高强耐蚀车体用钢热变形行为及本构方程的研究

使用GLEEBLE 3500研究了高强耐蚀车体用钢在热变形过程中动态再结晶、静态再结晶的规律,建立了变形抗力模型.通过单道次压缩实验,得到了温度与应变速率对变形抗力影响的模型,推导出高强耐蚀钢的动态再结晶发生时的激活能;通过双道次压缩实验,研究了形变温度和道次间停留时间对应力-应变曲线的影响规律,建立了高强耐蚀钢奥氏体静态再结晶动力学方程,计算了高强耐蚀钢的静态再结晶激活能.结果表明:形变温度和应变速率是对单道次压缩应力-应变曲线影响最明显的两个因素.在相同温度下,变形速率越大,高强耐蚀钢的峰值应力越大;在应变速率一致的情况下,温度降低峰值应力增大.变形温度和道次间隔时间对高强耐蚀钢的双道次压缩应力-应变曲线的影响明显.变形温度越高,道次间隔时间越长,高强耐蚀钢的静态再结晶程度越高,软化作用越明显.     

超高强度Ti微合金复相钢再结晶行为研究

本文采用单道次和双道次压缩实验研究超高强度微合金Ti复相钢（CP钢）在变形温度为800～1150℃,应变速率为0.1～10 s-1条件下的再结晶行为,观察了各种变形条件下的对再结晶行为的影响.研究发现,高的钛含量明显提高了动态再结晶和静态再结晶的激活能.通过扫描电镜发现,细小氮化钛和碳化钛分布在奥氏体基体及晶界处,其颗...     

800H合金静态软化行为及其亚结构演变

为优化铁镍铬耐蚀合金Incoloy 800H的热加工生产工艺,在MMS-300热力模拟试验机上对其进行双道次热压缩实验,绘制出不同变形条件下的双道次流变应力曲线,研究了变形温度、变形程度、应变速率与初始奥氏体晶粒尺寸等参数对其静态软化行为的影响.利用EBSD及TEM技术分析了道次间隔时间内亚结构变化规律,建立了合金静态再结晶动力学模型.结果表明:变形温度对静态再结晶速率的影响最为明显;当变形温度低于950℃时,沿晶界析出Cr23C6对大角度晶界产生钉扎作用,抑制了静态再结晶的发生,静态软化机制以回复作用为主;当变形温度高于950℃时,析出物逐渐溶解,钉扎作用随之减弱,发生了静态再结晶;建立的静态再结晶动力学模型在预测静态再结晶体积分数方面具有较高精度.     

LD7铝合金热变形研究

在Gleeble-1500热模拟机上对LD7铝合金进行等温热变形实验,变形温度为300～500℃,应变速率为0.01～10s-1,研究其热变形的流变应力行为、显微组织及软化机制.结果表明LD7铝合金真应力-真应变曲线表现出动态回复特征,在应变速率ε=1.0s-1,变形温度高于420℃时,应力出现锯齿波动,表现出不连续动态再结晶特征.合金在压缩过程中主要软化机制为动态回复,同时也存在动态再结晶.变形后晶粒尺寸随变形温度升高而增大,随变形速率增加而减小.     

轧制态7A60铝合金的热压缩显微组织及流变行为

对轧制态7A60铝合金在应变速率为0.1~0.01s-1、变形温度为250~350℃条件下热压缩的显微组织特征和流变应力进行实验研究。结果表明:随着应变速率的降低和温度的升高,材料的各向异性减弱,均匀性增强,晶粒发生明显粗化;在热变形的过程中该合金的主要软化机制为动态回复和动态再结晶,峰值应力随应变速率的增加而增大,随温度的升高而降低,在应变速率为0.01s-1时发生了明显的非连续动态再结晶行为。合金热变形的流变应力行为可用双曲正弦函数来表示,其热激活能为438.981kJ/mol。     

23CrNi3Mo钢动态再结晶行为和组织演变研究

利用Gleeble-1500热模拟试验机进行单道次热压缩变形,通过控制变形温度(900,950,1 000,1 050℃)和应变速率(0.01,0.1和1 s-1)研究了23CrNi3Mo钢的动态再结晶行为,分析了变形温度、应变速率对动态再结晶行为和组织演变的影响.结果表明:23CrNi3Mo钢动态再结晶的再结晶激活能为293.23 kJ/mol;采用θ-σ模型较精确地获得了发生动态再结晶的临界应变与峰值应变,并确定了其平均比值εc/εp=0.63;确定了材料常数和热变形本构方程.通过对热模拟实验数据的分析和显微组织观察,建立了不同变形条件下动态再结晶模型和晶粒尺寸模型.     

