基于概率表达式的MPRM电路功耗计算方法

采用基于信号概率的功耗计算模型进行MPRM（Mixed Polarity Reed-Muller）电路功耗优化,信号概率计算是功耗计算的关键.提出一种基于概率表达式的MPRM电路功耗计算方法.该方法兼顾信号概率计算的时间效率和准确性,对MPRM电路中不存在空间相关性的信号通过在电路中传播信号概率的方式计算其信号概率,存在空间相关性的信号则利用概率表达式计算其信号概率,并在电路中传播概率表达式以解决空间相关性问题,在此基础之上根据基于信号概率建立的解析动态功耗和静态功耗计算模型计算电路功耗.为进一步提高时间效率,该方法采用二元矩图表示概率表达式.使用基准电路对所提出方法进行了验证,并与其他采用不同信号概率计算方法的MPRM电路功耗计算方法进行了比较.结果表明所提出方法准确有效.     

尘埃粒子计数器粒子散射光信号幅度概率分布

针对粒度标定的准确度,在概率空间基础上,提出了尘埃粒子散射光信号幅度概率谱线和散射光信号度概率谱函数的概念,并对谱线在概率空间上的性质进行了研究。利用单分散粒子间的不相关性,将概率论运用于信号处理中,用全概率公式概括了尘埃粒子计数器信号传输的本质,建立了适用于处理尘埃粒子计数器信号的更完善的概率理论西式。文中给出了这一方法的理论分析及国产Y09激光尘埃粒子计数器的实验测试结果。     

干扰条件下制导波门对激光信号录取的数学仿真

波门是激光制导中广泛采用的一种抗干扰措施,其对干扰信号录取概率的大小对干扰成功与否非常关键。依据制导信号与干扰信号在波门内既相互联系又相互独立的特点,提出可用干扰信号与制导信号的联合概率密度函数描述干扰条件下波门对激光信号的录取,同时需要考虑干扰信号对实时波门的牵引作用。运用Matlab软件仿真了不同宽度的实时波门录取干扰信号的概率与超前同步时间的关系,表明对宽度一定的实时波门存在一个最佳的超前同步时间;超前同步时间为零时,波门录取干扰信号的概率接近于0.5,而不是接近于1;波门越宽、干扰设备的时间精度越高,干扰信号就越容易被波门录取;波门受到牵引后其对干扰信号的录取概率增加,而波门宽度的影响不大。在此基础上,用Monte-Carlo法对一次制导过程中波门对制导信号与干扰信号的录取以及多次制导中导引头跟踪真假目标的结果作了模拟,这可为建立对激光半主动制导武器干扰效能评估系统打下基础。     

Statistics making the optimum estimate linear

It is shown that for counts scattered about a true signal value in accord with the Poisson probability distribution, the optimum linear signal estimate is identical to the optimum nonlinear estimate if the signal has a gamma probability density.     

New formulation and plots for error probability in the pulse position modulation (PPM) photon counting satellite-to-earth channel

In digital satellite-to-earth transmission the entry of substantial undesired solar radiation into the receiver antenna is sometimes unavoidable. When the signal transmission takes the form of incoherent optical pulse position modulation (PPM) the parameters of signal and consequent intense noise can fall outside the range of routinely available classical numerical results on symbol error probability. This paper presents an alternative system for parametrization of signal and noise in the classical PPM channel, i.e. that characterized by Poisson photon arrival statistics for signal itself, the noise itself, and the signal plus noise. The resulting formulation for error probability, the scheme for probability calculation, and the simple, compact plots of error probability versus newly conceived parameters cover the entire range of signal and noise intensities, from weakest to strongest. Of course, when properly interpreted the new results agree entirely with classically available numerical results within the parametric range of the former.     

Outage probability in cellular mobile radio due to Nakagami signaland interferers with arbitrary parameters

Outage probability provides a fundamental performance measure of the grade of service for cellular mobile radio systems. Determination of the outage probability in a Nakagami (1960) mobile environment is particularly important since Nakagami fading is, as shown by various empirical measurements, the most appropriate model in many practical applications. Effective techniques have been developed recently to determine outage probability in the presence of multiple Nakagami interferers by assuming that the fading parameters of both signal and co-channel interferences are integer-valued. However, the general problem with arbitrary Nakagami signal and interferers remains unsolved. A new technique is presented, which allows the Nakagami distributions for both signal and interferers to be arbitrary. Exact formulas for probability of outage with and without a constraint on minimum signal power are derived, and computer results are also presented to illustrate the theory     

Detection of radar signals in conditions of full prior information when using stochastic signals for probing

Probabilistic characteristics of coherent detection of reflected signals with the fully known parameters when using stochastic soundings radio signals are determined. Analytical expression for probability density of decision statistics for the cases of presence at detector??s input of reflected signal only, interference only, and both signal and interference is obtained. Dependency of false alarm probability on threshold ratio and dependency of hit probability on signal-to-interference ratio for different values of bandwidth-duration product of stochastic signal are computed. A family of radar detection performances characteristics for fixed bandwidth-duration product and different values of false alarm probability is calculated.     

