Effects of short chain alcohols on the styrene emulsion polymerization

The effects of a series of short chain alcohols, 1‐butanol (C₄OH), 1‐pentanol (C₅OH), and 1‐hexanol (C₆OH), on the styrene (ST) emulsion polymerization mechanisms and kinetics were investigated. The CMC of the ST emulsions stabilized by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) first decreases rapidly and then levels off when the C_iOH (i = 4, 5, or 6) concentration ([C_iOH]) increases from 0 to 72 mM. Furthermore, at constant [C_iOH], the CMC data in decreasing order is CMC (C₄OH) > CMC (C₅OH) > CMC (C₆OH). The effects of C_iOH (i = 4, 5, and 6) on the ST emulsion polymerization stabilized by 6 mM SDS are significant. This is attributed to the reduction in CMC by C_iOH, the different oil–water interfacial properties, the different concentrations of monomer within latex particles, and the different effectiveness of SDS/C_iOH in stabilizing latex particles. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 4406–4411, 2006     

Elastic constants and thermal expansivity of gel-spun polyethylene fiber and its composites

The five independent stiffness constants, C₁₁, C₃₃, C₄₄, C₆₆, and C₁₃, and the axial and transverse thermal expansivity of unidirectional gel-spun polyethylene fiber reinforced composites have been measured as functions of fiber volume fraction V_f. The axial extensional modulus C₃₃ and axial Poisson's ratio v₁₃ follow the rule of mixtures, while the axial shear modulus C₄₄, transverse shear modulus C₆₆, and transverse plane-strain bulk modulus C_t ( = C₁₁ − C₆₆) obey the Halpin-Tsai equation. Extrapolation to V_f = 1 gives the five stiffness constants of gel-spun polyethylene fiber. The tensile property of the fiber is highly anisotropic, with the axial Young's modulus about 40 times higher than the transverse Young's modulus. In contrast, the axial shear modulus exceeds the transverse shear modulus by only 5%. A similar treatment of the thermal expansivity data in terms of the Schapery equations gives an axial thermal expansivity of −1.25 × 10⁻⁵ K⁻¹ and a transverse thermal expansivity of 11.7 × 10⁻⁵ K⁻¹ for the fiber.     

Asymmetric 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition Reaction between α,β‐Unsaturated Aldehydes and Nitrones Catalyzed by Well‐Defined Iridium or Rhodium Catalysts

Reaction of the complexes (S_M,R_C)‐[(η⁵‐C₅Me₅)M{(R)‐Prophos}(H₂O)](SbF₆)₂ (M=Rh, Ir) with α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes diastereoselectively gave complexes (S_M,R_C)‐[(η⁵‐C₅Me₅)M{(R)‐Prophos}(enal)](SbF₆)₂ which have been fully characterized, including an X‐ray molecular structure determination of the complex (S_Rh,R_C)‐[(η⁵‐C₅Me₅)Rh{(R)‐Prophos}(trans‐2‐methyl‐2‐pentenal)](SbF₆)₂. These enal complexes efficiently catalyze the enantioselective 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition of the nitrones N‐benzylideneaniline N‐oxide and 3,4‐dihydroisoquinoline N‐oxide to the corresponding enals. Reactions occur with excellent regioselectivity, perfect endo selectivity and with enantiomeric excesses up to 94 %. The absolute configuration of the adduct 5‐methyl‐2,3‐diphenylisoxazolidine‐4‐carboxaldehyde was determined through its (R)‐(−)‐α‐methylbenzylamine derivative.     

Method of estimating absolute concentrations of C<Subscript>2</Subscript>H<Subscript>5</Subscript> and H radicals in hydrocarbon diffusion flames

A method for estimating absolute concentrations of C₂H₅ and H radicals in hydrocarbon diffusion flames is proposed and substantiated. Concentration profiles of C₂H₅ and H on the flame axis are obtained. In the method proposed, the concentration of C₂H₅ is determined from the equality of two quantities — the rate of loss of n-butane by diffusion and the rate of its formation by recombination of two C₂H₅ radicals. The concentration of H radicals is determined from the relation between the ratio C₂H₅/H and experimental profiles of C₂H₄, C₂H₆, and O₂. __________ Translated from Fizika Goreniya i Vzryva, Vol. 43, No. 6, pp. 13–20, November–December, 2007.     

