点估计法在电压稳定性分析中的应用

针对电压稳定概率评估中难以考虑支路故障随机性的问题,提出了基于点估计法的电压稳定分析方法。该方法不仅可以方便地统一处理线路故障及节点注入功率的不确定性,还克服了线性化方法难以计及发电机无功出力约束的不足;避免了潮流方程线性化,通过少量确定性计算即可求出系统负荷裕度以及电压崩溃临界点处节点电压幅值与相角的前几阶矩,从而获得各待求随机量的概率分布,确定某一负荷水平下的电压失稳概率。与蒙特卡罗方法相比,点估计法在具有较高计算精度的同时,体现出求解速度快的特点。数值仿真分析了随机变量标准差和系统规模对点估计法计算精度的影响,并指出在综合考虑计算精度和计算时间的情况下,2点估计法的结果令人满意。     

基于两点估计法的交直流混合系统电压稳定概率评估

传统的交直流系统电压稳定分析大多是建立在确定性方法上的,没有考虑系统中各种随机因素的影响,不利于交直流系统运行的经济性和合理性。为了弥补确定性方法的不足,提出了一种基于两点估计法的交直流混合系统电压稳定分析方法。该方法考虑负荷水平和负荷增长系数的随机性,建立了交直流混合系统的负荷裕度模型。通过少量确定性计算求出负荷裕度和临界点处节点电压的前3阶矩,从而得到待求变量的近似概率分布,确定某一负荷水平下交直流系统电压失稳的概率。与蒙特卡罗法进行比较,计算精度满足要求,并且大大地缩短了计算时间。     

A new approach of point estimate method for probabilistic load flow

This paper analyses the power system load flow using new point estimate method considering uncertainties, which may happen in the power system. These uncertainties may arise from different sources, such as load demands or generation unit outages. A novel probabilistic load flow based on new point estimate method has been proposed in this paper. The proposed method surpasses the previous point estimate methods when generalizing the approach to multiple random variables with various probabilistic distributions. Addressing the results of Monte Carlo simulation method as reference, the new point estimate method is applied to IEEE 14-bus test system and the advantages of this new method have been presented. The results reveal that the proposed point estimate method has less computational burden and time comparing than Monte Carlo simulation method while the accuracy remains at a high level.     

基于点估计的电力系统小扰动稳定概率分析

针对电力系统中线路参数和负荷等存在的不确定因素,提出一种基于两点估计的电力系统小扰动稳定的概率分析方法。该方法将两点估计法和概率特征根分析技术相结合,计算出系统稳定概率、稳定指标、失稳类型及相应的参与因子等。相对于广泛使用的蒙特卡罗法,该方法能通过较少的计算准确得到所需要的统计特征量。一个两区域系统的仿真算例验证了所提出的方法的有效性。文中所提出的方法也适用于其他考虑不确定因素的电力系统分析。     

Voltage stability enhancement using VSC-OPF including wind farms based on Genetic algorithm

This paper describes the impact of wind generation to enhance the voltage stability of power system in optimal power flow problem. In this work, the Voltage Stability Constrained Optimal Power Flow (VSCOPF) algorithm is used, which combines the economical aspects and the voltage stability control of power system networks. A voltage stability index called L-index has been utilized to identify the most sensitive node prone to voltage collapse. Here Improved Genetic Algorithm (IGA) with mixed form of representation has been used for multi-objective formulation. Real power setting and voltage magnitudes are represented as floating point numbers and transformer tap settings and capacitors as integers. For effecting genetic processing, crossover and mutation operator, which can be directly deal with floating point number and integers, are used. The IGA has been implemented on IEEE 30 bus system to study the impact of wind farm on voltage stability. The obtained simulation shows the effectiveness of Improved Genetic algorithm on voltage stability of the power systems.     

电力系统微分代数模型的奇异性和暂态电压稳定

将电力系统微分代数模型的奇异性与暂态电压稳定相联系,用动态负荷模型逼近静态负荷模型,以消除原微分代数方程模型中的奇异性。在2机单负荷3节点系统和新英格兰39节点系统中构造算例,证实了系统在原奇异点附近具有暂态电压崩溃的特征,从而微分代数方程的奇异性可以作为暂态电压崩溃的一种机理解释。此外,还研究了动态负荷模型时间常数、负荷功率和负荷成分对暂态电压稳定性的影响。研究结果表明具有恒功率或恒电流负荷特性且负荷响应较快的系统在重载下易发生电压崩溃。上述结论对研究暂态电压稳定的机理、电压稳定和功角稳定的关系、电力系统微分代数方程模型的理论和仿真分析具有一定的参考价值。     

考虑风电和负荷特性的交直流混联系统电压稳定风险评估分析

风电给VSC-HVDC系统的稳定带来了严重影响.文章将概率事件结合风险评估应用到电压稳定性的分析中,提出了电压风险指标.基于蒙特卡洛方法的拉丁超立方抽样(Latin Hypercube Sampling,LHS),建立了交直流电压稳定的风险评估流程,准确地确立了系统的薄弱区域;研究了不同风电接入场景及不同VSC控制方式和控制参数下的系统电压稳定的风险情况.通过改进的10节点和39节点系统验证了所提评估方法的可行性.     

