离子液体的安全性研究进展

近十年来,离子液体作为绿色溶剂,成为化学领域的研究热点。目前,离子液体相关的研究主要集中于合成、物化特性和应用研究,却未充分重视与环保问题直接相关的降解性、毒性和腐蚀性等安全性研究。本文作者根据目前已经公开的研究结果,综述了离子液体在生物降解性、环境降解性、毒性和腐蚀性等方面的研究进展,探讨了离子液体作为绿色溶剂应用的研究方向和前景。     

离子液体极压抗磨剂的研究进展

极压抗磨剂是一类重要的润滑油添加剂,是齿轮油不可缺少的主剂。相比传统极压抗磨剂,离子液体结构的可设计性、分子中含有的活性元素、优异的化学稳定性及较高的热分解温度,使其在摩擦学领域受到广泛关注。基础油的极性会对离子液体的溶解性能有所影响,基于此,本文归纳了离子液体分子构型对其在不同极性基础油中溶解度影响的研究进展,探讨了离子液体在不同极性基础油中的摩擦学性能及作用机理,总结了离子液体与其他添加剂复配的效果。文中指出,大多离子液体在极性油中有较好的溶解度,在非极性油中阳离子和阴离子结构对其溶解性都有影响;在极性油中与非极性油中,具有优异摩擦学性能的离子液体都含有活性元素;离子液体与其他添加剂的复配会对其性能有所影响。最后,结合目前工作中的不足之处,针对离子液体极压抗磨剂的未来发展方向提供了建议。     

离子液体中金属的电沉积

与普通有机溶剂相比,室温离子液体具有很宽的电化学窗口,优良的导电性,不挥发,热稳定性较高等优点.离子液体作为新一代绿色溶剂正日益受到重视.将离子液体分为AlCl3型离子液体和非AlCl3型离子液体两类,分别评述了在这两类离子液体中金属电沉积的研究进展.     

氨基功能型离子液体吸收CO2的性能

氨基功能型离子液体在常温常压下对CO₂具有较强的吸收选择性能,在分离固定CO₂方面具有较好的应用前景。合成了4种氨基功能型离子液体,对产物进行了IR和¹H NMR表征,探究了这些功能型离子液体的CO₂吸收性能及再生性能。结果表明,4种氨基功能型离子液体均具有强于常规型离子液体的CO₂吸收性能,再生性能良好,可循环使用;离子液体的CO₂溶解度受黏度影响显著,随吸收温度的升高而降低,随吸收压力的升高,吸收剂浓度的增加而增大;强化传质能提高再生效率,多次的再生对离子液体的吸收性能没有明显影响。     

Novel Synthetic Approach to Tune the Surface Properties of Polymeric Films: Ionic Exchange Reaction between Sulfonated Polyarylethersulfones and Ionic Liquids

Currently, no studies dealing with the role played by ionic liquids on tailoring surface features of polymer films are available. In this work, ionic liquids influence on the surface of sulfonated polyarylethersulfones was investigated. Sulfonated polyarylethersulfones with different degrees of sulfonation were synthesized; their surface properties were modulated through an ionic exchange reaction between the K⁺ cation of sulfonated polyarylethersulfones and ionic liquids, synthesized changing the length of cation of apolar groups. Hydrophobic properties of sulfonated polyarylethersulfones–ionic liquids films improve with both an increase in degrees of sulfonation and the length of ionic liquids alkyl chains due to higher surface roughness, as shown by scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy.     

离子液体降解的研究进展

离子液体因具有蒸汽压低、稳定性好、溶解范围广等优点,被认为是21世纪环境友好的绿色溶剂和催化剂之一。离子液体因其独特的理化性质,已经被广泛地应用到化学反应、物质的分离和纯化过程、电化学等各个领域。近几年,随着研究的不断深入,离子液体潜在的毒性、生物降解性已经引起许多研究者的高度重视。本文就离子液体的毒性及其降解方法的研究进展进行了系统的综述,并对未来的发展进行了展望,为进一步研究提供参考。     

固定分离CO2离子液体的合成进展

因具有性质稳定、无挥发、CO2溶解能力强、产物易于分离、循环使用性高等特点,离子液体可望替代传统有机吸收剂用于气相CO2的固定分离.在简述其应用概况的基础上,主要综述了近期国内外此类离子液体(主要分为常规型和功能型两种)的合成方法的研究进展,并对功能型离子液体和相关材料的绿色合成方向进行了展望.     