New long-chain hydroxy acids fromGrevillea decora

In addition to the ω-5 olefinic acids found in otherGrevillea species, about 10% of the acyl groups ofG. decora seed oil contain a hydroxy group and an ω-5 double bond. The chainlengths of these acids are from C₂₂ to C₃₀, with the largest concentration at the C₂₆ and C₂₈ chainlengths. The hydroxy group is located on odd carbons from carbon-5 through carbon-13. These acids previously were unknown in nature. The most abundant of these are 7-hydroxy-cis-17-docosenoic, 7-hydroxy-cis-19-tetracosenoic, 9-hydroxy-cis-19-tetracosenoic, 9-hydroxy-cis-21-hexacosenoic, 11-hydroxy-cis-21-hexacosenoic, and 13-hydroxy-cis-23-octacosenoic acids. The oil also contains the largest known concentration of the unoxygenated C₂₆ and C₂₈ ω-5 monoenes.     

Composition of the surface lipids of pea leaves (Pisum sativum)

Surface lipid of pea leaves (Pisum sativum var. Frosty) was analyzed with column, thin layer and gas liquid chromatography in conjunction with mass spectrometry and infrared spectroscopy. It contained 42%n-hentriacontane and 7.3%n-hentriacontan-16-ol. About 5% was wax esters, C₄₀–C₅₀ consisting of primarily C₂₆ and C₂₈ alcohols and C₁₆–C₂₂ acids. Almost 5% was aldehydes, mainly C₂₆ and C₂₈. Primary alcohols, chiefly C₂₆ and C₂₈, made up 20% of the surface lipid.     

A Novel Alkyl Sulphobetaine Gemini Surfactant Based on S‐triazine: Synthesis and Properties

A series of alkyl sulphobetaine Gemini surfactants C_n‐GSBS (n = 8, 10, 12, 14, 16) was synthesized, using aliphatic amine, cyanuric chloride, ethylenediamine, N,N′‐dimethyl‐1,3‐propyldiamine and sodium 2‐chloroethane sulfonate as main raw materials. The chemical structures were confirmed by FT‐IR, ¹H NMR and elemental analysis. The Krafft points differ markedly with different carbon chain length, for C₈‐GSBS, C₁₀‐GSBS and C₁₂‐GSBS are considered to be below 0 °C and C₁₄‐GSBS, C₁₆‐GSBS are higher than 0 °C but lower than room temperature. Surface‐active properties were studied by surface tension and electrical conductivity. Critical micelle concentrations were much lower than dodecyl sulphobetaine (BS‐12) and decreased with increasing length of the carbon chain from 8 to 16, and can reach a minimum as low as 5 × 10^?5 mol L^?1 for C₁₆‐GSBS. Effects of carbon chain length and concentration of C_n‐GSBS on crude oil emulsion stability were also investigated and discussed.     

Mixed monolayer and mixed micelle formation in binary mixture of surfactants—Systems for trioxyethylenated dodecyl sulfonate and some polyoxyethylenated fatty alcohol ether nonionic surfactants

The interaction and synergism of some polyoxyethylenated fatty alcohol ether (POE) nonionic surfactants (C₁₂E₂, C₁₂E₃, C₁₀E₅, C₁₀E₇, where C_x indicates number of carbon atoms in the chain and E_y indicates number of oxyethylene glycol ethers) with trioxyethylenated dodecyl sulfonate (C₁₂E₃S) in mixed monolayer formation at the surface and in mixed micelle formation in aqueous solutions were studied at 25 and 40°C by calculating interaction parameters (β_α, β_M) from surface tension-concentration data by use of Rosen's equations based on the nonideal solution theory. All the systems investigated adapt reasonably well to the nonideal model, with negative values of β_σ and β_M (where M means micelle and σ refers to the air-liquid interface) indicating a favorable interaction between the mixed surfactants. Either at a monolayer or in a mixed micelle, the attractive interaction becomes stronger when the alkyl chain in the POE surfactant is longer, i.e., when the POE becomes more hydrophobic. The interaction increases in the order C₁₀E₇<C₁₀E₅<C₁₂E₃, C₁₂E₂. For the two C₁₀E _n (n= 5,7)/C₁₂E₃S systems, as temperature increases from 25 to 40°C, the interaction increases in a mixed micelle, but it decreases in a mixed monolayer. Synergism in mixed micelle formation exists for C₁₂E₃S/C₁₀E _n mixtures when X₁ ^M , the mole fraction of POE in a mixed micelle, is ≈0.4–0.8, whereas synergism does not occur in the systems of C₁₂E₃S/C₁₂E _m due to the large difference between CMC₁ and CMC₂, i.e., large |In(C ₁ ^M /C ₂ ^M )| value (where CMC=critical micelle concentration). The degree of synergism in mixed micelle formation is temperature independent and is 0.23, 0.18, and close to zero for C₁₀E₅/C₁₂E₃S, C₁₀E₇/C₁₂E₃S, and C₁₂E _m (m=2,3)/C₁₂E₃S systems, respectively. Synergism in surface tension reduction effectiveness occurs in C₁₂E₃S/C₁₂E₂ and C₁₂E₃S/C₁₂E₃ systems. The mole fractions of POE in the solution phase are 0.302 and 0.333 for the two mixtures at the point of maximum synergism.     

