掺粉煤灰再生混凝土宏观及微观碳化性能研究

为了研究不同再生粗骨料掺量和不同粉煤灰掺量下再生混凝土的抗碳化性能以及经过一段时间碳化之后再生混凝土的性能变化,对不同粉煤灰掺量(0、20%、40%)与不同再生骨料掺量(0、50%、100%)的混凝土进行了室内碳化性能试验,并且对碳化前后的混凝土试件进行电镜扫描分析。研究表明:随着再生粗骨料与粉煤灰掺量的增加,再生混凝土的碳化深度增大,再生混凝土的碳化速度随着碳化时间的增长而降低,再生混凝土抗压强度越大,碳化深度越小,并根据试验结果进行拟合得出了经不同碳化时间后抗压强度与碳化深度之间的回归方程式。     

再生混凝土力学性能提升技术与应用

针对大量混凝土废弃物造成生态环境日益恶化及天然骨料资源日益缺乏的问题,通过配制不同强度等级和不同再生骨料掺量的再生混凝土,并结合锡澄运河三级航道整治工程对再生混凝土力学性能及其提升技术进行试验研究。结果表明:再生骨料的掺量对C35及以下中低强度混凝土力学性能影响较小,而对C40及以上中高强度混凝土有较大影响,随再生骨料掺量的增加,再生混凝土力学性能降低;通过合理选用再生骨料级配、与天然骨料复掺、对再生骨料进行强化以及优化配合比参数等措施能提升混凝土力学性能;锡澄运河三级航道整治工程实际应用取得了很好的技术经济效益。     

再生粗骨料和矿物掺合料对再生混凝土抗冻性影响的研究

试验研究了不同再生粗骨料取代率对再生混凝土抗冻性的影响,并且以再生粗骨料取代率为100%的再生混凝土作为基准混凝土,分别研究单掺钢渣粉、硅灰以及复掺钢渣粉、硅灰对再生混凝土抗冻性的影响。试验分别从表观特征、质量损失率、相对动弹性模量和抗压强度来分析。试验结果表明:随着钢渣掺量的增多再生混凝土的抗冻性降低;硅灰明显的提高再生混凝土的抗冻性,掺量5%为宜;复掺钢渣和硅灰不同的比例对再生混凝土的抗冻性影响不同,得到复掺硅灰5%+钢渣15%再生混凝土的抗冻性优于基准混凝土。     

黏土砖再生混凝土抗氯离子渗透性试验研究

试验研究了再生黏土砖粗骨料取代率、骨料强化、搅拌工艺、粉煤灰和硅灰单掺与复掺对黏土砖再生粗骨料混凝土抗氯离子渗透性能的影响。结果表明,随着再生骨料替代率的增加,再生混凝土抗氯离子渗透性能降低,替代率为0,30%,50%,70%,100%时,6 h通电量分别为2 090,2 596,3 207,3 989,5 182 C,氯离子渗透等级由适中过渡到高;骨料强化处理和改善搅拌工艺能够提高再生混凝土抗氯离子渗透性能,再生骨料取代率在50%以下,经过二次包裹强化或者采用改良的搅拌工艺后,再生混凝土的抗氯离子渗透性能与普通混凝土已经接近;粉煤灰和硅灰单掺或复掺可以较大幅度改善再生混凝抗氯离子的渗透性能,硅灰效果优于粉煤灰,20%粉煤灰和10%硅灰复掺可以作为最佳掺量,6 h通电量为171 C,可以用来配置较高抗氯离子渗透性能的再生混凝土。试验结果为再生混凝土推广应用提供了有力依据。     

受硫酸盐侵蚀的再生混凝土耐久性研究

为研究再生粗骨料取代率对再生混凝土抗硫酸盐溶液侵蚀性能的影响规律,进行干湿循环和硫酸盐溶液的耦合试验,探究了随着干湿循环龄期的增长,再生粗骨料取代率对再生混凝土的质量损失率、伸长率、相对动弹性模量、硫酸根离子扩散深度的影响。试验结果表明:再生粗骨料掺量为100%的再生混凝土的质量损失率最大,达到了0.35%;试件的相对动弹性模量下降速度变化较复杂,分为匀速下降期、缓慢过渡期、加速下降期;试件伸长率随着侵蚀龄期的增长逐渐增大,且增幅越来越大;试验过程中,硫酸根离子逐渐向试件内部扩散,侵蚀破坏逐渐向深层移动,且再生粗骨料掺量越多的试件内部破坏得越快、越明显。研究结果可为实际工程中再生粗骨料的掺量选择提供参考。     

再生大骨料掺量影响自密实堆积混凝土的试验研究

分别采用100%碎石、25%废弃红砖块和75%的碎石、50%废弃红砖块和50%碎石、75%废弃红砖和25%碎石,制作了四组尺寸为330 mm×330 mm×850 mm的再生大骨料自密实堆积混凝土的棱柱体,在自然条件下养护28 d后,进行取芯试验,通过试验,研究了红砖掺量比例不同对自密实混凝土的抗压强度、轴心抗压强度以及抗劈裂强度的影响。试验结果表明,再生大骨料自密实混凝土随着红砖的掺量增大其强度反而减小;红砖的掺量在25%以下时其强度变化较小,红砖掺量高于25%,其大骨料不会发挥很好的骨料作用。     

