基于VOF模型的阿拉沟溢洪道流场数值模拟

采用标准k-ε模型模拟湍流,利用VOF法追踪自由水面,对阿拉沟溢洪道在不同流量下进行三维流场数值模拟,并将设计洪水位和校核洪水位两种工况下溢洪道的自由水面、底板压强、断面流速与模型试验观测数据进行对比分析.结果表明:数值模拟和模型试验资料基本吻合,为阿拉沟水库溢洪道优化设计提供更为可靠的依据.     

百色市那坡水库溢洪道设计及其三维流场数值模拟研究

文章对广西百色市那坡水库溢洪道进行设计,确定定型设计水头,通过消能防冲计算确定溢洪道反弧半径及挑流鼻坎的挑角,通过溢洪道水面线计算及剖面设计确定溢洪道边墙高度及WES曲线顶部曲线段、直线段和反弧段构造.基于有限体积法利用FLUENT软件建立气水两相湍流模型,对那坡水库溢洪道过坝水流进行三维数值模拟,对校核洪水位及设计洪水位工况下的流速分布及水面线进行验证.结果表明:文章建立的模型能较准确地模拟那坡水库溢洪道的流场分布和水动力特性,验证了设计的合理性,为可研阶段溢洪道设计提供了数据支撑.     

阿拉沟水库溢洪道流场数值模拟

通过数值模拟对阿拉沟水库溢洪道流场在两种工况下进行三维流场数值模拟,采用RNG k~ε模型模拟溢洪道流场湍流,并利用流体体积分数法(VOF)追踪自由水面,将得出两种工况下的溢洪道断面压强、自由水面高程、断面流态等计算结果,并与物理模型结果进行对比。结果表明数学模型计算能够准确地反映不同边界条件下溢洪道水流流态及各个参数,并且通过数值计算可以获得溢洪道在任何运行工况下任意位置的流场结构。其数值计算结果可以为阿拉沟水库溢洪道优化设计提供较可靠的理论依据和参考。更多还原     

基于VOF模型的台阶式溢洪道数值模拟

为了深入研究台阶式溢洪道水流特性,通过利用FLUENT软件,采用标准k-ε紊流模型模拟湍流流场和VOF模型追踪自由水面的方法对某水库台阶式溢洪道流场进行数值模拟,得到了台阶式溢洪道的自由水面、水流流场、压强分布等水力特性,并与物理模型试验结果进行对比.结果表明:计算值与实测值吻合较好,数值模拟能够快捷获得更加全面的流场信息;同时发现,台阶内存在漩涡,紊动能和紊动耗散率较大,台阶水平面存在压强峰值,而垂直面出现负压区,可为台阶式溢洪道的优化设计提供可靠的参考依据.     

多弯道溢洪道水力特性数值模拟研究

文中在物理模型试验的基础上,对多弯道溢洪道进行了数值模拟研究。采用FLUENT软件,引入适用于分层两相流的流体体积分数(VOF)模型求解自由水面曲线,成功地对龙屯水库多弯道溢洪道进行了三维紊流数值模拟,得到了自由水面、溢洪道底板压力、断面流速大小和三维流场的分布规律,并将数值模拟结果与试验结果进行了分析对比,两者基本吻合。试验结果表明:合理的选择数值模拟模型及参数,可以很好地模拟水流流态,可为工程所用。     

基于FLOW-3D软件的溢洪道三维水流数值模拟

采用FLOW-3D水流计算软件模拟了溢洪道挑流消能的三维水流流场,并通过调整溢洪道平面布置、增设贴角和改变预挖冲坑范围等措施对溢洪道原设计方案进行了优化。结合水工模型试验成果,对原设计方案和优化方案的水流流态、流速分布和水面线等水力特性进行了对比分析。数值模拟计算结果与水工模型试验比较吻合,说明优化方案的有效性,也进一步表明三维数值模拟的可行性。     

克孜加尔溢洪道控制段体形优化的数值模拟

通过采用RNGk～ε模型模拟湍流,利用VOF法追踪自由水面,对克孜加尔溢洪道的双孔闸门与单孔闸门方案进行三维流场数值模拟,并将两种方案下的溢洪道自由水面高程、断面流态模拟计算结果进行对比,分析表明双孔方案由于受到闸墩以及较大折冲角度的影响,单孔方案比双孔方案控制段后水流流态更好,其结果为溢洪道控制段体形优化设计提供了参考。     

阿拉沟水库溢洪道水流特性数值模拟

采用标准k～ε湍流模型,利用VOF法追踪自由水面对阿拉沟水库溢洪道设计和校核工况下水面线、断面流态进行数值模拟,并将两种工况下水流特性进行比较,结果表明水面线实测值与计算值二者吻合良好,各断面平均流速实测值与计算值误差在允许范围内。因此采用数值模拟能够反映不同工况条件下溢洪道的水流特性,可为溢洪道结构设计提供可靠依据,具有一定的实际应用价值。     

新疆努尔加水库工程溢洪道数值模拟研究

采用数值模拟方法对溢洪道自由水面线及压力场等进行三维数值模拟。研究结果表明,VOF法的RNG k-ε紊流模型能够很好地对台阶式溢洪道进行三维数值模拟,可以为溢洪道及台阶的优化设计提供参考。     

新疆头屯河水库溢洪道挑流鼻坎数值模拟

采用数值模拟的研究方法,以头屯河水库溢洪道挑流鼻坎为研究对象,运用标准k-ε计算模型结合流体体积分数法(VOF)追踪自由水面。对溢洪道进行三维水气两相流数值模拟,通过与不同工况下物理模型试验数据相对比,证实了溢洪道数值模拟计算所得数据的准确性。研究成果为后期使用数值模拟的研究方法进行溢洪道挑流鼻坎优化设计提供了理论依据。     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。