金属Al-Si复合不烧铝碳滑板材料的热机械性能及显微结构

研究了金属Al-Si复合不烧铝碳滑板材料的热态抗折强度、弯曲应力-应变关系和抗热震性,并利用XRD、SEM和EDAX对其物相组成和显微结构进行了分析。结果表明:(1)材料的热态抗折强度很高,在1200～1400℃时达到50MPa以上;(2)材料从400℃开始到1400℃一直保持塑性状态,在1400℃仍没有进入粘滞流动阶段,只是在800℃以上变形量有所增加;(3)材料具有良好的抗热震性,在经受ΔT为1000～1200℃的一次热震后,其残余抗折强度均>30MPa,其抗折强度保持率仍为70%左右;(4)材料热机械性能优良的基本原因在于加入的金属Al和Si发生碳化和氮化等反应原位生成了非氧化物增强相,其显微结构特征从以碳结合为主转化为以非氧化物结合为主。     

低碳Al2 O3-β-SiAlON烧成滑板的热机械性能及显微结构

用10%的矾土基β-SiAlON替代普通铝碳烧成滑板中的部分炭素材料和刚玉,研究了低碳Al2O3-β-SiAlON烧成滑板的高温抗折强度、抗热震性能及显微结构。研究结果显示:这种滑板材料与普通烧成铝碳滑板材料相比较,碳含量降低了4%~6%,但在中、高温(1000~1400℃)强度有明显提高,抗热震性略有改善。其主要原因是引入的矾土基β-SiAlON与刚玉之间有较紧密的直接结合,起到了强化、韧化的作用。     

Al和Al-Si加入量对Al2O3-C材料高温性能的影响

在板状刚玉颗粒、板状刚玉细粉、α-Al2O3微粉和石墨含量(质量分数,下同)分别为65%、27%、6%和2%的Al2O3-C材料中,分别以5%、8%和11%的Al粉或Al-Si复合粉(8%Al 1.5%Si和8%Al 3%Si)替代等量的板状刚玉细粉,外加3.5%的热固性树脂混练均匀,成型后于800℃埋炭热处理3h。在埋炭条件下检测试样400~1400℃的热态抗折强度、200~1400℃的应力-应变、常温~1500℃的热膨胀率以及试样的抗热震性和抗氧化性,并对部分试样进行了XRD、SEM和EDS分析。结果表明(1)随着温度的升高,试样的热态抗折强度表现出先降低,后快速升高,最后慢速升高的变化趋势;温度≥1000℃时,试样的热态抗折强度随Al粉加入量的增多而提高;在加入Si粉后,试样的热态抗折强度进一步提高。(2)试样在低温时即产生塑性变形,一直到1400℃仍处于塑性变形阶段。(3)试样的抗热震性随Al粉加入量的增多而提高,在加入Si粉后继续小幅提高。(4)试样的抗氧化性随Al粉加入量的增加而提高,加入Si粉后由于形成致密的氧化层结构,抗氧化性进一步提高。     

低硅铝锆碳滑板的性能研究

针对传统的以锆莫来石为原料的铝锆碳滑板中SiO2含量较多,在浇铸钙处理钢时侵蚀严重的问题,用部分稳定ZrO2(PSZ)代替锆莫来石原料,加入板状刚玉、活性α-Al2O3、炭黑、Si粉、B4C粉和热固性酚醛树脂,分别在1300℃、1400℃、1500℃烧后制成了低硅铝锆碳滑板,并测定了试样的抗渣性、热膨胀系数、膨胀率和热震后强度损失率。结果表明:低硅铝锆碳滑板的烧成温度以1300~1400℃为宜,在此温度下烧成的试样性能优良,其抗热震性和抗渣性均优于以锆莫来石为原料的传统铝锆碳滑板。     

添加剂对尖晶石碳质材料性能的影响

为提高尖晶石碳质材料的抗热震性和抗冲刷性,以尖晶石、石墨和不同种类添加剂(铝-硅合金、硅粉、B4C、Si C)为原料,热塑性酚醛树脂为结合剂,在氮气保护下经950℃热处理后,制备了石墨含量为8%(w)的尖晶石碳质材料,探究了添加剂对尖晶石碳材料力学性能、抗热震性和抗氧化性的影响。结果表明:1)铝-硅合金或B4C能明显提高尖晶石碳材料的常温抗折强度,但会降低材料的抗热震性,B4C对材料的抗热震性最不利,硅粉和Si C对常温抗折强度影响不大,但能显著提高抗热震性;2)铝-硅合金或硅粉能显著提高材料的高温抗折强度,B4C或Si C对高温强度影响不大。3)经950℃热处理后,B4C对提高材料的抗氧化性作用不明显,单独加入硅粉、铝-硅合金和B4C复合添加均能提高抗氧化性能。     