ECAP变形对超细晶铜再结晶行为的影响

为研究ECAP变形对超细晶铜再结晶行为的影响,室温条件下对纯铜进行12道次等通道转角挤压(ECAP)变形,分别在100、150、280℃下对不同道次的超细晶铜进行退火处理,分析其硬度及微观组织变化规律.结果表明:经12道次ECAP变形后,铜的晶粒尺寸细化到约250 nm,硬度达146 HV;随着变形道次增加,超细晶铜的热稳定性降低,软化速度加快,在150℃退火时,1道次超细晶铜完成再结晶的时间约为20 h,12道次为0.5 h;12道次ECAP超细晶铜等温退火温度越高,完成再结晶时间越短,150℃完成再结晶时间约为1 200 s,200℃时缩短至600 s,280℃时再结晶仅需50 s;利用Arrhenius公式计算了再结晶激活能,1道次约为1 eV,12道次为0.78 eV,ECAP变形降低了铜的再结晶激活能.     

含钪Al-Zn-Mg合金的热变形行为和显微组织EI北大核心CSCD

采用Gleeble-1500热模拟试验机对含钪Al-Zn-Mg合金进行热压缩实验,研究了合金在不同热压缩条件下的热变形行为和显微组织。结果表明:合金的流变应力随应变速率的增大而增大,随变形温度的升高而减小。该合金热压缩变形的流变应力行为可用Zener-Hollomon参数来描述,其热变形激活能为150.25kJ/mol。在变形温度为380℃,应变速率为1s-1条件下,合金组织中存在大量的位错墙,表明发生了动态回复现象。随着变形温度的升高,当温度为500℃时,合金中出现了再结晶晶粒,说明主要软化机制逐步由动态回复转变为动态再结晶。     

Al-Mg-Si-In合金的热变形行为和热轧工艺

采用Gleeble-3500型热模拟试验机对Al-Mg-Si-In合金进行热压缩实验,温度范围为350～500℃,应变速率范围为0.001～1 s-1,分析变形温度、变形速率对该合金热变形过程中流变应力的影响,并建立了合金的本构方程和热加工图,结合金相显微镜对热压缩变形的组织进行研究.测试结果表明:随着变形温度的降低或应变速率的加快,流变应力和峰值应力升高,合金的动态软化机制以动态回复为主,难以发生动态再结晶;合金的热压缩变形流变应力行为可用双曲正弦形式的本构方程来描述,其变形激活能为180.84 kJ/mol;在应变为0.2时,该合金的合适加工区域是470～500℃、0.001～0.01 s-1和350～375℃、0.1～1 s-1,失稳区是350～360℃、0.001～0.01 s-1;在应变为0.8时,该合金的合适加工区域是350～360℃、0.1～1 s-1,390～480℃、0.001～0.01 s-1,480～500℃、0.1～1 s-1,失稳区是350～360℃、0.001～0.01 s-1,490～500℃、0.001～0.01 s-1,390～425℃、0.1～1 s-1.该合金在应变为0.8时的合适加工区域的等轴晶粒较多,且晶粒较细小,失稳区域则反之.实际加工的热轧工艺制度为480℃、0.51 s-1,轧制效果良好.     

GH4706合金的热变形行为与显微组织演化

在Gleeble 3800热模拟试验机上进行GH4706合金的热压缩实验,研究了变形温度为900～1150℃、应变速率为0.001～1s-1范围内合金的热变形行为.结果表明:GH4706合金的真应力真应变曲线呈现出流变软化特征,随变形温度增加或应变速率减小,峰值应力逐渐降低,峰值应变逐渐减小.合金的本构关系可由双曲正弦函数描述,变形激活能为435.36kJ/mol,应力指数为4.13.合金的显微组织演化机制与Z参数密切相关,高Z值条件下主要发生动态回复,低Z值条件下主要发生动态再结晶与再结晶晶粒粗化.GH4706合金发生完全动态再结晶且不发生晶粒粗化的临界lnZ值为35.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...