Preparation of the novel colloidal liquid aphrons and the investigation of its application on treatment oily sludge

经过两步反应合成了一种新型的磺酸盐型阴离子表面活性剂.应用红外光谱、元素分析等手段对中间体、最终产品进行了结构表征；应用电导法测定了自制的新型磺酸盐型阴离子表面活性剂cmc,运用两相滴定法测定了新型磺酸盐型阴离子表面活性剂的有效含量.接着,应用新型磺酸盐型阴离子表面活性剂构筑了一种新型的胶质液体泡沫(CLA)体系.实验发现,胶质液体泡沫(CLA)的粒径及稳定性主要受相比影响.利用电导率仪对胶质液体泡沫体系的稳定性进行初步研究.应用光学显微技术对胶质液体泡沫体系的结构进行了表征.最后,应用胶质液体泡沫体系进行含油污泥的原油脱除研究,并对脱除的原油进行了回收,并应用光学显微镜技术对原油脱除机理进行了初步探讨.正交实验的结果表明:自制的、稳定的、胺质液体泡沫体系可以有效地脱除含油污泥中的原油,最佳条件是:含油污泥处理量0.5g,稀释比为10∶1,处理温度45℃,处理时间20min,最佳条件下含油污泥中原油的脱除率可达99.60％.     

一种新型胶质液体泡沫的制备及其在处理含油污泥中的应用研究

经过两步反应合成了一种新型的磺酸盐型阴离子表面活性剂。应用红外光谱、元素分析等手段对中间体、最终产品进行了结构表征;应用电导法测定了自制的新型磺酸盐型阴离子表面活性剂cmc,运用两相滴定法测定了新型磺酸盐型阴离子表面活性剂的有效含量。接着,应用新型磺酸盐型阴离子表面活性剂构筑了一种新型的胶质液体泡沫(CLA)体系。实验发现,胶质液体泡沫(CLA)的粒径及稳定性主要受相比影响。利用电导率仪对胶质液体泡沫体系的稳定性进行初步研究。应用光学显微技术对胶质液体泡沫体系的结构进行了表征。最后,应用胶质液体泡沫体系进行含油污泥的原油脱除研究,并对脱除的原油进行了回收,并应用光学显微镜技术对原油脱除机理进行了初步探讨。正交实验的结果表明:自制的、稳定的、胶质液体泡沫体系可以有效地脱除含油污泥中的原油,最佳条件是:含油污泥处理量0.5g,稀释比为10∶1,处理温度45℃,处理时间20min,最佳条件下含油污泥中原油的脱除率可达99.60%。     

预分散溶剂萃取用于浓缩湿法磷酸脱色

在采用溶剂萃取法净化磷酸的过程中，湿法磷酸中的有色杂质会与萃取剂作用，影响萃取过程，因此有必要在萃取前对其进行脱色处理，去除其中的有机杂质。提出用预分散溶剂萃取技术（PDSE）对湿法磷酸进行脱色净化。实验测定了用预分散萃取法脱色过程中温度、胶质液体泡沫（CLA）和浓磷酸体积比对萃取率的影响。同时，还测定了活性炭和过氧化氢在不同操作条件下的脱色率，并将其与预分散溶剂萃取法进行了比较，发现预分散溶剂萃取法的脱色效果更好，并且其生产操作可在常温下进行。     

胶质液体泡沫的研究进展及其在分离工程中的应用

概述了胶质液体泡沫（CLAs）的研究发展现状；讨论了CLAs的制备及影响CLAs形成的因素；分析了CLAs内部结构特征，稳定机理及其影响因素；并就胶质液体泡沫在分离工程中的应用，特别是预分散溶剂萃取（PDSE）分离，进行了总结和评述。重点分析了CLAs内部结构的本质，对该领域的研究前景作了展望；指出了有关CLAs结构探讨的研究方向和手段。     

胶体泡沫和双液泡沫体系及其在分离中的应用

胶体泡沫(CGA)和双液泡沫(CLA)作为一类新的多相分散体系,其特点是包封的皂膜较厚,皂膜内外都存在表面活性剂单分子层,与普通泡沫有很大不同,如泡径小(微米级)、稳定性高、比表面大等,其应用也日益受到关注。概述了CGA和CLA的结构、性质、表征方法、手段和研究进展以及在离子浮选、除油、萃取、蛋白质分离等过程中的应用。     