碳的种类对铝锆碳滑板性能的影响

分别对单独加入4%(质量分数)鳞片石墨、炭黑、沥青碳3种碳材料和加入不同碳材料(总质量分数4%)复合的铝锆碳滑板进行了树脂加入量、耐压强度、高温抗折强度、显气孔率、体积密度等物理性能以及抗氧化、抗热震性能比较。试验结果表明添加石墨可以实现低的树脂加入量,试样的显气孔率低,抗氧化性好;添加炭黑可以提高试样的强度;添加沥青碳,则可提高试样的抗热震性,但抗氧化变差;复合添加这3种碳材料,可以得到强度高、抗热震好的铝锆碳滑板试样。     

金属铝结合镁-尖晶石-碳滑板的研制

研究了不同添加物(电熔刚玉、镁铝尖晶石、碳化硅和阿隆)对镁碳材料物理性能和抗热震性的影响,炭素种类对镁碳材料物理性能和抗氧化性的影响以及抗氧化剂种类和加入方式对镁碳材料常温抗折强度和抗氧化性的影响,根据确定的最佳添加物研制连铸钢包用滑板材料。结果表明:加入镁铝尖晶石有利于提高材料的抗热震性;与炭黑相比,添加597微细石墨可显著提高材料的常温抗折强度、致密度以及抗氧化性;以碳化硼和硅粉作为复合添加剂,有利于提高材料中、高温处理后的常温抗折强度,同时也提高了材料的抗氧化性;研制的镁-尖晶石-碳滑板材料在实际使用中的抗拉毛性优于重烧铝锆碳滑板,达到了钢厂的使用要求。     

白云石微粉对刚玉-尖晶石质浇注料物理性能的影响

以电熔白刚玉、电熔镁铝尖晶石、氧化铝微粉、白云石微粉以及铝酸钙水泥为主要原料,研究了白云石微粉加入量(质量分数分别为0、1.5%和3%)对刚玉-尖晶石质浇注料物理性能的影响。结果表明:加入1.5%白云石微粉对浇注料的线变化率影响不大,并能够明显提高浇注料800～1100℃烧后的冷、热态抗折强度,对1400℃烧后的冷、热态抗折强度影响不大,但1600℃烧后冷、热态抗折强度降低。加入3.0%的白云石微粉使各试验温度烧后浇注料的线变化率增大且不利于浇注料强度的提高。与1400℃烧后相比,1600℃烧后所有试样冷、热态强度均有所降低,而且随白云石微粉加入量的增加降低幅度增大。白云石微粉的加入能够明显提高刚玉-尖晶石质浇注料的强度保持率,但试样热震前后的抗折强度均明显降低。     

滑动水口滑板用耐火材料的研究

研究了代用材料对不同种类炉渣的抗侵蚀性及其抗热震性和1400℃的抗折强度。探讨了滑动水口滑板用此类材料的有关性能及使用条件。     

加入不同量Al粉和Si粉的低碳Al2O3-C滑板的高温力学性能

以板状刚玉、α-Al2O3微粉、石墨、Al粉、Si粉为原料,固定板状刚玉、α-Al2O3微粉、石墨的加入质量分数分别为85%、5%、2%,加入8%(w)不同比例的Al粉和Si粉(Al、Si质量比分别为0∶8、5∶3、3∶5和8∶0),以酚醛树脂为结合剂,制备了低碳Al2O3-C滑板,并研究了该滑板材料于1 500℃保温3 h埋石墨热处理后的热态抗折强度、应力-应变关系和抗热震性,同时分析了其物相组成和显微结构。结果表明,此低碳Al2O3-C滑板材料具有较高的高温强度和优良的抗热震性:当Al、Si质量比从0∶8变为8∶0时,材料在1 400℃的高温抗折强度从10.4 MPa增至32.4 MPa;在6.5 MPa载荷下1 400℃时的最大变形量从215μm降至90μm;1 100℃风冷热震3次后的抗折强度保持率从80%降至65%。这是由于Al、Si在使用的高温下与C、CO和N2反应生成了非氧化物Al4C3、AlN和SiC,这些非氧化物填充在刚玉骨架结构中起增强、增韧作用,有利于提高低碳Al2O3-C滑板材料的高温力学性能。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。