低信噪比S模式应答信号相关检测方法

针对低信噪比条件下S模式应答信号检测概率低、虚警概率高的问题,提出一种基于数据包检测、单脉冲匹配滤波和报头多脉冲检测等三次相关检测的增强识别方法。该方法首先利用数据包相关检测得到数据包位置,从而确定报头脉冲的检测门限;然后利用单脉冲匹配滤波对信号进行降噪处理,确定脉冲位置;最后估计脉冲幅度和噪声功率,利用多脉冲相关检测识别信号报头。通过这三次相关处理,该识别算法可提高S模式应答信号的准确识别率。理论推导了检测概率的数学表达式,通过计算机仿真,在期望虚警概率下,本文方法基本达到了理论检测概率,同时对比了本文方法与传统的直接匹配滤波法、脉冲前沿检测法、基带归一化互相关法的识别性能,验证了本文算法性能的优越性。      

光码分多址接入系统中远近效应的研究

对光码分多址接入系统中由于各个用户距离和发射功率不同导致的远近效应进行研究。结果表明 ,远近效应显著劣化了小功率用户的误码率和掉线率。而且 ,系统中用户的信号功率方差越大 ,各个用户的误码率和掉线率的劣化也越严重。提出了一种应用光硬限幅器消除远近效应的方法 ,该方法还极大地降低了多用户干扰     

激光尘埃粒子计数器信号幅度概率密度函数

为了研究激光尘埃粒子计数器计数信号幅度概率分布,对激光尘埃粒子计数器计数信号幅度概率分布与传感器光敏区光强分布、采样气流中的粒子数密度、气体层流速度分布之间的关系进行了理论分析。采用自行设计的带保护气套的光电传感器测定粒子计数信号幅度概率分布,给出的分布模型与理论分析相吻合。结果表明,尘埃粒子计数器计数信号幅度概率分布由传感器光敏区光强分布和粒子数密度空间分布共同决定,这为尘埃粒子计数器的设计提供了理论依据。     

Signal design for phase-incoherent communications

The problem of determining optimal signal waveforms for transmission through a phase-incoherent channel is examined under the following conditions: 1) the channel adds white Gaussian noise to the signal, 2) the receiver is synchronized, 3) the receiver is designed to minimize probability of error, 4) all signals have equal energy, 5) all messages are, a priori, equiprobable, and 6) there is no bandwidth restriction on the signal set. This signal design problem is expressed as a variational problem involving a search for the optimal matrix in a specific class of non-negative-definite matrices, or, equivalently, involving a search for the optimal signal correlation set in a collection of admissible signal correlation sets. For all signal-to-noise ratios, the probability of error is shown to have a local extremum in the class of all admissible signal sets at the orthogonal signal set. This extremum is then classified as a local minimum by proving that the second-order variations are, indeed, always positive. The probability of error is then evaluated numerically for the orthogonal signal structure.     

Probability distribution of DPSK in tone interference andapplications to SFH/DPSK

The probability distribution of the received DPSK (differential phase-shift keying) signal under tone jamming is studied. The results should facilitate the analysis of the SFH/DPSK (slow frequency-hopped DPSK) system. The results given are more general than those previously published, in several aspects. First, the differential phase of the transmitted DPSK signal can assume any value. Second, probability distributions are derived instead of a set of probabilities calculated over certain symmetrical regions. This allows analyzing performance for arbitrary selected decision regions as well as determining optimum decision regions for demodulating the DPSK signal. Third, the joint probability distribution of both the magnitude and differential phase of the jammed DPSK signal is given. This can be used in the analysis where both tone jamming and Gaussian noise are considered. These results are used to analyze the error probability performance of a general uncoded SFH/DPSK signal under worst-case tone jamming and Gaussian noise     