Novel Ni and Pd(benzocyclohexan‐ketonaphthylimino)2 complexes for copolymerization of norbornene with octene

Two novel late transition metals complexes with bidentate O?N chelate ligand, Mt(benzocyclohexan‐ketonaphthylimino)₂ {Mt(bchkni)₂: bchkni ?C₁₀H₈(O)C[N(naphthyl)CH₃]; Mt ? Ni, Pd}, were synthesized. In the presence of B(C₆F₅)₃, both complexes exhibited high activity toward the homo‐polymerization of norbornene (NB) (as high as 2.7 × 10⁵ g_polymer/mol_Ni·h for Ni(bchkni)₂/B(C₆F₅)₃ and 2.3 × 10⁵ g_polymer/mol_Pd·h for Pd(bchkni)₂/B(C₆F₅)₃, respectively). Additionally, both catalytic systems showed high activity toward the copolymerization of NB with 1‐octene under various polymerization conditions and produced the addition‐type copolymer with relatively high molecular weights (0.1–1.4 × 10⁵g/mol) as well as narrow molecular weight distribution. The 1‐octene content in the copolymers can be controlled up to 8.9–14.0% for Ni(bchkni)₂/B(C₆F₅)₃ and 8.8–14.6% for Pd(bchkni)₂/B(C₆F₅)₃ catalytic system by varying comonomer feed ratios from 10 to 70 mol %. The reactivity ratios of two monomers were determined to be r_1‐octene = 0.052, r_NB = 8.45 for Ni(bchkni)/B(C₆F₅)₃ system, and r_1‐octene = 0.025, r_NB = 7.17 for Pd(bchkni)/B(C₆F₅)₃ system by the Kelen‐TÜdÕs method. The achieved NB/1‐octene copolymers were confirmed to be noncrystalline and exhibited good thermal stability (T_d > 400°C, T_g = 244.1–272.2°C) and showed good solubility in common organic solvents. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013     

Determination of the Specific Heat of the Normal Alkanes C<Subscript>7</Subscript>-C<Subscript>11</Subscript>

Using precise experimental data on the specific heat at constant pressure C _p of the normal alkanes C₇-C₁₁ over a wide parameter range, the C _p values are determined on the liquid and vapor branches of the boundary curve from the normal boiling point to 0.98T _c. In the coordinates C _p-P _s-T _s, orthogonal projections of the reduced phase diagram of these hydrocarbons are constructed and analyzed. Existing generalized expressions for C _p of the liquid and gas phases of the normal alkanes C₅-C₁₁ on the boundary curve as a function of temperature are evaluated, and new expressions for C _p are proposed.__________Translated from Teoreticheskie Osnovy Khimicheskoi Tekhnologii, Vol. 39, No. 4, 2005, pp. 476–480.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Kuznetsov, Gorbachev.     

