Modeling and Management of Urban Stormwater Runoff Quality: A Review

Nonpoint source (NPS) pollution from urban runoff has been established as a major cause of receiving water degradation. In an effort to control this problem, new regulations have been passed in the U.S.A. and federal, state, and local agencies are devising urban runoff management programs. This paper reviews recent regulations and studies related to urban stormwater runoff control and planning in the U.S.A.; discusses fundamentals of urban NPS pollution including transport processes and types and sources of pollutants; reviews current hydrologic and water quality mathematical models used in the U.S.A.; presents case studies in both modeling and management; and describes fundamentals of Best Management Practices (BMPs) in urban runoff control. Finally, it summarizes future research needs.     

基于SWMM的不同降水量对城市降雨径流TSS的影响分析

受物理、化学、生物等多重因素的影响,城市降雨径流水质的模拟研究比较模糊。以TSS(总悬浮固体量)为例,利用SWMM的污染物模块及其土地利用模块、污染物累积模块和污染物冲刷模块进行城市雨水径流水质模拟;考虑了不同土地利用情况对污染物的累积及冲刷的影响,针对不同的降水量,利用EMC法(平均浓度法)以及指数方程法进行污染物的冲刷模拟,指数方程法的模拟精度大于EMC法的模拟精度,与监测值更接近。指数方程法的模拟结果表明:当降水量小于2.5mm时,其TSS冲刷量增长幅度较缓;而当降水量大于3.5mm时,其TSS冲刷量呈显著线性增加关系,从而表明,降水量较大的降水事件对于TSS的冲刷量影响更为显著。     

Influence of Land Use and Sanitation Issues on Water Quality of an Urban Aquifer

Water Resources Management - In this study, we sought to determine whether there was a relationship between sanitary aspects and land use on nitrate contamination in an urban aquifer of Fortaleza...     

Understanding the Role of Urban Road Surface Characteristics in influencing Stormwater Quality

Urban road surfaces are one of the most important stormwater pollution sources. Asphalt and concrete road surfaces are typical road types in China and have different characteristics such as roughness, textures and infiltration rates. This could lead to differences of collecting and retaining pollutants. In this context, designing stormwater treatment for different road surfaces respectively is crucial to effectively minimize the stormwater deterioration. This closely depends on an in-depth understanding of stormwater quality characteristics on urban road surfaces. This research study investigated the stormwater quality characteristics on typical asphalt and concrete surfaces. The research outcomes show that road surface characteristics could play a more important role in influencing the resulting stormwater runoff quality than rainfall characteristics. Additionally, asphalt surface due to the relatively rough nature could play a more important role in influencing the overall pollutant export characteristics from urban road surfaces. It is also noted that there are notable differences in pollutant wash-off processes on different surfaces, where the wash-off process on asphalt surfaces tends to be a transport limiting process, while the wash-off process on concrete surfaces tends to be a source limiting process. These results can contribute to stormwater treatment design enhancement for urban roads such as treatment placement, rainfall event selection and water quality estimation.     

Estimation of Urban Impervious Fraction from Satellite Images and Its Impact on Peak Discharge Entering a Storm Sewer System

The runoff coefficient in an urban basin is highly influenced by the impervious and pervious surface fractions since they affect the entity of rainwater entering a storm sewer system. Today these fractions can be estimated by reading high resolution satellite images that are readily available at a relatively low cost. However, this approach involves a certain margin of error when it comes to identifying the various types of cover and hence the total extent of impervious and pervious surfaces. The first problem addressed in this paper thus lies in assessing to what degree the error in the estimation of the two fractions—as derived from a reading of satellite images of the area taken into consideration—may impact the estimation of peak discharge which will be used in turn as a basis for designing or verifying a storm sewer system. A further aspect affecting the entity of rainwater that flows into a storm sewer system is the manner in which the impervious and pervious fractions are connected to the system itself. This type of information may not be deduced from satellite images, but only from an extensive field survey. However, such surveys are feasible only for areas of limited size, whereas they become prohibitive in terms of time and cost in the case of large catchments. An investigation was thus made into whether disregarding the type of connection would significantly affect the peak discharge taken as reference for the design or verification of a storm sewer system. The two above-mentioned problems were addressed in reference to a real case, represented by the town of Codigoro (Ferrara, Italy), in which five small basins with different types of land cover were selected. The results of our analysis show that an estimation of impervious and pervious fractions from high resolution satellite images is sufficiently precise and acceptable for estimating the peak discharge entering the sewer system. By contrast, disregarding the information on how the different areas are connected to the sewer system may lead to a marked overestimation of discharges.     