Application of Ionic Liquids in High Performance Reversed-Phase Chromatography

Ionic liquids, considered “green” chemicals, are widely used in many areas of analytical chemistry due to their unique properties. Recently, ionic liquids have been used as a kind of novel additive in separation and combined with silica to synthesize new stationary phase as separation media. This review will focus on the properties and mechanisms of ionic liquids and their potential applications as mobile phase modifier and surface-bonded stationary phase in reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). Ionic liquids demonstrate advantages and potential in chromatographic field.     

离子液体萃取分离有机物研究进展

离子液体是一种结构可调的绿色溶剂,在催化、分离和电化学等领域具有广泛应用,特别是在有机物萃取分离方面,由于其低挥发性及功能可调,避免了传统有机溶剂可能导致的VOCs二次污染,有望成为绿色高效的新型萃取剂。本文系统地综述了离子液体在萃取分离烃类化合物、有机酸、醇类、酚类以及天然产物中的应用研究进展,详细论述了离子液体萃取分离有机物的萃取机理和影响因素,离子液体与溶质分子之间强的氢键、π-π、范德华力以及静电作用使其具有良好的萃取分离能力,表明离子液体是一类可替代有机溶剂实现高效萃取分离有机化合物的潜在溶剂。针对实际工作应用,还需解决其高黏度、高成本等问题,此外萃取后离子液体的回收仍是其大规模应用而需要亟待解决的难题。     

室温离子液及其在羰化反应中的应用进展

详细介绍了环境友好室温离子液体的结构与性能、制备方面的研究新进展,并对其在羰化反应中的应用进行了综述。认为深入研究离子液体结构和性能的关系,通过分子设计,制备出性能独特的新型离子液体,以满足研究和生产需要,具有十分重要的理论价值和现实意义。离子液体作为环境友好的催化剂和绿色溶剂在以羰化反应为代表的多种有机合成反应中具有反应速度快、转化率高、催化体系可循环使用等优点,具有广阔的应用前景。     

低维纳米受限离子液体的研究进展

离子液体受限于低维纳米空间时,分子热运动会受到极大限制,导致其结构和性质与三维体相离子液体相比具有显著差异。电场、磁场和温度等外部条件及限域通道的尺寸、表面物化性质和几何形貌等因素会极大地影响低维纳米受限离子液体的微观结构与物化性质。本综述围绕低维纳米受限离子液体的最新研究进展,介绍了常用的实验和理论方法,总结了低维纳米受限离子液体结构和氢键网络的动态调控机理,讨论了不同低维纳米受限离子液体体系的热力学性质、物化性质和结构相变等特性,梳理了低维纳米受限离子液体体系在气体分离、限域催化和超级电容器储能等方面的应用,最后展望了低维纳米受限离子液体未来的前景与挑战。     

Ionic Liquids as Operating Fluids in High Pressure Applications

During the past years a growing number of scientists and engineers have investigated ionic liquids because of their outstanding advantages in several areas. Their unique physical properties and specific chemical behavior make these liquids very interesting for new and innovative applications. For commercial implementation ionic liquids have to meet a number of requirements. For use in high pressure applications they should have a low compressibility, an adjustable gas solubility and a superior lubricating ability. A screening of the relevant parameters was conducted in several experimental setups built for these purposes. Most of these parameters were also examined under long term conditions with regard to real process conditions and safety guarantee in possible high pressure applications. A major application is the compression of oxygen using ionic liquid as operating fluid. Besides, there are many more applications where the superior chemical and physical properties of ionic liquids are of high potential benefit.     

Ionic liquids as electrolytes

Salts having a low melting point are liquid at room temperature, or even below, and form a new class of liquids usually called room temperature ionic liquids (RTIL). Information about RTILs can be found in the literature with such key words as: room temperature molten salt, low-temperature molten salt, ambient-temperature molten salt, liquid organic salt or simply ionic liquid. Their physicochemical properties are the same as high temperature ionic liquids, but the practical aspects of their maintenance or handling are different enough to merit a distinction. The class of ionic liquids, based on tetraalkylammonium cation and chloroaluminate anion, has been extensively studied since late 1970s of the XX century, following the works of Osteryoung. Systematic research on the application of chloroaluminate ionic liquids as solvents was performed in 1980s. However, ionic liquids based on aluminium halides are moisture sensitive. During the last decade an increasing number of new ionic liquids have been prepared and used as solvents. The general aim of this paper was to review the physical and chemical properties of RTILs from the point of view of their possible application as electrolytes in electrochemical processes and devices. The following points are discussed: melting and freezing, conductivity, viscosity, temperature dependence of conductivity, transport and transference numbers, electrochemical stability, possible application in aluminium electroplating, lithium batteries and in electrochemical capacitors.     

