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1.
Recent trends in conceptualizing sex role behavior have emphasized the independent development of masculinity and femininity. This has required a logical extension of sex role outcomes from the bipolar alternatives of being masculine or feminine to a quadripolar typology in which sex roles could develop as masculine and feminine, masculine and not feminine, feminine and not masculine, or neither masculine nor feminine. Investigation of this extended typology requires a masculinity-femininity scaling technique that provides independent measures of the 2 dimensions. The present study, employing 1,383 college Ss, presents evidence regarding the psychometric properties of the Masculinity and Femininity scales of the Adjective Check List, developed from the parent Masculinity-Femininity Scale by F. Cosentino and A. B. Heilbrun especially for the purpose of independent measurement. (27 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
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Administered the Berzins-Welling ANDRO scale, a measure of psychological androgyny, and the Parent Behavior Form in a counterbalanced design to 181 male and 300 female undergraduates. Ss of each gender were classified into 1 of 4 sex role categories: masculine typed, feminine typed, androgynous, or indeterminate. Parent scale differences indicate that reported parental affection principally differentiated male groups, whereas parental cognitive or achievement encouragement and permissiveness differentiated female sex role categories. Indeterminates consistently reported the least parental warmth and cognitive involvement, whereas androgynous Ss generally reported the highest. Results indicate that new conceptualizations of sex role orientations, which consider masculine and feminine characteristics to be independent, uncorrelated dimensions, are distinctively related to reported parent child-rearing practices. (21 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
3.
Burbach Daniel J.; Lewine Richard R.; Meltzer Herbert Y. 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1984,52(3):478
Examined both pairwise and cumulative concordance as a function of sex using 6 diagnostic systems (e.g., Research Diagnostic Criteria, and the New Haven Schizophrenia Index) on 387 inpatients with severe psychopathology. Pairwise concordance was significantly more often higher for men than for women; cumulative concordance distributions also differed significantly between the sexes, with men manifesting greater concordance. Differences in diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia and their role in sex differences are discussed. (13 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
4.
8 male and 8 female Es each tested 8 male and 8 female Ss in a simple sorting task. During an initial 1.5 min. each S's base rate of response was ascertained; following this, the E delivered a supportive statement every 30 sec. for the next 5.5 min. Performance did not increase as a function of the introduction of the supportive statements. Significant differences in base rate and in performance after the base rate period were found as a function of sex of E and of the interaction between sex of E and sex of S. Highly reliable differences appeared in the performance of Ss tested by different Es. The rank-order correlations of men and women tested by men and by women were significant, indicating a similar hierarchy in level of performance of male and female Ss tested by the male Es and a similar hierarchy for Ss tested by female Es. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
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Describes the construction of a preliminary Sex Role Behavior Scale (SRBS-1), a 160 item self-report inventory comprising male-valued, female-valued, and sex-specific interest/behavior scales. The relationship of the SRBS-1 to measures of sex role attitudes and personality traits is also examined. An initial pool of 239 items describing recreational activities, vocational interests, social and dating behaviors, and marital behaviors thought to be more typical of one sex than the other was administered to 528 college men and women. One-third of the Ss compared the typical young adult man and woman on the items, one-third rated the desirability of the items for men and women, and the remaining third rated themselves. Typical and desirability ratings were used to select items that were male valued (more typical of one sex and desirable only for that sex). The findings suggest that male- and female-valued behaviors form a dualism and are actually positively correlated. Additional analyses showed that individuals with nontraditional sex role attitudes or personality trait organization were somewhat less conventionally sex typed in their behaviors and interests. However, these relationships tended to be small, suggesting a general independence of sex role traits, attitudes, and behaviors. (20 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
7.