Thermal Decomposition Study of HNIW by Synchrotron Photoionization Mass Spectrometry

Thermal decomposition of hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (HNIW) was investigated through tuneable vacuum ultraviolet photoionization with molecular‐beam sampling mass spectrometry (MBMS). According to photoionization efficiency (PIE) spectroscopic results, the initial decomposition products of HNIW were identified including HCN, CO, NO, HNCO, N₂O, CO₂ (a little), NO₂, C₂H₂N₂, C₃H₃N₃, C₄H₃N₃, C₃H₄N₄, C₅H₄N₄, C₅H₅N₅ and C₆H₆N₆. The possible ionization energies of C₂H₂N₂, C₄H₃N₃, C₃H₄N₄ and C₆H₆N₆ were analyzed on basis of the PIE spectra. The data were compared with those of thermogravimetry‐mass spectrometry (TG‐MS) and thermogravimetry‐Fourier transform‐infrared spectroscopy (TG‐FT‐IR). The kinetic parameters for the formation of HNCO, HCN and CO₂ were calculated from the current curves of species by TG‐FT‐IR spectroscopy, typically the apparent activation energy (E_a) and prefactor (A) for HNCO were E_a=161.3 ± 2.5 kJ mol⁻¹ and A=38.9 ± 0.6 s⁻¹ with an optimal mechanism function f(α)=(1−α). Global thermal decomposition reaction and Arrhenius equation of HNIW were suggested at the end.     

Macrocyclic lactones and isopentenyl esters in the Dufour's gland secretion of halictine bees (Hymenoptera: Halictidae)

The volatile components of the Dufour's gland secretion of female halictid bees have been examined in 18 Nearctic species belonging toAgapostemon, Augochlora, Augochlorella, Augochloropsis, Dialictus, Evylaeus, Halictus, andLasioglossum. Nine saturated and unsaturated macrocyclic lactones ranging from C₁₈ to C₂₆ have been identified. Four of these compounds, the saturated C₂₆ and the unsaturated C₂₀, C₂₂, and C₂₄ lactones, are new natural products reported for halictine bees. A series of eight esters containing branched C₅-alkenols and fatty acids has been identified in several species. The cell linings and pollen ball inAugochlora pura pura contain the same major lactones as the Dufour's gland. A discussion of the significance of the Dufour's gland secretion for apoid systematics and its function in the Halictidae is presented.     

Synthesis of atactic polypropylene: Propylene polymerization reactions with TiCl4–Al(C2H5)2Cl/Mg(C4H9)2 catalyst

The Ziegler catalyst, a combination of TiCl₄ and Al(C₂H₅)₂Cl, is a very poor catalyst for propylene polymerization. However, the addition of Mg(C₄H₉)₂ to the Ziegler catalyst at a [Mg]:[Al] molar ratio < 0.5 leads to the formation of a potent catalyst system for homopolymerization of propylene. Polymers produced with the TiCl₄–Al(C₂H₅)₂Cl/Mg(C₄H₉)₂ catalyst are mostly atactic and amorphous, their minor partially crystalline isotactic components constitute merely 5–10% of the combined polymer material. Principal advantages of the TiCl₄–Al(C₂H₅)₂Cl/Mg(C₄H₉)₂ catalyst for the manufacture of atactic PP include high activity, low cost, and the ease of use: the catalyst is prepared in situ from three commercially available components. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019 , 136, 47692.     

A new analytical modeling for the determination of thermodynamic quantities of refrigerants

A new analytical fundamental equation of state (EOS) is presented for fluids. The equation is explicit in the effective molecular potentials and allows calculation of all thermodynamic properties over the whole fluid surface (gas, liquid, supercritical and gas–liquid phase transition). Outside the critical area (± 0.05T_c), it is valid in a vast range of temperature and pressure (0.8T_c to 7.5T_c and up to 120P_c,). The EOS is applicable for a variety of refrigerants such as C₃H₂F₄ (HFO-1234ze (E)), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) including C₃F₈ (R218), C₃H₂F₆ (R236ea), C₃H₂F₆ (R236fa), C₃H₃F₅ (R245ca), C₃HF₇, C₄F₈ (RC318), C₄F₁₀, C₅F₁₂, natural refrigerants including NH₃, CO₂, hydrocarbons, monatomic gases and some other fluids. Calculations of second derivatives properties of fluids are sensitive tests of EOS behavior. Therefore, estimation of the thermodynamic properties including Joule-Thomson coefficient, μ_JT, and speed of sound, w, has been considered.     