Enzyme-catalyzed reactions in ionic liquids

Ionic liquids have been suggested as potential “green solvents” due to their unique properties such as non-volatility, nonflammability, and a wide temperature range for liquid phase. This review describes recent advances of biocatalyst reactions in ionic liquids. Enzyme-catalyzed reactions in ionic liquids-transesterification, synthesis, conversion, ammoniolysis, hydrolysis, epoxidation, resolution, and oxidation are presented. The use of ionic liquids for protein folding/refolding and the toxicity of ionic liquids are also discussed.     

离子液体萃取分离烃类化合物的研究进展

溶剂萃取分离技术广泛应用于石油化工领域,为石油石化产品的分离和提纯生产提供了有力的技术支撑。离子液体的结构可设计性、化学稳定性和热稳定性、极低的蒸气压等优点,使其在烃类化合物分离领域受到了研究者广泛关注。本文首先介绍了离子液体的性质及分类,根据分离目标不同,归纳了离子液体在芳烃-饱和烃分离、脱硫脱氮、烯烃-烷烃分离领域取得的最新进展,探讨了离子液体在油品分离领域研究中存在的问题和未来发展方向。文中指出：阳离子烷基侧链和极性是影响其对芳烃萃取效果的关键因素,然而对实际体系芳烃-饱和烃分离还有待进一步研究;离子液体对杂原子含硫含氮化合物均表现出较强的分离能力,但是碱性氮化物和非碱性氮化物不易通过一种离子液体同时脱除;氢键碱性是影响离子液体分离烯烃的关键因素,然而大部分离子液体对烯烃选择性仍然不高。根据不同的分离任务,从分子水平上认识离子液体结构与分离效果的关系,进而设计出兼具高效分离能力和低环境影响的新型离子液体,对提升油品中关键组分的高附加值转化利用具有重要意义。     

Application of Ionic Liquids in Hydrometallurgy

Ionic liquids, low temperature molten salts, have various advantages manifesting themselves as durable and environmentally friendly solvents. Their application is expanding into various fields including hydrometallurgy due to their unique properties such as non-volatility, inflammability, low toxicity, good ionic conductivity, and wide electrochemical potential window. This paper reviews previous literatures and our recent results adopting ionic liquids in extraction, synthesis and processing of metals with an emphasis on the electrolysis of active/light, rare earth, and platinum group metals. Because the research and development of ionic liquids in this area are still emerging, various, more fundamental approaches are expected to popularize ionic liquids in the metal manufacturing industry.     

离子液体及其在绿色有机合成中的应用

简要介绍了离子液体的组成和制备方法,归纳了离子液体的优越性质,概述了离子液体作为催化剂和绿色溶剂在催化加氢、Diels-Alder反应等有机合成反应中的应用,提出离子液体解决了催化剂的回收问题,避免了挥发性溶剂对环境的污染,实现了有机合成的绿色化。     

Investigation on Aggregate Formation of Ionic Liquids

Understanding the behavior of ionic liquids on the molecular level is essential for explaining solubilizing or reaction processes, including catalytic reactions in ionic liquids or with ionic liquids as co‐solvent. Using mass spectrometry techniques it is possible to characterize their aggregate formation behavior, which depends on the used solvent. With increasing polarity of the solvent and decreasing ionic liquid concentration, the size of the formed aggregates decreases. From conductivity measurement curves “critical aggregate concentrations” were calculated, which confirm the results of mass spectrometry measurements. Addition of ionic liquids increases the solubility of acetophenone in water. This effect can be explained by the aggregate formation ability of ionic liquids. The findings can be used to explain the outstanding solubility and solvation properties of ionic liquids.     

离子液体催化酯化应用研究与进展

结合近几十年来的研究工作,综述了离子液体的发展历程、种类、特点、制备方法以及离子液体作为催化剂在酯化反应中的应用及其催化机理,比较了离子液体催化剂与传统催化剂在酯化反应中的应用,并根据目前催化酯化中存在的问题,提出了解决方法。     

Single component, reversible ionic liquids for energy applications

Single component, reversible ionic liquids have excellent potential as novel solvents for a variety of energy applications. Our energy industry is faced with many new challenges including increased energy consumption, depleting oil reserves, and increased environmental awareness. We report the use of reversible ionic liquids to solve two energy challenges: extraction of hydrocarbons from contaminated crude oil and carbon capture from power plant flue gas streams. Our reversible solvents are derived from silylated amine molecular liquids which react with carbon dioxide reversibly to form ionic liquids. Here we compare the properties of various silylated amine precursors and their corresponding ionic liquids. We show how the property changes are advantageous in the two aforementioned energy applications. In the case of hydrocarbon purification, we take advantage of the polarity switch between precursor and ionic liquid to enable separations. In carbon capture, our solvents act as dual physical and chemical capture agents for carbon dioxide. Finally, we show the potential economics of scale-up for both processes.