface of the twin cylinders and the plane wall. The influences of G/D and L/D on the hydrodynamic force coefficients, Strouhal numbers, and vortex shedding modes were examined. Three different vortex shedding modes of the near wake were identified according to the numerical results. It was found that the hydrodynamic force coefficients and vortex shedding modes are quite different with respect to various combinations of G/D and L/D. For very small values of G/D, the vortex shedding is completely suppressed, resulting in the root mean square (RMS) values of drag and lift coefficients of both cylinders and the Strouhal number for the downstream cylinder being almost zero. The mean drag coefficient of the upstream cylinder is larger than that of the downstream cylinder for the same combination of G/D and L/D. It is also observed that change in the vortex shedding modes leads to a significant increase in the RMS values of drag and lift coefficients.     

Numerical simulation of turbulent flow around a forced moving circular cylinder on cut cells

Fixed and forced moving circular cylinders in turbulent flows are studied by using the Large Eddy Simulation （LES） and two-equation based Detached Eddy Simulation （DES） turbulence models. The Cartesian cut cell approach is adopted to track the body surface across a stationary background grid covering the whole computational domain. A cell-centered finite volume method of second-order accuracy in both time and space is developed to solve the flow field in fluid cells, which is also modified accordingly in cut cells and merged cells. In order to compare different turbulence models, the current flow past a fixed circular cylinder at a moderate Reynolds number, Re = 3 900, is tested first. The model is also applied to the simulation of a forced oscillating circular cylinder in the turbulent flow, and the influences of different oscillation amplitudes, frequencies and free stream velocities are discussed. The numerical results indicate that the present numerical model based on the Cartesian cut cell approach is capable of solving the turbulent flow around a body undergoing motions, which is a foundation for the possible future study on wake induced oscillation and vortex induced vibration.     

RANS simulations of the U and V grooves effect in the subcritical flow over four rotated circular cylinders

This paper presents a CFD study about the effect of the V and U grooves in the flow over four cylinders in diamond shape configuration at subcritical flow conditions(Re= 41 000). The k- ? Realizable turbulence model was implemented to fully structured hexahedral grids with near-wall refinements. Results showed that the numerical model was able to reproduce the impinging flow pattern and the repulsive forces present in the lateral cylinders of the smooth cylinder array. As a consequence of the flow alignment induced by the grooves, a jet-flow is formed between the lateral cylinders, which could cause an important vortex induced vibration effect especially in the rear cylinder. The magnitudes of the shear stresses at the valleys and peaks for the V grooved cylinders were lower than those of the U grooved cylinders, but the separation points were delayed due the U grooves presence. It is discussed the presence of a blowing effect caused by counter-rotating eddies located near the grooves peaks that cause a decrease of the shear stresses in the valleys, and promote them at the peaks.     

The hydrodynamic interactions of an array of truncated circular cylinders as each cylinder oscillates independently with different prescribed modes

An analytical method based on the eigenfunction expansion and the Graf’s addition theorem for Bessel functions is developed to study the hydrodynamic interactions of an array of truncated circular cylinders with each cylinder oscillating independently in different prescribed modes. The hydrodynamic radiation and diffraction of linear waves by such an array of cylinders are investigated and the analytical solutions of the velocity potentials are obtained. After comparisons for degenerated cases and program verifications, several cases for an array of truncated cylinders with each cylinder oscillating independently in surge, sway, heave, roll, and pitch modes with different prescribed amplitudes, are studied and the hydrodynamic forces and moments acting on the cylinders are obtained.     

管间距对通道内竖直排列水平双管自然对流的影响

分析了管间距对圆管自然对流的影响,为解决河道热扩散问题提供理论依据,具有实际的应用价值。抽象出通道内竖直排列水平双管的模型,采用SIMPLE算法模拟了不同管间距下的自然对流现象。结果表明:随着管间距S的增大,两管之间的流动逐渐增强,上管的换热明显增强,Ra越大,增强效果越明显。此外,研究了管间距S对烟囱效应的影响。结果表明:随着S的增大,流经通道的流体流量增加,即烟囱效应增强。