舞钢市人民医院综合楼空调设计

介绍了该工程新风机组和循环机组的处理流程.在新风机组送风段内设置二级除湿,并回收盘管冷凝热对新风进行再热,处理后的新风承担室内全部潜热负荷和部分显热负荷.分析了不同功能房间的空调处理过程,并介绍了湿度优先控制系统.     

Optimization based integrated control of building HVAC system

Improving the control strategy of building HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning) systems can lead to significant energy savings while preserving human comfort requirements. This paper focuses on the analysis of the optimal control strategy of the whole HVAC system itself (such as set point value curves for different parts, number control curves of different components) and the followed operating curves of each equipment and device. In order to have a better understanding of the optimal control strategy, performances of the conventional control strategies widely used in China are also shown in this paper.     

暖通节能技术分析

在建筑能耗里,用于暖通空调系统的能耗又占到建筑能耗的30%～50%,能源供需矛盾日益激化。随着暖通空调的广泛应用,能源问题成为设计和建筑的焦点,暖通空调系统往往以高品质的电能为能源,我国的电力在某些地区又相对紧张、匮乏,这势必会引起能源供求矛盾进一步激化。本文主要从建筑暖通的几个可能节能的方向进行介绍。     

A methodology for integrated building— HVAC system thermal analysis

This paper presents an integrated methodology for thermal analysis of buildings and their HVAC systems. The methodology is based on the use of Laplace transfer functions for the buildings, its heating-cooling system and control components. These transfer functions can be used for building thermal control studies, frequency domain analysis and energy analysis. Laplace transfer functions for the building are obtained by means of thermal network models that include both distributed parameter elements such as thermal mass, lumped elements such as the room light-weight contents, and which represent radiant exchanges accurately. For detailed models for which an analytical solution is not feasible, the s-domain transfer functions are obtained through a modified least squares polynomial fit to the discrete frequency responses obtained by inversion of the system admittance matrix. Fourth order polynomials provide accuracies of approximately 1%. The methodology is applied to obtain both air temperature and operative temperature transfer functions. Laplace transfer functions are also used for HVAC system and control components. Transient thermal control studies are performed by means of an efficient numerical Laplace transform inversion technique. Building heating/cooling load calculations are performed by means of discrete Fourier series techniques.     

HVAC system strategies for energy conservation in commercial buildings in Saudi Arabia

In recent years, there has been a dramatic increase in energy consumption in Saudi Arabia. The building sector being the largest consumer of electric energy represents a major potential contributor for reducing energy consumption. Due to their functional and operational characteristics, commercial buildings relatively consume more energy (per unit area) than other types of buildings. The heating, ventilating and air-conditioning system (HVAC) is one of the largest end-users of energy in these buildings, particularly in harsh climates. Energy efficient design and operation of HVAC systems in commercial buildings can offer major opportunities for reduced energy consumption and contribute to sustainable development. However, improper utilization of energy conservation measures can result in reduced environmental quality. This in turn exposes the occupants to thermal discomfort and health risks, and consequently diminishes the economic value of the facility. Therefore, a well assessed and balanced energy conservation strategy is required to achieve energy efficiency while maintaining desired level of thermal comfort. In this study, major design and operational parameters for different types of HVAC systems influencing energy consumption are investigated utilizing the Visual-DOE program. Results indicate that energy savings of up to 30% can be obtained while maintaining acceptable level of thermal comfort when HVAC systems are properly selected and operated.     

综合楼宇空调系统的节能研究

分析了空调系统能耗的构成,从运行管理方面探讨了一些可行的节能途径。     

Modeling of an integrated solar system

The feasibility of using low-cost solar collection and storage technology to provide energy for residential units is investigated. Different construction strategies were compared including traditional housing practice against newly innovative ideas such as low radiant heating system, desiccant dehumidification, integrated low-cost solar collection, and phase-change material (PCM) storage. The selected building, located in Blacksburg, VA, integrated a solar thermal roof collection system consisting of a low-temperature flat-plate collector integrated within a concrete building envelope linked to a PCM storage tank. For the considered location and weather conditions (Blacksburg, VA), the proposed collection and storage solar system can supply 88% of the building's space heating and hot water needs averaged throughout the year saving the homeowner approximately 61.5% of the annual heating bills. However, the use of a storage system is not economical for the considered conditions. The paper also shows a month-by-month demand and supply distributions for the modeled building's heating and hot water needs.     