沥青混凝土防渗面板防渗层的质量控制参数研究

沥青混凝土防渗面板的质量控制是一个复杂的系统,影响其结果的因素有很多。以一水库沥青混凝土防渗面板工程防渗层的现场试验为基础,采用灰色系统理论中的优势分析法,重点对防渗面板防渗层的质量控制参数及其影响因素进行分析研究,确定了控制参数中的最优参数,及影响控制参数的最优影响因素,从而为实际工程质量控制提供基础,避免调整参数时顾此失彼,这将对于以后的沥青混凝土工程质量控制有一定的参考价值。     

城市雨洪防控与利用的LID-BMPs联合策略

为了解决我国城市化进程中产生的雨洪污染与雨水利用的问题,对BMPs和LID模式进行了研究比较,构建了LID-MBPs联合策略用于城市雨洪污染控制与利用。LID-BMPs联合策略是一个学习型的系统,具有很强的灵活性,它不但集结了LID和BMPs两种模式的技术,同时还对其进行了组合创新,其技术措施包括工程措施、非工程措施和综合措施,主要途径包括源头防控、途径净化与控制及终端处理与利用。     

沥青混凝土防渗面板施工质量控制的研究

以山西西龙池电站下水库沥青混凝土防渗面板工程实例为基础,介绍了防渗面板施工质量控制方法,着重从制定施工工艺、施工设备的配备及施工质量检测三方面分析了防渗面板的质量控制工作,并强调了防渗面板特殊部位施工的质量控制,这将对于以后的沥青混凝土工程质量控制有一定的借鉴价值.     

瀑布沟水电站大坝防渗墙施工质量控制

针对瀑布沟水电站大坝防渗墙工程施工方法,从固壁泥浆、造孔施工、清孔换浆、混凝土浇筑等方面,对施工质量控制进行了总结.施工历时9.6个月,圆满完成了合同规定的各项任务.防渗墙造孔、预埋件下设和墙体混凝土浇筑等施工质量优良,满足设计及规范要求.防渗墙施工中新型冲击钻机的应用、施工平台预灌浓浆处理、新型拔管技术的应用、创新型混凝土施工配合比的研制和应用,以及墙体混凝土施工质量全面检测等,对其他同类防渗墙丁程施工具有一定的借鉴作用.     

邯郸市城区雨洪及其资源化利用分析

结合华北山前平原城区雨洪预报、资源利用关键技术研究课题和邯郸市雨洪资源状况,分析了城市雨洪资源化利用必要性,介绍了雨洪资源利用的进展,分析城区不同下垫面雨洪水质变化规律,提出了城市雨洪利用的主要措施。     

Sustainable Design of Urban Stormwater Drainage Systems by Implementing Detention Tank and LID Measures for Flooding Risk Control and Water Quality Management

Water Resources Management - With the increasing emphasis and application of the flooding control and mitigation measures of detention tank (DT) and low impact development (LID) in urban stormwater...     

Comprehensive Benefit Evaluation System for Low-Impact Development of Urban Stormwater Management Measures

In recent years, plenty of simulation research about the low impact development(LID) control effect has emerged, but studies on scheme comparison and evaluation are lacking. In this study, a comprehensive benefit evaluation system for LID, including environmental, economic, and social benefits, was established on the basis of Analytic Hierarchy Process(AHP) and urban storm water model. Above all, benefit identification, quantitative evaluation and scheme comparison of single LID measures were obtained according to site investigation, simulated calculation and theoretical analysis. Whereafter, LID combination plans were designed based on single LID measures with high comprehensive benefit values, and their comprehensive benefits were evaluated to obtain the optimal plan. Then, based on well-founded system combined with Storm Water Management Model (SWMM), the design and optimization of LID were conducted, with a case in Xi’an, China. It turned out that the preferential order of the LID single measures according to the comprehensive benefit was: bio-retention > rain barrels > low-elevation greenbelt > green roofs > permeable pavement. Five LID combination plans were designed based on bio-retention, rain barrels, low-elevation greenbelt, and green roofs. Evaluation results showed that plan I (bio-retention and green roofs) was the optimal LID combination plan.     

粗粒土防渗料的质量控制方法

通过硗碛水电站砾质土直心墙土石坝安全监测工作,总结了高土石坝内部变形观测仪器的布置、安装埋设和资料分析处理,为类似工程确保施工质量和工程安全提供了参考资料.     

Role of Land Use and Seasonal Factors in Water Quality Degradations

Surface water and groundwater are the most important water sources in the natural environment. Land use and seasonal factors play an important role in influencing the quality of these water sources. An in-depth understanding of the role of these two influential factors can help to implement an effective catchment management strategy for the protection of these water sources. This paper discusses the outcomes of an extensive research study which investigated the role of land use and seasonal factors on surface water and groundwater pollution in a mixed land use coastal catchment. The study confirmed that the influence exerted on the water environment by seasonal factors is secondary to that of land use. Furthermore, the influence of land use and seasonal factors on surface water and groundwater quality varies with the pollutant species. This highlights the need to specifically take into consideration the targeted pollutants and the key influential factors for the effective protection of vulnerable receiving water environments.     