Synthesis and properties of N-(α-carboxyalkyl)acrylamide telomer-type surfactants having multihydrocarbon chains

N-(α-Carboxyalkyl)acrylamide telomer-type surfactants (xC _n−1 AmAc where n is alkyl chain length=6, 8, 10, 12; and x is degree of polymerization=3.3–13.1) were synthesized by the telomerization of monomer (C _n−1 AmAc) in the presence of the corresponding alkanethiol as a chain transfer agent and then investigated for their surface-active properties. xC _n−1 AmAc telomers lowered the surface tension of aqueous solutions that were at pH 9–10. The critical micelle concentrations (CMC) of the telomers were lower than those of the monomers with the same alkyl chain length, and the CMC values shifted to lower concentrations with both increasing alkyl chain length and polymerization degree. xC₉AmAc with x=3.3–6.3 gave the highest efficiencies in lowering the surface tension. The cross-sectional molecular areas per molecule of xC _n−1 AmAc telomers were smaller than the values estimated on the assumption that they are assemblies of C _n−1 AmAc monomer units. The foaming abilities and the foam stabilities were both in the orders of xC₇AmAc>xC₉AmAc>xC₅AmAc>xC₁₁AmAc. Mixtures of aqueous solutions of xC _n−1 AmAc telomers and toluene formed oil-in-water emulsions. The emulsion-stabilizing abilities were in the orders of xC₇AmAc>xC₅AmAc>xC₉AmAc=xC₁₁AmAc. The addition of Ca²⁺ to the mixed solutions of telomers and toluene resulted in formation of water-in-oil type emulsions. Thus, the surface-active properties of the telomers were influenced significantly by the alkyl chain length and the polymerization degree of the telomers. In addition, these properties could be correlated with the hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB); the highest surface activities were observed by using xC _n−1 AmAc with HLB of 14–18.     

Volatile compounds produced by copper-catalyzed oxidation of butterfat

Anhydrous butterfat treated with copper and stored under vacuum at 38C in the dark for 9 weeks yielded the C_5–8 n-alkanes, acetic acid and the C_4,5,7,9 alkan-2-ones. The same butterfat stored under oxygen for 1 week yielded the C_1,2,3,5-7 n-alkanes, the C_2,4–6,8 alk-l-enes, the C_7,8 alk-l-ynes, the C_2–6 n-alkanoic acids, ethanol, the C_2–7 n-alkanals, 3-methylbutanal and 4-methylpentanal, the C_1–4 n-alkyl formates, ethyl acetate and propionate,n-propyl acetate and propionate, and butanone. Both treatments yielded carbon dioxide. All samples including those not treated with copper yielded butane-2,3-dione. Visiting Scientist from Division of Dairy Research, C.S.I.R.O., Highett, Victoria, Australia.     

Dialkyl Sulfobetaine Surfactants Derived from Guerbet Alcohol Polyoxypropylene–Polyoxyethylene Ethers for SP Flooding of High Temperature and High Salinity Reservoirs

Dialkyl hydroxypropyl sulfobetaine (HSB) surfactants, C₁₆GA-(PO)₅-(EO)₃-HSB and C₂₄GA-(PO)₁₀-(EO)₁₀-HSB, were synthesized from Guerbet alcohols (GA) polyoxypropylene–polyoxyethylene (PO-EO) ethers and their behaviors in surfactant-polymer (SP) flooding of high temperature and high salinity reservoirs were examined and compared with their anionic hydroxypropyl sulfonate (HS) counterparts, C₁₆GA-(PO)₅-(EO)₃-HS and C₂₄GA-(PO)₁₀-(EO)₁₀-HS. The PO-EO chain embedded improves their aqueous solubility, and the sulfobetaines show better salt resistance than sulfonates. For a reservoir condition of total salinity 19,640 mg L⁻¹ and 60–80°C, C₁₆GA-(PO)₅-(EO)₃-HSB alone can reduce crude oil/connate water interfacial tension (IFT) to ultralow at 0.25–5 mM, which can be further widened to 0.1–5 mM by mixing with dodecylhexyl (C₁₂₊₆) glyceryl ether hydroxypropyl sulfobetaine (C₁₂₊₆GE-HSB), a slightly hydrophobic surfactant. C₂₄GA-(PO)₁₀-(EO)₁₀-HSB is more hydrophobic for the specified reservoir condition, however, by mixing with hexadecyl dimethyl hydroxypropyl sulfobetaine (C₁₆HSB), a hydrophilic surfactant, ultralow IFT can also be achieved at a total concentration of 0.25–5 mM. The anionic counterparts can also reduce IFT to ultralow by mixing with C₁₂₊₆GE-HSB and C₁₆HSB, respectively. Moreover, the optimum binary mixture, C₁₆GA-(PO)₅-(EO)₃-HSB/C₁₂₊₆GE-HSB at a molar fraction ratio of 0.6/0.4, can keep the negatively charged solid surface water-wet (θ_w = 12–23°) in a wide concentration range, and can still achieve ultralow IFT after stored at 90°C for 90 days (initially 5 mM), which overall are favor of improving oil displacement efficiency at high temperature and high salinity reservoir conditions.     