Risk based voltage security assessment

The objective of this paper is to provide a risk-based approach to security assessment for a voltage stability constrained power system. It is motivated by a perception that today's deterministic reliability criteria to voltage stability assessment often results in operating restrictions that are not commensurate with the corresponding level of risk. The risk calculation provided in this paper accounts for both the future uncertainties on the system and the consequences associated with voltage collapse and violation of limits. Although the main purpose of this paper is to provide a method of evaluation, they also give an introduction to show how this reliability “leading indicator” penetrates the traditional rigid reliability boundary and how it may be used to price reliability in order to make a trade off between reliability and economics     

Voltage collapse

Voltage collapse is characterised by a loss of control of the voltage levels in a power system. Although all of the precise mechanisms that affect voltage collapse have not yet been identified, voltage instabilities are known to occur when the power system is operating under a stressed state. The authors discuss voltage collapse and its relationship with the point of maximum power transfer and how voltage collapse can be better predicted     

基于稳定域边界二阶逼近的暂态电压稳定分析

电力系统中暂态电压失稳事故时有发生从而引起电力界广泛关注。目前的暂态电压稳定分析方法尚存在不足之处。本文基于非线性动力学的半张量积方法研究电力系统暂态电压稳定问题,以期在电力系统发生大扰动后快速判断故障后系统的电压稳定性,从而有利于及时采取控制措施避免系统崩溃。论文首先建立了暂态电压稳定分析的系统综合模型,主要包括对暂态电压失稳至关重要的发电机、励磁、感应电动机和输电网四个子系统。在此基础上,提出了基于稳定域边界二阶逼近的暂态电压稳定判据;在一个简单系统进行的实例分析表明所提出的暂态电压失稳判据具有速度快、准确度高及易于计算机实现的特点,具有较高的工程实用性,可望有效判断故障后系统的暂态电压稳定性。     

A new approach for estimating voltage collapse point based on quadratic approximation of PV-curves

The MW-distance to voltage collapse is a good indicator of voltage stability at a given operating condition in power systems. This indicator is determined using PV-curves obtained through continuation power flow (CPF) program. The CPF method performs several power flow runs requiring a large amount of computing time. This method is reliable for off-line voltage stability studies, but not very much suitable for real-time operation of today's stressed power systems. Given that, it is essential for system operators to have quick information about voltage stability, a new method is needed for a fast estimation of voltage collapse point. This is the main thrust of the presented paper. It is well known that PV-curves are approximately quadratic functions and become exactly quadratic in close neighborhood of the collapse point. Some authors used this fact and suggested methods that use two to three power flow solutions for a relatively quick, but approximate, calculation of the collapse point. The present paper, also based on quadratic approach, proposes a new method for the determination of voltage collapse that uses only one power flow solution and gives more accurate estimate of the collapse point when compared with other existing methods. Another advantage of the presented method is that the estimation becomes more accurate for stressed power systems. In addition, application of the presented method for performing the top/stable portion of the PV-curves provides an effective step-size that reduces the number of power flow runs. The method is tested using the New England 39-bus and the IEEE 300-bus test systems. The results confirm the effectiveness of the presented method.     

电压稳定的概率特征根分析

将传统的小干扰电压稳定性分析法扩展到基于一般性多机系统表达(GMR)技术的概率特征根分析环境。在正态分布的假设下,考虑了由节点功率运行曲线确定的系统多运行方式。某特征根位于复平面左半平面的分布概率表征了该模式的稳定程度,从而由特征根的分布概率和特征根对节点电压的电压失稳模式系数可以判断系统多运行方式时系统电压稳定的薄弱点,同时可为SVC的安装地点提供选择依据。在3机9节点系统上的计算分析表明了该方法的有效性,对目前多馈入交直流混合输电系统中凸现的电压稳定性问题的研究具有一定的意义。     

风电并网系统小干扰概率稳定性分析与改善

在桨距角控制系统中加装电力系统稳定器(PSS)以阻尼电力系统低频振荡,并且考虑系统运行方式的随机不确定性,利用累积概率曲线来获得随机变量的概率数字特征。采用基于数值分析的概率方法研究含风电场系统的小干扰稳定统计属性。通过在含风电场的五机两区域系统中进行仿真,验证在桨距角控制系统中安装PSS对改善小干扰概率稳定性的有效性,并对其改善效果进行评估。仿真结果表明,在桨距角控制系统中加装PSS能有效抑制本地振荡模式,并削弱区间振荡。     