随机谐振在信号接收中的应用研究

在一些非线性系统中,噪声时常有助于信号传输或信号处理的现象称为随机谐振。本文基于信号错误接收概率讨论随机谐振在信号接收中的应用。对于极大阈值网络,当信号在阈下时,适量的噪声能改善信号接收,随机谐振现象存在;随着网络中阈值单元数的增加,错误接收概率的最小值迅速地趋于零,随机谐振功效极大地提高;对于两种典型噪声解析地讨论发生随机谐振现象时的最佳噪声强度,并根据噪声密度函数的变化对随机谐振机理进行了尝试性解释。     

通道复用对降低脉冲丢失概率的影响

为了减小雷达信号环境模拟过程中的脉冲丢失概率,对雷达信号脉冲在单通道的丢失情况进行了理论分析,提出了减小脉冲丢失概率的措施,并就通道复用对降低脉冲丢失概率的影响进行了量化分析和探讨,为多通道模拟器的开发提供了理论基础。     

非高斯杂波下距离扩展目标检测器的失配性能分析

在球不变随机向量杂波条件下,研究了目标方向向量失配时距离扩展目标的检测问题.针对不依赖于散射点密度的广义似然比检验检测器,从理论上分析了信号实际方向向量与导向矢量失配对检测性能的影响,推导了失配条件下的检测和虚警概率公式,证明了检测器的恒虚警率特性.仿真实验表明,检测器对能量均匀分布的目标具有最佳性能,对失配目标信号具有很强的抑制能力;进一步分析表明,目标幅度起伏会带来一定的检测损失,而距离单元间散射点的相关性在高值检测概率区也会引起检测损失.     

一种基带GMSK信号相关器及其输出概率分布

该文提出一种基带GMSK信号相关器,并从GMSK解调信号的相位概率分布函数以及独立同分布随机变量和的概率分布函数出发,给出了该相关器的自相关峰和互相关峰的概率分布函数。从概率论与数理统计出发,推导了一种统一的数字相关器(数字匹配滤波器)的自相关峰和互相关峰的概率分布函数。数值计算结果表明,在相同条件下,该基带GMSK信号相关器的误检概率比数字相关器的低近一个数量级。     

Probability of error for equal-gain combiners over Rayleighchannels: some closed-form solutions

The probability of error of a general equal-gain combiner (EG) in closed form is not available in the literature. By formulating the problem in the framework of signal detection and evaluating the probability of error directly from the characteristic function (CF) of the signal at the combiner output, we obtain closed-form solutions for the probability of error of the EG combiner with two or three branches operating over a Rayleigh-fading channel     

Outage probability for optimum combining of arbitrarily faded signals in the presence of correlated Rayleigh interferers

Exact outage-probability analysis for optimum combining of arbitrarily faded signals in the presence of correlated Rayleigh-faded interferers is not available in the literature. In this paper, we show that the conditional probability density of the reciprocal of the instantaneous signal-to-interference ratio (SIR), given the signal vector, can be represented as the higher order derivative of a simple exponential function in signal power whereby generic formulas for the outage probability and probability density function related to SIR can be determined. The new formulas take simple closed form in terms of the characteristic function of the signal vector. They are, therefore, widely applicable, leading to various results for correlated Rayleigh-, Rician-, and Nakagami-faded signals. Numerical examples are also presented for illustration.     

Selection of signal detection threshold in Doppler spectrum analyzer

It is shown, that for spectrum analyzer noise immunity increase, during processing of optical Doppler location signal with unknown frequency, random appearance time and low signal to noise ratio it is advisable to use methods of false alarm probability decrease, where decision about useful signal presence is made according to two pulses appearance at the matched filter output. These pulses have the same delay times with regard to signal analysis beginning time. This methodology application for signal detection allows to decrease a false alarm probability with regard to one period of analysis in case of the same values of threshold.     

Instantaneous Frequency, Mean Frequency, and Variance of Mean Frequency Estimators for Ultrasonic Blood Velocity Doppler Signals

The relationship between the instantaneous frequency and the mean frequency of ultrasonic Doppler signals in blood velocity measurements is discussed. The probability distribution density for the instantaneous frequency is calculated. The time interval histogram (TIH), which has been used to characterize the Doppler signal, is found to be an approximation of this probability density. The probability density will also describe the output of phase-lock loop analysis of the Doppler signal. The variance of mean frequency estimators is calculated, and the implication of this for practical estimators is discussed. The effect of hard limiting of the signal on the estimator performance is also discussed.