Although both physical fitness and aspects of cognitive functioning are known to be poorer among older people, there is conflicting evidence about the interaction between age and fitness. Is greater age more strongly associated with impaired cognition among less fit people than it is among more fit people? In a sample of employed men (aged 17–63 yrs), it is shown that this interaction is significant with respect to the occurrence of exceptionally slow responses but is not significant for mean reaction time (RT). Multiple regression analyses suggest that the former measure may be interpreted as an inability to maintain concentration over time rather than as an index of response speed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
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Predictions derived from four theoretical formulations, the gender-centered, organization structure, gender-organization, and gender-organization-system perspectives, were tested. Men and women in upper and lower level jobs in a large corporation completed the Masculine and Feminine scales of the Personal Attributes Questionnaire. In support of the organization structure perspective, perceptions of masculine attributes were found to be related to individuals' level in the organizational power hierarchy: upper level men and women reported possessing more masculine characteristics than did individuals at the lower levels. In support of the gender-centered perspective, perceptions of feminine attributes were found to be related to individuals' gender: Women reported being more feminine than men. The gender-organization and gender-organization-system perspectives were not supported. Explanations for these results as well as the implications of these findings are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
10.
Lomranz Jacob; Shapira Ariela; Choresh Netta; Gilat Yitzchak 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1975,11(5):541
Gathered measures of personal space from 74 children (ages 3, 5, and 7) when they approached boys or girls of their own age. A significant difference was found between the 3-yr-olds (who kept less distance from their age peers) and the 5- or 7-yr-olds. No other differences attributable to age were found. For all Ss, the sex of the interacting child was relevant in that less distance was kept from girls than from boys. Results are discussed in the light of learning and developmental processes. (22 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
11.
48 male and female psychopathic and 48 nonpsychopathic undergraduates, as defined by their MMPI, Psychopathic (Pd) scores, were verbally conditioned by a male and a female E. The hypothesis was that psychopathic Ss condition only in an opposite E-S sex group, while those in a matching sex group do not. It was further hypothesized that no such Sex * Treatment interaction exists for nonpsychopathic Ss, where both sex groups are expected to condition. Results lend support to the hypotheses. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
12.
Robison-Awana Pamela; Kehle Thomas J.; Jenson William R. 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1986,78(3):179
Examined adolescent self-esteem and sex-role perceptions as a function of academic achievement with 71 male and 69 female 7th graders divided into 3 groups (below average, average, and above average level of academic competence). Ss responded to a self-esteem inventory under the following 2 sets of instructions: (a) a standard set and (b) a set in which Ss were asked to respond as they thought a member of the same age and grade but of the opposite sex would respond. Results of the standard instruction investigation reveal a significant but moderate difference in self-esteem levels in favor of the boys. Reported levels of self-esteem also rose very significantly and commensurately with higher academic achievement for both sexes. Under opposite-sex instructions, girls attributed significantly but moderately higher levels of self-esteem to boys, and boys attributed significantly lower levels of self-esteem to girls. Girls in the above average group, however, rated boys significantly below themselves. Findings are discussed in terms of attribution theory and the possibility that academically competent girls possess more masculine or androgynous than feminine characteristics. (30 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
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296 teachers from both coeducational and single-sex high schools rated the acceptability of stereotypically feminine and masculine traits, indicated their preferences for teaching boys or girls, and completed a measure of their beliefs about teaching. Male and female Ss from both types of schools perceived feminine traits as more acceptable than masculine traits, although male and coeducational school teachers tended to be more tolerant of masculine characteristics than their respective counterparts. Despite the positive valuation of feminine traits, with the exception of female single-sex teachers, Ss tended to prefer male students over female students. Also, compared to females, males expressed a stronger belief in the value of student autonomy and a weaker belief in the need for empathy in teaching. Coeducational teachers believed in the value of emphasizing course content more than did single-sex teachers. Findings are seen as consistent with both the feminized environment conception of schools and the evidence that masculine traits are more highly valued in the wider society than are feminine traits. (French summary) (23 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
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I constructed two surveys that were identical in counseling needs assessed but different in whether students were asked to assess their own counseling needs or those of students in general. Both surveys were administered in counterbalanced order to 293 university students. There was a high positive correlation between the counseling priorities indicated by the two surveys (rs?=?.80, p? 相似文献
15.