集中供热系统节能问题初探

通过对我国城市集中供热现状的分析,结合国家能源发展战略,指出现阶段城市集中供热系统存在的能耗问题,探讨节能改造的措施。     

Performance of solar systems employing collectors with colored absorber

Flat plate solar collectors are of black appearance because of the color of the absorber, which is employed to maximize the absorption of solar spectrum. Generally, to avoid the monotony of the black color we can use collectors with absorbers of blue, red–brown, green or other color. These collectors are of lower thermal efficiency than that of the usual black type collectors, because of the lower collector absorptance, but they are of more interest to architects for applications on traditional or modern buildings. In this paper, applications of solar collectors with colored absorbers in a large hot water system suitable for multi-flat residential or office buildings, a house heating system, and an industrial process heat system are presented. The collectors are analyzed with respect to their performance and practical applications, aiming to give guidelines for their wider use on buildings. These systems are simulated on an annual basis at three different locations at different latitudes, Nicosia, Cyprus (35°), Athens, Greece (38°) and Madison, Wisconsin (43°). All simulations are carried out with TRNSYS. The results show that although the colored collectors present lower efficiency than the typical black type collectors, the difference in energy output depends on the absorber darkness. For a medium value of the coefficient of absorptance (α = 0.85), the colored collectors give satisfactory results regarding the drop of the amount of collected energy for the three locations (about 7–18%), compared to collectors with black absorbers (α = 0.95). This implies the use of proportionate larger collector aperture area to have the same energy output as that of typical black colored collectors. Additionally, the economic figures obtained for the systems investigated are very promising.     

Design,construction and performance prediction of integrated solar roof collectors using finite element analysis

An integrated roof solar collector was designed to achieve ease of construction, energy efficiency, functional integration, composite behavior, sustainability, reliability, flexibility, and cost effectiveness. A construction strategy was developed for the collector to ensure quality, ease and repeatability of manufacturing. Three-dimensional (3D) finite element models were then developed to evaluate the thermal performance of the integrated roof solar collector. The models were used to predict the optimum set of variables that can be used in buildings to achieve adequate thermal comfort. Coupled conduction, forced convection, and long wave thermal radiation modes of heat transfer were considered in the developed models. For demonstration purposes, a specific location (Blacksburg, VA) was modeled. Results showed that the integrated roof collector provides acceptable thermal performance by supplying approximately 85% of the building space heating and hot water requirements.     

Energy and exergy analysis of photovoltaic/thermal integrated with a solar greenhouse

In this paper, an attempt has been made to validate the thermal model with experimental results of a typical day August, 25, 2006 for clear weather condition of New Delhi. An energy and exergy analysis for the prediction of performance of a photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) collector integrated with a greenhouse at I.I.T, Delhi, India has been carried out. The analysis is based on quasi-steady state condition. Experiments have been conducted extensively during period from June 2006 to May 2007, for annual performance. Numerical computation has been carried out for a typical day only for validation. It is observed that the theoretical value of solar cell, tedlar back surface and greenhouse room air temperatures is approximately equivalent to the experimental values. The predicted and measured values of solar cell, tedlar back surface and greenhouse air temperatures have been verified in terms of root mean square of percent deviation (7.05–17.58%) as well as correlation coefficient (0.95–0.97) and both exhibit fair agreement. Exergy analysis calculations of the PV/T integrated greenhouse system show an exergy efficiency level of approximately 4%.     

Performance evaluation of an integrated solar water heater as an option for building energy conservation

Since a majority of residential and industrial building hot water needs are around 50 °C, an integrated solar water heater could provide a bulk source that blends collection and storage into one unit. This paper describes the design, construction and performance test results of one such water-heating device. The test unit has an absorber area of 1.3 m² and can hold 170 l of water, of which extractable volume per day is 100 l. Its performance was evaluated under various typical operating conditions. Every morning at about 7:00 a.m., 100 l of hot water were drawn from the sump and replaced with cold water from the mains. Although, during most of the days, the peak temperatures of water obtained are between 50 and 60 °C, the next morning temperatures were lower at 45–50 °C. Daytime collection efficiencies of about 60% and overall efficiencies of about 40% were obtained. Tests were conducted with and without stratification. Night radiation losses were reduced by use of a screen insulation.     