Dinuclear Rhodium Complexes Containing the Diyne 1,4-C6H4(C≡CH)2 and the Isomeric Bisvinylidene 1,4-C6H4(CH=C:)2 as Bridging Units

The reaction of [RhCl(PiPr₃)₂] ( 1 ) with 1,4-C₆H₄(C≡CH)₂ at 0°C leads almost quantitatively to the formation of the bis(alkyne) complex [(PiPr₃)₂ClRh-(HC≡C₆H₄-C≡CH)RhCl(PiPr₃)₂] (2). At elevated temperatures (THF, 60°C) it rearranges to give the isomeric bis(vinylidene) complex [(PiPr₃)₂ClRh-(=C=CH-C₆H₄-CH=C=)RhCl(PiPr₃)₂] (3). A one-pot synthesis of 3 is also described. Treatment of either 2 or 3 with pyridine affords the bis(alkynyl)dihydrido compound [(PiPr₃)₂(py)Cl(H)Rh(-C≡C-C₆H₄-C≡C-)Rh(H)Cl(py)(PiPr₃)₂] ( 4 ) in which both metal centers are octahedrally coordinated. Whereas the reaction of 2 with NaC₅H₅ produces the complex C_sH₅(PiPr₃)Rh(HC≡C-C₆H₄-C≡CH)Rh(PiPr₃)C₅H₅ ( 7 ), the bis(vinyl-idene) isomer C₅H₅(PiPr₃)Rh(=C=CH-C₆H₄-CH=C=)Rh(PiPr₃)C₅H_s ( 8 ) is obtained from 4 and NaC₅H₅. Electrophiles preferably attack the Rh=C bonds of 8 and thus on protonation with CF₃CO₂H the bis(vinyl) complex C₅H₅(PiPr₃)(CF₃CO₂)-Rh(Z,Z-CH=CH-C₆H₄-CH=CH)Rh(O₂CCF₃)(PiPr₃)C₅H_s ( Z-9 ) is formed. In acetone solution, it rearranges to give the E isomer. Reaction of 8 with sulfur affords the bis(thioketene) complex C₅H₅(PiPr₃)Rh(≡²-C,S; η²-C,S-S=C=CH-C₆H₄-CH=C=S)-Rh(PiPr₃)C₅H₅ ( 12 ), for which only one diastereomer is observed. All attempts to prepare mononuclear rhodium compounds containing the diyne HC≡C-C₆H₄-G≡CH or the isomeric vinylidene: C=CH-C₆H₄-G≡CH as ligand failed.     

Volatile compounds produced by irradiation of butterfat

Anhydrous butterfat was irradiated at 6 megarads in a special glass reaction flask, and the headspace and total condensate samples were examined by wide-range (−180C to 125C) gas chromatography combined with mass spectrometry. The nature and amounts of volatile compounds were not greatly influenced by whether the butterfat was irradiated under oxygen or under vacuum, nor (apart fromn-alkanoic acids) by storage for 1 and 9 weeks. Carbon dioxide was produced in greatest amount. Of the remaining compounds, aliphatic hydrocarbons predominated both in number and amount. Aliphatic oxygenated compounds including carbonyl compounds were isolated in relatively small amounts. The following compounds were identified positively: C_1–13 n-alkanes; C_4–9 2-methylalkanes; C_2–14 alk-l-enes; C_2–9 alk-l-ynes; C_2–5 n-alkanoic acids; C_1–5 n-alkan-l-ols and propan-2-ol; C_2–8 n-alkanals and 2-methylbut-2-enal; C_3–5,7 alkan-2-ones; C_1–4 n-alkyl formates, vinyl and isoamyl formate, methyl acetate and methyln-hexanoate; and carbon dioxide. Visiting Scientist from Division of Dairy Research, C.S.I.R.O., Highett, Victoria, Australia.