"GSR conditioning and extinction measures were obtained on 120 college Ss in a factorial experimental design in which 12 treatment groups were divided into 2 sex groups, 3 instruction groups, and high- and low-anxiety groups. The 3 instruction groups were given 3 different kinds of instruction designed to be: (a) apprehension arousing; (b) neutral; and (c) reassuring." Male Ss showed less conditioning when given reassuring instructions; female Ss showed the least conditioning with the apprehension-arousing instructions. Females showed greater GSR reactivity than males in all phases of the experiment. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
16.
Children's achievement-related expectancies as a function of academic performance histories and sex.
60 male and 60 female 1st and 3rd graders, classified by teacher ratings as high, average, and low achievers, were compared on (a) their expectations for success prior to an anagrams task, (b) their subsequent perceptions of the cause of failure on the task, and (c) their expectations for future success. Results indicate that boys with a history of low academic success in school had lower expectations for success on the task and tended to be more likely to attribute failure to lack of ability than boys with a history of average or high academic success. In contrast, high-achieving girls had lower expectations for success than low- and average-achieving girls. Furthermore, Ss who attributed failure to low ability reported relatively low expectations for future success. This finding suggests that children's perceptions of the causes of past performance outcomes mediate their subsequent expectations, as is claimed by attribution theorists. (18 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
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Undergraduates who scored high, medium, or low on a scale of trait (predispositional) anxiety (n = 7 males and 7 females in each group) differed reliably in level of state (situational) anxiety when tested before and after 2 standardized interviews. This relationship held for both male and female Ss, although males manifested consistently higher levels of state anxiety than females. Moreover, first an increase and then a general decline in degree of state anxiety were noted over occasions of testing. Despite these temporary fluctuations in situational anxiety, however, the basic form of the state-trait relationship remained largely unchanged. Findings are interpreted as substantive confirmation of state-trait anxiety theory. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
18.
The interactive effect of sex on the performance of Ss at varying ages was investigated. The performance (in a game) of Ss at 3 age levels (3-4, 6-7, 9-10) was reviewed after exposure to male or female E. Sex of E had a statistically significant effect at the 3-4 level only, women being more effective in stimulating performance than men. From Psyc Abstracts 36:04:4FC47S. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
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20 male and 20 female undergraduates were randomly selected at each of 2 time periods for inclusion in each of 3 experimental groups: male counseling psychologist (CP), female CP, and gender-unspecified CP. Ss filled out a modified version of the Expectations About Counseling (EAC) questionnaire that included a reference to the sex of the CP for the appropriate groups. An additional sample of 92 Ss was enlisted to aid in a manipulation check; on completion of the EAC, they were queried as to whether the sex of the CP had been mentioned. Results indicate that specification of the counselor's gender had no significant effect on Ss' expectations, but that sex of S was a potent factor. Females expected stronger facilitative conditions, more personal involvement in counseling, and a more positive counseling outcome than did males. The importance of Ss' sex and interpersonal style and the CP's professional role in expectation-setting processes are discussed. (17 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
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Investigated the effects of response cues (erotic, romantic, or neutral) and level of sex guilt on the self-reported sexual fantasies of 90 undergraduate females. Ss completed a sex guilt inventory (Masher Forced-Choice Guilt Inventory—Female Form), the Nowlis Mood Adjective Check List, the Fantasy Theme Checklist, and ratings of their affective responses and physiological arousal associated with the writing of the fantasies. High sex guilt Ss preferred fantasy themes indicating a lack of responsibility for engaging in sexual interaction. Ss in the erotic fantasy condition wrote more explicit fantasies and described more varied content. Arousal seemed to be affected by the response cuing in the predicted direction but not by the Ss' guilt levels. Sex guilt level seemed to be a better predictor of affective responses, such as guilt and embarrassment, than the response cuing. Results suggest that sexual fantasy behavior may be part of a cluster of sexual behaviors governed by an individual's level of sex guilt. It is suggested that the demonstration that fantasy production seemed to be influenced by situational demands has implications for collection and use of fantasy information by both clinicians and researchers. (29 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献