Preventive control based on complex-valued load-flow technique to avoid voltage instability in power systems

This paper presents a method for obtaining preventive control strategies based on nonlinear optimization for power systems which will incur voltage instability when load demand increases. An algorithm is proposed to determine an appropriate and effective control action taking into account the operating constraints to widen the margin between the present operating point and a voltage collapse point, thereby improving the system state. The method proposed here is based on a complex-valued load-flow technique using the Newton-Raphson method which has been developed already by the authors. Consequently, the preventive control algorithm also can evaluate the voltage instability in the event the present operating point becomes closer to the critical point and the system state becomes unfeasible at increased loading point. Further, in optimization, two-types of objective functions are introduced so that voltage stabilization and dissolution of constraint violation can be attained simultaneously. In addition, this paper discusses the extension of the proposed preventive control to the successive control method which carries out the control action to avoid voltage collapse while the load demand is increasing. Numerical examples for various model systems demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.     

基于实用动态安全域的输电系统概率动态安全评估

提出一种基于实用动态安全域的输电系统概率动态安全评估模型。该模型计及了负荷和发电节点注入功率的不确定性、预想事故的不确定性、事故发生地点、故障切除时间及负荷中感应电动机负荷比例的不确定性。安全域的数学描述使注入功率不确定性和电动机负荷比例不确定性的计及变得简便。概率安全性评估的结果能够指导运行人员进行预防控制。以New England 10机39节点系统为例验证了所提出的数学模型，并用Monte-Carlo方法加以检验。     

交直流混合系统的概率稳定性分析

提出了一种考虑复杂故障模式的概率稳定性计算方法，并采用非序贯蒙特卡罗仿真实现之，重点模拟了多种交直流稳定控制措施，完善了系统和节点的风险指标，并以修改的EPRI－36系统为例进行了分析计算；将各种稳定控制措施、发电机模型、负荷模型和保护系统整定值对计算结果的影响进行了统计分析，验证了机组模型精度、保护动作时间和直流控制对系统稳定性的显著影响，证明了该文所提出的模型和算法是可行的、合理的。     

On-line voltage stability monitoring

This paper presents a new methodology for online voltage stability assessment, consisting of two steps. Firstly, the time evolution of the power system operating state is modeled with the help of a forecasting-aided state estimator; secondly the voltage collapse point is determined through an extrapolation technique based on tangent vector behavior. Tests are carried out using the IEEE-14 bus system, where different operating scenarios are considered. The results show that monitoring system load trends may improve the assessment of voltage stability     

Assessment of transient voltage stability based on critical operating time of emergency control using neural networks

Since unstable phenomena that load bus voltages collapse rapidly after a large disturbance occurred in a bulk power system, it is becoming necessary to develop a fast and precise evaluation method of what is called transient voltage stability. Although many indices have so far been proposed for static voltage stability assessment, there are few evaluation methods, digital simulation analysis for example, for the transient voltage stability assessment that deals with the dynamic characteristics of generators, loads, etc. This paper presents the transient voltage stability evaluation system that consists of two artificial neural networks (NNs). The first NN judges whether the system is stable or not under a given operating condition, load composition and fault location from the viewpoint of the transient voltage stability. If it is judged to be unstable, the second NN estimates critical operating time of emergency control action as a severity index of the transient voltage instability. Here, closing of a bus tie that is switched off in the normal state is adopted as the emergency control for voltage stabilization. Numerical examples for a 26-bus model system are shown in order to check the effectiveness of the proposed evaluation system.     

多端柔性直流输电系统直流电压模糊控制策略

直流电压斜率控制适用于潮流经常变化的多端柔性直流输电系统,但现有的直流电压斜率控制不能很好地兼顾不同运行工况对斜率参数的要求。文中提出一种基于模糊控制的直流电压变斜率控制策略。该控制策略应用模糊控制理论,把常规的直流电压斜率控制由原来难以整定参数的固定斜率控制变为控制参数根据运行工况变化的变斜率控制。在PSCAD/EMTDC仿真平台上搭建四端柔性直流输电系统模型,并与MATLAB互联仿真。仿真结果验证了文中设计的直流电压模糊控制策略能有效维持系统稳定运行和加快系统故障恢复。     

基于网损灵敏度二阶指标的电压稳定概率评估

大多数电力系统电压稳定评估主要采用的是确定性的分析方法。简要介绍了概率的分析方法在进行电力系统电压稳定分析中的应用,提出了一种以蒙特卡罗法和网损灵敏度二阶指标确定电压稳定负荷裕度相结合的方法,同时引入两个概率指标———电压崩溃概率指标和电压崩溃点负荷水平期望值。采用该方法对重载下的AEP30节点系统进行了电压崩溃的概率评估,并侧重于分析负荷的随机特性对负荷水平(电压崩溃点)的影响,以及输电线断线的概率评估和相应减小电压崩溃概率的措施比较。