新型胶质液体泡沫的制备及其用于含油污泥中的原油回收

通过两步反应制各了一种新型Gemini型磺酸盐阴离子表面活性剂.即二苯并-18-冠-6在多聚磷酸的存在下与壬烯发生烷基化反应.得到4(5),4'(5').二壬基-二苯并-18-冠-6;再与氯磺酸发生磺化反应,经中和得到一种新型的Gemini型磺酸盐阴离子表面活性剂.应用红外光谱、元素分析等手段对中间体、最终产品进行了结构表征;应用电导法测定了其临界胶束浓度.接着,应用自制的新型Gemini型表面活性剂构筑了一种新型的胶质液体泡沫(CLAs)体系.实验发现,胶质液体泡沫(CLAs)的粒径及稳定性主要受相比影响.利用电导率仪对胶质液体泡沫体系的稳定性进行初步研究.应用电子摄影显微镜技术对胶质液体泡沫体系的结构进行了表征.最后,应用构筑的新型胶质液体泡沫体系对含油污泥原油的回收进行了研究.正交试验的结果表明:自制的、稳定的、胶质液体泡沫体系可以有效地脱除含油污泥中的原油.适宜的条件是:含油污泥处理量0.6 g,胶质液体泡沫稀释比为10:1,处理温度45℃,处理时间20 min,此条件下含油污泥中原油的脱除率可达99.65%.并应用光学显微镜技术对原油脱除机理进行了初步探讨.     

用萃取体系负载有机相预分散水解法制备高比表面TiO2粉体

用三辛基氧化膦-煤油／盐酸-Ti（Ⅳ）萃取体系的负载有机相为内相制备了稳定的胶质液态泡沫（CLA）。用氨水水解油泡中的Ti（Ⅳ）制备了孔径约11nm,比表面约130m^2／g的TiO2粉体。用透射电镜（TEM）、氮气吸附和X射线衍射等方法对制得的材料进行了表征。     

新型天然胶质泡沫钻井液的研制及其性能评价

为了评估新型天然表面活性剂在基于CGA的钻井液中作为增氧剂的潜力,以天然植物为材料来源,分别从迷迭香根茎及指甲花叶子中提取天然表面活性剂制备CGA流体.结合气泡尺寸测量、流变学表征和稳定性测试,深入分析表面活性剂和聚合物体积分数对CGA流体物理、流变性质的影响.结果表明:CGA流体中平均气泡的直径会随着表面活性剂或聚合...     

SiO2纳米颗粒对水相泡沫稳定性的影响

采用SiO_2纳米颗粒分别与阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠（SDS）、阳离子表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵（CTAB）、非离子表面活性剂十二烷基醇聚氧乙烯（3）醚（AEO-3）复配制备水相泡沫,研究了发泡体积、半衰期和微观结构的变化规律,以揭示SiO_2纳米颗粒对水相泡沫稳定性的影响机理。结果表明,在表面活性剂质量分数一定的条件下,随着纳米颗粒质量分数的增加,泡沫稳定性逐渐增强,当纳米颗粒质量分数为0.3%时,发泡体积达最大值,含气率分别为78.9%,78.4%和78.8%。与单组分质量分数分别为0.3%,0.3%和15%的SDS、CTAB、AEO-3体系相比,发泡体积未受影响,半衰期分别为9.0,8.2和360?min,提高了20%,28.1%和71.4%,泡沫的稳定性得到了不同程度的改善。     

微通道中液-液萃取传质特性的研究

研究了在一个内径为400 μm管式直线型玻璃微通道中的液-液两相的传质特性,其中去离子水为水相, 煤油（溶质是苯甲酸）为油相, 氮气为气相。实验研究了表面张力、黏度和气体分散相对体积传质系数的影响,结果表明：在内径为400 μm的微通道内,当停留时间为15 s时微通道内的萃取已达到平衡;水相的表面张力和液体黏度显著影响微通道内的传质效率;在液-液系统中引入气相后,水油两相之间的传质效率显著增加。     

预分散溶剂萃取分离苯酚溶液的研究

Predispersed solvent extraction (PDSE) is a new method for separating solutes from aqueous solution by solvent extraction and one which has shown promise for extraction from extremely dilute solution very efficient and very quick. The use of colloidal liquid aphrons in predispersed solvent extraction may ameliorate the problems such as emulsion formation, reduction of interracial mass transfer and low interfacial mass transfer areas in solvent extraction process. In present paper, colloidal liquid aphrons are successfully generated using kerosene as a solvent,tributyl phosphate(TBP) as an extractant, sodium dodecyl benzene sulphate(SDBS) as surfactant in aqueous phase and Tween-80 in oil phase. Extraction of phenol from dilute solution was studied by using colloidal liquid aphrons and colloidal gas aphrons in a semi-batch extraction column. It has been found that the PDSE process is more suitable for extraction of dilute solutions. It has also been discovered that the PDSE process has a great advantage over traditional single-stage extraction process.     