重庆市主城区建设用地扩张特征分析及其预测

考虑到地块本身空间特征对城镇规划和扩张的影响,有必要耦合空间格局因子来研究建设用地的扩张过程。以重庆市主城区为研究区域,在甄别土地利用扩展特征的基础上,综合采用平均增长率法和基于地块空间属性的优势度评价法,预测了2020年的建设用地需求量和新增建设用地的空间分布。研究结果显示①2010-2016年,重庆市主城区建设用地从749.14 km²增加至905.06 km²,年平均增长率为3.35%;②2010-2016年,研究区内新增建设用地主要来源于耕地(53.25%)或林地(37.89%)的转化,同时更倾向分布于坡度低于12°、海拔低于400 m的区域,尤其是0~3°坡度区间(24.44%)和200~300 m高程区间(47.60%);③至2020年,研究区内建设用地面积将增长115.31 km²,其中56.24%来源于耕地的转化,47.45%位于200~300 m海拔区间,58.39%位于0~12°坡度区间,主要分布于沙坪坝区、九龙坡区和渝北区。     

基于GI措施的城市雨水管理模型评析

鉴于模型应用的广泛性以及软件升级的可能性,评析了国内外近些年较为流行的8个基于绿色基础设施(GI)的城市雨水管理模型。分别从GI雨水水质和径流量控制、GI经济效益分析、GI雨水管理及经济分析集成模型3方面对模型进行分类;从GI实践的典型性、空间尺度、模型的算法、数据的输入和输出、用户界面和工具应用几个方面对模型进行详细阐释;从模型支持的GI类型、模拟方法、输入参数、模拟精度、应用范围几个方面比较了模型的不同属性;总结了几个典型模型在中国的应用情况,指出亟待解决的问题。针对目前模型的优缺点,提出未来雨水管理模型研发的方向和趋势。通过本研究,帮助城市雨水管理者和研究人员了解不同的基于GI措施的雨水管理模型的特征及用途,有助于他们在实践中根据自身需求恰当选用模型。     

坝体低弹模混凝土防渗墙质量安全控制研究

目前,很多水利除险加固工程防渗体系主体部分采用了低弹模混凝土防渗墙。结合当前坝体低弹模混凝土防渗墙建设的现实,对低弹模混凝土防渗墙质量安全关键技术进行了系统研究,包括弹模、强度、抗渗性、嵌岩深度、头部及骑缝处理、耐久性、质量检测、安全监测等方面。     

城市硬化路面集雨潜力研究

针对我国目前雨水利用现状,分析了硬化路面雨水收集的需求.根据我国城市排水设施及道路建设情况,认为实施硬化路面雨水收集具有可行性,并可在一定程度上缓解城市内涝问题.以青岛市平度地区为例,采用扣损法对2009年6-9月雨水可收集量进行了估算,若集雨路面达50％,则汛期可集雨量为543万m3,经济收益将超过1 357.5万元...     

Estimating Land Use Impacts on Regional Scale Urban Water Balance and Groundwater Recharge

Anthropogenic activities have exerted increasingly large-scale influences on terrestrial ecological systems from the past century, primarily through agriculture; however, the impact of such changes on the hydrologic cycle is poorly understood. As one of the important land use (LU) in the coastal Dogo Plain of the Seto Inland Sea, Japan, paddy fields have been decreasing with the increase in urbanization in recent decades. As the main source of water in the Dogo Plain, groundwater plays an important role in providing people with fresh water and contributing to stream base flow. The purpose of this study is to analyze the water resource and evaluate the effect of LU change on groundwater table fluctuation in this coastal plain. Firstly, the observations of groundwater table and the investigation of water balance were carried out in this alluvial plain. Then, a distributed four-block three-layer water balance model was employed to analyze the groundwater table fluctuation with response to the change of paddy field area. Moreover, the role of paddy field in recharging groundwater in the basin has been clarified. Results show that groundwater table depends not only on rainfall and discharge from rivers, but also on irrigation water and topology of the study area. The net groundwater recharge was positive in irrigation periods whereas that in non-irrigation periods was nearly equal to zero or negative. The results of this study would be helpful to the urban development policy and land use planning decision.     

Use of Intercepted Runoff Depth for Stormwater Runoff Management in Industrial Parks in Taiwan

First flush of stormwater runoff plays an important role in water quality management. Since stormwater runoff during the initial period of precipitation events carries a greater portion of pollution loads, appropriate strategies are needed for effectively controlling the non-point source loads (NPS). In the present study, case studies were performed in two industrial parks for correlating the relationship between pollutant mass and the runoff volume. Three precipitation events were used for calibration and verification of a deterministic model, Storm Water Management Model. The model was then used to simulate all rainfall events in a particular hydrological year to determine the relationship between interceptive amounts of initial runoff and their corresponding reduced portion of annual NPS loads. The results indicate that the first 6–8 mm of a storm runoff depth includes more than 60% NPS loads. If the depth is increased to 10 mm, 80% NPS loading can be contained. The interceptive volume for eliminating 80% NPS loading in Guan-Tian and Yong-Kong industrial areas are 7 and 12 mm, respectively.