Energy conservation and solar heating of a school at Port Isaac

The application of increased energy conservation standards and of solar energy to an educational project—as opposed to the more frequent domestic application—is the subject of this paper, which describes how these measures were applied to a new village school in Cornwall.

The solar panels were detached from the school building on a separate, simple rig as a more economic solution, which did not inhibit the design of the rest of the project with regard to educational requirement. The school building is a traditional form of structure, but with the performance of the various wall and roof elements increased to provide a superior energy conserving envelope.

As part of the UK National Solar Energy Research Programme the performance of the building is being monitored by the University of Bath, financed by a grant from the Department of Energy.     

Determination of the optimum tilt angle of solar collectors for building applications

Solar energy technologies offer a clean, renewable and domestic energy source, and are essential components of a sustainable energy future. This paper deals with the determination of the optimum tilt angle of solar collectors for building applications. The optimum angle is calculated by searching for the values for which the total radiation on the collector surface is a maximum for a particular day or a specific period. An application of the model is done using the experimental data measured for Izmir in Turkey. The best orientation for solar collectors in Izmir is due south. For increasing the utilization efficiency of solar collectors, it is recommended that, if it is possible, the solar collector should be mounted at the monthly average tilt angle and the slope adjusted once a month.     

暖通空调节能技术探析

本文对当前暖通空调节能中存在的问题进行了分析,并在此基础上提出了解决建筑暖通空调系统节能问题的技术途径,以期对暖通空调的节能工作能够有所借鉴。     

国家体育场暖通空调设计

介绍了国家体育场的暖通空调设计原则及空调冷热源、风系统、水系统、防排烟系统的设计。     

太原地区别墅太阳能热水系统集热器面积计算

针对太原地区别墅建筑太阳能热水系统集热器面积计算进行了探讨,着重对其不确定因素的分析计算加以研究,并对研究结果作了讨论,为合理设计集热器总面积奠定了理论基础。     

Improved thermal building management with the aid of integrated dynamic HVAC simulation

Building simulation is a tool that has only recently been recognised as a possible utility to accomplish enhanced building management (Build. Environ. 37 (8–9) (2002) 891). Thermal management however is often neglected. This is due to the complex nature of problems associated with determining the effect of changes to heating ventilating and air-conditioning (HVAC) system properties (Build. Environ. 32(2) (1997)). Effective thermal management is nevertheless a major concern since energy cost and operation cost of buildings are directly influenced by how well the HVAC systems perform (Occup. Med.—State Art Rev. 4(4) (1989)). The aim of this study was to introduce the process of integrated dynamic HVAC simulation as a viable tool to improve thermal management of buildings. This entails both improved maintenance and energy utilisation. The applicability of the integrated simulations was investigated by means of a case study for which a well-verified simulation model was constructed and discussed in a previous article. To illustrate the process of improved management three different scenarios are investigated. Finally the conclusion is drawn that improved management is indeed possible with the aid of integrated simulation.     

Application of optimization techniques on lumped HVAC models for energy conservation

Heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems comprise nearly one third of annual household energy consumption in the United States. HVAC energy use can be reduced by applying controls. This study applies a novel control method on a system with arbitrary steady-state and transient load distributions. The new method uses multi-dimensional interpolation between optimized control configurations for various steady-state load distributions. Demonstration of the new method on a two-room HVAC system predicts power savings for an arbitrary steady load that is nearly equivalent to that using a Variable-Air-Volume (VAV) with chiller modulation. However, the new method provides better energy savings for arbitrary transient loads: 19% energy savings over an uncontrolled system compared to energy savings of 6% for a VAV with chiller modulation. The average transient temperature deviation from setpoint using the new method is slightly better than that using VAV with chiller modulation.     

新建铁路客运站房暖通空调设计综述

总结了新建铁路客运站房的暖通空调设计.论述了其建筑特点、空调负荷特性、空调冷热源形式、空调方式、气流组织形式及设计中应注意的问题.详细介绍了几个铁路客运站房工程的空调设计.