PREDISPERSED SOLVENT EXTRACTION──THE STATE-OF-THE-ART REVIEW

Predispersed solvent extraction (PDSE) is a new extraction technique in which one of the two phases (usually the oil phase) is predispersed into minute droplets. The essential part of this novel technique is the use of colloidal liquid aphrons (CLA) together with colloidal gas aphrons (CGA). The use of colloidal liquid aphrons in predispersed solvent extraction may ameliorate the problems such as emulsion formation, reduction of interfacial mass transfer etc. In this paper, PDSE process, CLA and CGA are systematically reviewed and the potential applications of CLA, CGA and PDSE for the various areas of separation as well as the latest development in this area are discussed.     

Separation of Quercentin by Pre-dispersed Solvent Extraction

Pre-dispersed solvent extraction (PDSE) was used to extract quercentin from its diluted solution. The influences of temperature, phase volume ratio (PVR), concentration of sodium Dodecyl benzene sulphonate and pH value etc. on the extraction efficiency were examined. It is found that, compared with traditional extraction techniques under the same condition, a higher extraction productivity can be obtained by PDSE. The stability of colloidal liquid aphrons plays an important role in this process. In a certain scope, the extraction efficiency increases with PVR. Excessive amount of solvent is not much helpful. A new analytical method by using ultraviolet spectrometer to determine the concentration of quercentin is established.     

Predispersed solvent extraction of negatively complexed copper from water using colloidal liquid aphron containing a quaternary ammonium salt

Negatively complexed copper ion by complexing agent like EDTA (Ethylenediaminetetraacteic acid) was removed by predispered solvent extraction (PDSE) using colloidal liquid aphrons (CLAs) made out of Trioctylmetylammonium chloride (Aliquat 336) diluted with nonpolar kerosene. PDSE was found to have higher mass transfer rate than conventional solvent extraction under experimental conditions without mechanical mixing. The effect of type of water-soluble surfactants, phase volume ratio (PVR), concentration of anionic Sodium Dodecyl Benzene Sulfonate (SDBS) on PDSE was investigated. In addition, the effect of anionic SDBS on back extraction in PDSE was also studied. Under experimental conditions with enough mechanical mixing, the amount of copper transferred to Aliquat 336 core from the pregnant phase was compared in both PDSE by using anionic SDBS and conventional solvent extraction. It is concluded that PDSE using Aliquat 336 CLA can be used for treatment of negatively complexed copper without the influence of surfactant. To optimize CLAs-based process, stability of CLAs containing a quaternary ammonium salt Aliquat 336 diluted with kerosene in the continuous phase was investigated by measuring the volume released to surface. To destabilize CLAs, H⁺, OIL were added. Stability of CLAs was estimated by comparing the half-life obtained. Break-up of destabilization follows pseudo-first-order reaction kinetics at low ionic strength. But, pseudo-first-order model cannot be applied to a region of high ionic strength.     

Studies in Solvent Extraction Using Polyaphrons. I. Size Distribution,Stability, and Flotation of Polyaphrons

Abstract

Predispersed solvent extraction (PDSE) is a promising technique for the treatment of wastewater containing low solubility, hydrophobic contaminants. A stable predispersed organic solvent in the form of polyaphrons of very small diameter results in high surface areas with a minimum energy requirement for mass transfer of solutes from the aqueous phase to the organic solvent. PDSE should greatly improve the performance of a conventional extraction process. This paper focuses on the characterization and size distributions of polyaphrons. Polyaphrons were generated using different cationic, anionic, and nonionic surfactants in water and an oil-soluble nonionic surfactant. Kerosene was used as the organic solvent to form the polyaphrons. Size distributions were obtained using a particle size analyzer. The optimal instrument parameters (sample quantity, optical parameters, run time, etc.) were identified for these measurements. The size distribution based on volume fraction was found to show a bimodal behavior, with peak size maxima between 1–3 and 10–30 μm for all the polyaphrons. The effects of different surfactant types, surfactant concentrations, and storage times on the size distribution spectrum of polyaphrons were studied. The size distribution of different polyaphrons before and after flotation in an aqueous column using colloidal gas aphrons (CGAs) was also studied. Flotation was deduced to occur as a result of electrostatic forces between the CGAs and polyaphrons.     