预置再生砖骨料灌浆混凝土物理力学性能影响因素研究

采用预置砖骨料灌浆的方法制作再生混凝土中型砌块,是实现废弃砖骨料再生利用的一种有 效途径。以水泥、粉煤灰和再生砖骨料为原料,减水剂和发泡剂为外加剂,通过向预置的砖骨料内灌浆 的工艺制备中低强度混凝土,研究水胶比、粉煤灰取代量、泡沫掺量对混凝土强度、干密度和吸水率的影 响规律。通过正交试验分析确定最佳配合比为水胶比０．４５,粉煤灰取代量２０％,根据强度及保温性能要 求综合考虑,选择不同泡沫掺量。     

纳米氧化硅-橡胶再生混凝土抗冻性能试验研究

为了研究纳米氧化硅-橡胶再生混凝土的抗冻性能,通过对加入不同掺量的纳米氧化硅和橡胶粉再生混凝土进行冻融循环试验,再生粗骨料和再生细骨料取代率均为30%,橡胶粉分别按0、1%、3%、5%等质量取代天然河砂,纳米SiO_2分别按0%、1.5%、3.0%等质量取代水泥配制成再生混凝土。试验结果表明:橡胶粉和纳米SiO_2的掺入对再生混凝土的抗冻性能明显提高。冻融循环达到50次,橡胶粉和纳米SiO_2的掺量分别为5%、3%时,对再生混凝土的抗冻性能改善效果最好,强度损失率较普通混凝土降低了45.5%。     

再生骨料透水混凝土耐撞磨性试验研究

耐撞磨性是影响再生骨料透水混凝土使用寿命及适用性的关键因素,目前国内外尚缺乏系统的研究。通过试验研究了不同水胶比、短切玄武岩纤维、粉煤灰、再生骨料替代率、双粒级骨料(5~10 mm,10~20 mm)掺量等因素对再生骨料透水混凝土耐撞磨性的影响。结果表明:水胶比超过0.27时,再生骨料透水混凝土撞磨时质量损失随水胶比增大而增大;内掺10%粉煤灰能够提高再生骨料透水混凝土耐撞磨性;再生骨料透水混凝土的耐撞磨性随着替代率的增加先增大后减小,替代率为50%时耐撞磨性最好;双粒级有利于提高再生骨料透水混凝土耐撞磨性能。此外,强度、密度及孔隙率是影响再生骨料透水混凝土耐撞磨性的主要因素,总体呈现强度越大、密度越大或是孔隙率越小,耐撞磨性越好的趋势。     

硫酸盐侵蚀作用下再生混凝土耐久性研究

为了研究不同再生粗骨料(RCA)取代率在干湿循环条件下对再生混凝土抗硫酸盐侵蚀性能的影响,设计了再生粗骨料取代率为0、20%、50%与100%的4组配合比,分别检测混凝土质量损失率、相对动弹模量和剩余抗压强度。同时采用电子显微镜扫描(SEM)和EDS技术,对硫酸盐侵蚀后再生混凝土微观结构变化及生成产物进行了分析。结果表明:在硫酸盐侵蚀过程中,再生骨料掺量是影响再生混凝土质量损失率、相对动弹模量和剩余抗压强度的重要因素。随着再生粗骨料的增加,再生混凝土经过硫酸盐侵蚀以后质量损失率增大,剩余相对动弹模量减小,抗压强度降低。再生粗骨料的掺入会削弱混凝土抗硫酸盐侵蚀性能,掺量越大削弱效果越明显。     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。     

Desiccation and recolonization of phytobenthos in a regulated desert river: Colorado River at Lees Ferry,Arizona, USA

We tested the recolonization of the phytobenthic community in the tailwaters of Glen Canyon Dam following long- and short-term experimentally induced desiccation. The response of Cladophora glomerata, Oscillatoria spp., miscellaneous phytobenthos species and periphyton was studied over 18 weeks using three treatments: (1) undisturbed control cobbles from the submerged zone; (2) cobbles desiccated and replaced into the submerged zone; and (3) cobbles desiccated and replaced into the varial zone. Periphyton density and compositional response resulting from these treatments were also examined. Desiccation treatments were significantly different in biomass from controls throughout the study. The biomass of desiccated and replaced river cobbles averaged <30% of the controls for C. glomerata and periphyton during the 18-week recolonization period. In contrast, the biomass of the control Oscillatoria and miscellaneous phytobenthos species averaged only 3 and 50% of that in the desiccation treatments, respectively. Cladophora, the dominant alga, comprised 77% of the phytobenthic biomass. A significant positive relationship between discharge, Cladophora and periphyton biomass was present in all treatments, while there was a negative relationship with discharge for Oscillatoria and miscellaneous phytobenthos species. There was a significant inverse correlation, as well as a pattern of separate biomass dominance, between C. glomerata and Oscillatoria. Cladophora was the dominant phytobenthos species on cobbles below the baseflow and Oscillatoria was dominant on cobbles in the varial zone. In general, the Cladophora biomass decreased under intermittent drying conditions, while Oscillatoria declined under permanently wet conditions. Diatom composition was not significantly different between treatments; however, their density was lower on desiccated cobbles. Diatom density on desiccated cobbles in the submerged and varial zones averaged 69 and 42% of that of the controls, respectively. Recovery and maintenance of benthic resources are hindered by fluctuating flow regimes driven by electricity and irrigation requirements. Repeated desiccation of the phytobenthos has major effects on the bottom-up interactions in the Colorado River ecosystem. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.