Effect of ph on the extraction characteristics of succinic acid and the stability of colloidal liquid aphrons

Predispersed solvent extraction (PDSE) by colloidal liquid aphrons (CLAs) was used for the extraction of succinic acid from aqueous solution. The loading values for succinic acid in PDSE by CLAs increased with increasing pH values in aqueous phase. This was due to increasing of the concentration of the undissociated succinic acid. The extractability of PDSE was higher than that of conventional contacting type extraction because of the interaction between factant and acid molecule. The stability of CLAs increased with increasing of the pH values in aqueous phase and decreasing of trioctylamine (TOA) concentration in organic phase. However, the structure of CLAs was stable at all the pH range except very low pH condition. This paper is dedicated to Professor Wha Young Lee on the occasion of his retirement from Seoul National University.     

Factors influencing the stability of a novel enzyme immobilisation support – colloidal liquid aphrons (CLAs)

A key factor in the immobilisation of enzymes is the stability of the support. An investigation was carried out on the stability of colloidal liquid aphrons (CLAs) in dilute dispersion, looking particularly at the effects of process parameters and CLA composition. CLAs were formulated from a Softanol 30/decane solvent phase and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)/β‐galactosidase aqueous phase. The aim of this work was to gain an understanding of the mechanisms stabilising CLAs, and to characterise the effects of process parameters on stability such that the knowledge gained could be used in the design of a membrane bioreactor. CLA stability was measured using a light scattering technique (defined by a first order CLA half‐life). It was proposed that CLA break‐up occurred by the collision of CLAs with sufficient energy to overcome the forces stabilising the CLAs. Stability was found not to be dependent on the bulk aqueous phase ionic strength, but increasing the concentration of the ionic surfactant increased stability, indicating that stability was influenced by charge repulsion. Stability was also found to increase for increasing enzyme (β‐galactosidase) concentration, indicating steric interactions and elastic effects were also important. Finally, the effect of process parameters (reactor temperature, CLA concentration and circulation velocity) were assessed, and their effect was explained in terms of their influence on collision energy and the activation energy necessary for CLA break‐up; increasing CLA concentration was found to improve stability considerably. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

The influence of system parameters on the stability of colloidal liquid aphrons

An investigation was carried out on the effect of process parameters involved in Pre‐Dispersed Solvent Extraction (PDSE) on the stability and interactions in dilute dispersions of Colloidal Liquid Aphrons (CLAs). The aim of this work was to derive empirically‐based engineering relationships that could be used in the design of PDSE processes. For this investigation, CLAs were formulated with an Aliquat 336/n‐octanol/Softanol 120 solvent phase, and a Synperonic A20 aqueous phase. These CLAs were intended for use in the reactive pre‐dispersed solvent extraction of polar solutes such as phenylalanine. Light scattering measurements over a range of continuous aqueous and CLA phase conditions were used as a method of obtaining a measure of the rate of disappearance of CLAs from dispersion (a measure of stability), and a comparison of stability under different conditions. Two forms of CLA interaction occurring by independent mechanisms were identified – CLA break‐up, and CLA flocculation. Break‐up was found to be a first order process, allowing CLA stability to be characterised by a first order half‐life (typical half‐life 15–40 min). This was proposed to occur on collision of CLAs with sufficient energy to overcome the stabilising forces provided by the surfactants at the interfaces of the CLAs. It was shown that flocculation occurred at high ionic strengths (>0.1 M NaCl), and that it was not part of the break‐up mechanism. An apparent size dependent CLA half‐life was proposed to be due to smaller particles having a lower collision energy on average. The data suggested that the resistance to CLA break‐up was not charge repulsion, but derived from an interaction between molecules of one of the surfactants making up the aqueous ‘shell’ of the CLAs (Synperonic A20). Finally, the basis for a semi‐empirical design equation for prediction of CLA half‐life developed from the Arrhenius equation was proposed. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry