不同应变率下 TRlP钢的拉伸性能

在自制气动式间接杆杆型冲击拉伸试验机上对含1.6Si-1.58Mn-0.195C的TRIP（Transformation-induced Plasticity)钢在不同应变率下的高速冲击拉伸性能进行了研究，并和静态拉伸性能进行了比较。结果显示，随应变速率的提高，材料的抗拉强度显著增加，延伸率降低。由于TRIP钢组织中残余奥氏体在应力应变作用下向马氏体的相变诱发转变显著改善了材料的塑性，因此在高应变率下的延伸率仍较好。     

高锰TRIP/TWIP效应共生钢高速变形过程中的组织演变及变形行为

对18Mn-3Al-3Si和21Mn-3Al-3Si高锰TRIP/TWIP效应共生钢动态变形过程中的变形行为,应变硬化速率、真应力和应变硬化指数随真应变的变化,以及应变硬化和基体软化间的相互作用等进行了研究,采用OM,SEM,TEM和XRD等方法对变形前后的组织进行了分析.结果表明,高应变速率下,TRIP/TWIP效应共生钢应变诱发相变途径为γ→ε→α;高速变形对滑移的抑制、奥氏体向马氏体的相变和形变孪晶对奥氏体晶粒的细化是应变硬化的主要因素;造成基体软化的原因是绝热温升效应、ε→γ的逆相变和孪晶的动态再结晶.     

贝氏体含量对F/B双相管线钢力学性能的影响

采用700、720、740、760℃临界区热处理的方法,依次获得了4种不同贝氏体体积分数(16％、28％、41％、48％)的铁素体/贝氏体(F/B)双相管线钢.利用SEM、TEM及力学性能测试手段,研究了贝氏体含量对管线钢的强度、塑性和韧性的综合影响规律.结果表明,相比原始组织,F/B双相管线钢具有较低的屈服强度和相当...     

相同成分DP钢和TRIP钢部分力学性能的比较

对同一种钢板进行不同热处理分别制成具有相同铁素体含量的双相钢(DP钢)和相变诱发塑性变形钢(TRIP钢),并对其部分力学性能进行对比。比较发现,铁素体基体上不同的第二相使得材料力学性能产生巨大差异:马氏体使DP钢具有很高的抗拉强度,残余奥氏体则赋予TRIP钢优良的伸长率;DP钢拥有更加优良的加工硬化能力,TRIP钢则具有较为理想的烘烤硬化能力。试验还表明,考察DP钢和TRIP钢的烘烤硬化能力时,除柯氏气团外,内应力的消除也应该考虑其中。     

Transformation hardening of steel sheet for automotive applications

Among high-strength steels, transformation hardening steels such as dual-phase (DP) steel and transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) steel offer a superior relationship between tensile strength (TS) and elongation (El) on a commercial scale. As demand has grown for lighter-weight automobiles, so also has the demand for higher TS, lower yield ratio, and higher hole expansion ratio grown. Recently DP steel has been developed with precipitation hardening and grain refining by TiC. A new TRIP steel composed of 5Mn-2Si and control-rolled with niobium addition suggests the formation of retained austenite (γ _R ) as much as 30% and TS × El = 3,000 kgf/mm²·%.     

应变速率对低C高Mn TRIP/TWIP钢组织演变和力学行为的影响

研究了Fe-18Mn低C高Mn TRIP/TWIP钢在应变速率范围为1.67×10^-4-10³s^-1的室温拉伸实验过程中力学性能和组织的变化.在准静态拉伸应变速率范围内(1.67×10^-4-1.67×10^-1s^-1),应变速率对高Mn TRIP/TWIP钢的抗拉强度产生逆效应,随着应变速率的加快,抗拉强度和延伸率都降低;而在动态拉伸应变速率范围内(10¹-10³s^-1),应变速率对高Mn TRIP/TWIP钢的延伸率产生逆效应,抗拉强度和延伸率都随着应变速率的加快而增加;在应变速率为10³s^-1时,高Mn TRIP/TWIP钢抗拉强度可达到957 MPa,延伸率达到55.8%,具有较好的综合力学性能;随着应变速率的提高,马氏体转变量减少,孪生变形向多个方向发展.采用SEM,TEM和XRD等方法对变形前后的组织进行了分析,在所有应变速率范围内的拉伸变形过程中都产生了奥氏体向马氏体转变和形变孪晶,并且在应变速率为10³s^-1的高速拉伸过程中产生绝热温升效应,使得基体软化.     

Effect of Manganese Content on Tensile Deformation Behavior of Fe-Mn-C TWIP SteelsEI北大核心CSCD

Twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) steels exhibit excellent mechanical properties including high tensile strength and good plasticity owing to their high strain-hardening rate. The high strain-hardening rate results mainly from deformation twinning; in addition, plane slip and dynamic strain ageing also have some contribution to strain-hardening rate. Until now, the influences of some alloy elements such as C, Al and Si on tensile properties of Fe-Mn-C based TWIP steels have received much attention. However, the effect of Mn content on the microstructure and tensile properties of twinning-dominated Fe-Mn-C TWIP steels is still not clear. In this work, the microstructure, tensile properties and strain hardening behavior of two Fe-Mn-C TWIP steels (Fe-13Mn-1.0C and Fe-22Mn-1.0C, mass fraction, %) were studied by using OM, TEM, SEM-EBSD and monotonic tensile tests. The results show that the yield and tensile strengths of the steel decrease while the elongation to fracture increases with the increase of Mn content. At low tensile strains, the increase of Mn content delays the formation of deformation twins. However, at higher strain level, the deformation twinning rate becomes higher and hence more deformation twins are produced in the steel with higher Mn content than that in the steel with lower Mn content. Furthermore, the thickness of deformation twins increases with increasing the Mn content. The twinning and tensile deformation behavior in the two steels are also discussed.     

Effect of strain rate on deformation behavior of TRIP steels

Tensile deformation behavior of Si–Mn TRIP (TRansformation Induced Plasticity) steel with vanadium and without vanadium and the DP (Dual Phase) steel of the same composition were studied in a large range of strain rate (0.001–2000 s^?1) by routine material testing machine, rotation disk bar–bar tensile impact apparatus and high-speed material testing machine of servo-hydraulic type. In situ measurement of the transformation of retained austenite was performed by means of X-ray stress apparatus in order to have detailed knowledge about the transformation of retained austenite at quasi-static tensile. Microstructure of steels before and after tensile were observed by means of optical microscope (OM), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). It is shown that there is no yield plateau observed on the stress–strain curve at quasi-static condition for TRIP steel containing vanadium because the vanadium carbide suppress the formation of Cottrell atmosphere in matrix. Retained austenite of Si–Mn TRIP steel containing vanadium transforms to martensite at loading stress of 502 MPa (its yielding strength is 486 MPa), while the transformation of retained austenite in matrix of Si–Mn TRIP steel without vanadium happens when its yielding process is finished at quasi-static tensile. It is confirmed that phase transformation of retained austenite in TRIP steel is strain induced phase transformation. It is noted that tensile elongation of TRIP steel at dynamic tensile is always lower than that at quasi-static tensile. That is because gradually strain induced phase transformation of retained austenite in TRIP steel is suppressed by deformation localization at dynamic tensile.     

试样标距对800MPa级DP钢准静态拉伸变形行为的影响

随着对汽车安全性和燃油经济性的要求越来越高,先进高强度钢在车身上的应用比例逐渐增大。文章研究了800MPa级双相钢(DP钢)在应变速率10-3s-1条件下,不同原始标距L0对其性能的影响。结果显示,原始标距L0减小,基本不影响材料的屈服强度Re、抗拉强度Rm和最大力非比例伸长率Ag,但断后伸长率A显著增大,从而获得较大应变下的应力应变本构关系。该结果可为数值模拟设计者在设计过程中,定义材料力学属性提供参考,为小圆角等较小当量变形部位,提供更为准确的塑性流变关系。采用有限元模拟了不同L0试样拉伸过程,揭示出断后伸长率A发生变化的原因。藉SEM,分析了试样颈缩区的变形组织和断口形貌,探讨了其断裂机理。研究可为超高强度钢在汽车上的应用提供参考。     

DP980高强钢连续退火后的组织与性能

研究了不同工艺参数对980 MPa级连续退火双相钢组织及力学性能的影响,利用光学显微镜、透射电镜(TEM)以及拉伸试验对双相钢的微观组织和力学性能进行测试及分析。结果表明:DP980钢的退火组织主要由铁素体、马氏体岛和少量的贝氏体组成,马氏体岛附近的位错密度较高。随着均热温度的升高,DP980钢的抗拉强度呈现先降低后升高的趋势,屈服强度与抗拉强度的趋势一致,伸长率先升高后降低。随着过时效温度的升高,DP980钢的抗拉强度和屈服强度降低,降低幅度较小,伸长率上升,但变化不明显,说明通过调整过时效温度来调控其力学性能的作用较小。     

Hot cracking investigation during laser welding of high-strength steels with multi-scale modelling approach

Hot cracking during laser welding of advanced high-strength steels is reported to be a serious problem by automotive manufacturers. In this work, hot cracking susceptibilities of transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) and dual-phase (DP) steels are studied based on a multi-scale modelling approach. Transient temperatures measured from welding experiments are used to validate a finite element (FE) model. The temperature, thermal gradient and cooling rate in the weld fusion zone are extracted from the FE model and pre-defined as boundary conditions to a phase field model. The welding-induced microstructural evolution is simulated considering thermodynamic and mobility data. Results show that, compared to the DP steel, the TRIP steel has a broader solidification range, a greater pressure drop at the inter-dendritic regions, and an increased phosphorus segregation at the grain boundaries; all these make this steel more susceptible for hot cracking.     

低碳-硅-锰系TRIP钢的组织演变规律研究

采用彩色金相、SEM、TEM和X射线衍射技术研究了低碳-硅-锰TRJP钢在单向拉伸状态下的组织演变规律.结果表明,TRIP钢变形前的组织为F、B和残余奥氏体,经拉伸变形后部分残余奥氏体在应变作用下转变为孪晶结构的马氏体,提高了钢的强度;TRIP钢的断裂为韧性断裂,位于F晶界处的残余奥氏体发生相变从而松弛了应力,延缓了断裂的产生,使TRIP钢板获得高塑性.     

The effect of silicon, aluminium and phosphor on the dynamic behavior and phenomenological modelling of multiphase TRIP steels

Multiphase TRansformation Induced Plasticity (TRIP) steels combine excellent ductility and high strength, making them ideally suited for shock absorbing parts in the automotive industry. When designing structures for impact, an understanding of the mechanical properties of materials under high strain rate conditions is essential. An extensive experimental program using a split Hopkinson tensile bar set-up was established in an effort to investigate the dynamic properties of various TRIP steel grades. Four different TRIP steels are described with varying contents of the alloying elements silicon, aluminium and phosphor. Moreover, several phenomenological models describing the strain rate and temperature-dependent mechanical behaviour are validated. TRIP steel grades in which aluminium is the main alloying element show high elongation values, whereas a high silicon content results in an increase in strength. The widely used Johnson-Cook model can describe the behaviour of TRIP steels and provides the opportunity to study its material and structural response.     

The high-speed deformation behavior of TRIP steels

The high-speed deformation behavior of TRIP steel was investigated at strain rates ranging from 10⁻² s⁻¹ to 10³ s⁻¹. The effects of metallurgical factors, such as the rolling direction, thickness, and gage length, on the tensile properties at various strain rates were evaluated. The ultimate tensile strength, uniform elongation, strain rate sensitivity, absorbed energy, and strain-hardening exponent are reported. In general, the strength increases and the ductility decreases as the strain rate increases. The samples with a high amount of retained austenite had two distinct regions of strain rate sensitivity, showing high strain rate sensitivity over a strain rate of 10² s⁻¹. The tensile properties were not affected by the gage length and thickness of the tensile samples; however, the rolling direction of the tensile samples affected the UTS values slightly. The absorbed energy of the TRIP steel greatly exceeded that of HSLA steel.     

Hot Deformation Behavior and Processing Maps of a High Al-low Si Transformation-Induced Plasticity Steel: Microstructural Evolution and Flow Stress Behavior

Hot deformation behavior of a high Al-low Si transformation-induced plasticity(TRIP) steel was studied by an MMS-300 thermo-simulation machine at the temperature range of 1050–1200℃ and strain rate range of 0.01–10s~(-1). The constitutive equations of the TRIP steel were established at high temperature by fitting the strain factor with a sixth-order polynomial. The instability during hot rolling was discussed using processing maps. The results reveal that two types of flow stress curves(dynamic recrystallization and dynamic recovery) were observed during the hot compression of the high Al-low Si TRIP steel. Flow stress decreased with increasing deformation temperature and decreasing strain rate. The predicted flow stress of experimental TRIP steel is in agreement with the experimental values with an average absolute relative error of 4.49% and a coefficient of determination of 0.9952. According to the obtained processing maps, the TRIP steel exhibits a better workability at strain rate of 0.1s~(-1) and deformation temperature of 1200℃ as compared to other deformation conditions.     

Phase Transformation and Texture Evolution During Cold Rolling and alpha '-M Reversion in High Manganese TRIP SteelEI北大核心CSCD

To meet the requirement of environment, economy and safety, advanced high strength steels including dual phased (DP), complex phased (CP), transformation- induced plasticity (TRIP) and twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) steels are widely used for automotive steel. Among them, high manganese TWIP and TRIP steels are particularly appealing due to their outstanding tensile strength and elongation. In contrast to high manganese TWIP steel, high manganese TRIP steel exhibits higher strength and work hardening rate due to strain induced martensitic transformation. The enhanced mechanical properties of high manganese TRIP steel are determined by both the stability of the retained austenite (gamma) and the initial microstructure. Strain induced martensitic transformation and subsequent reversion from deformed martensite to gamma during annealing is often applied as one of the most effective methods for microstructure improvement. Microstructure and texture characteristics of high manganese TRIP steel during cold rolling together with the reversion of deformed bcc martensite (alpha'-M) at high temperature were investigated. It is shown that the gamma was almost completely transformed into alpha'-M at medium cold rolling reduction. And a higher reduction after alpha'-M saturation resulted in dominantly the deformation of alpha'-M, hence thin laths paralleled to the rolling direction (RD) were obtained. The main components in alpha'-M were {113}< 110 >, {554}< 225 > and rotated cube ({001}< 110 >) textures at medium cold rolling reduction, which are the typical phase transformation textures. The {113}<110> texture rotated toward a more stable orientation {223}< 110 > and led to a strong cold rolling texture (< 110 >//RD) with increasing reduction. The reversion of martensite and recrystallization of gamma proceeded at temperature ranging from 650 degrees C to 850 degrees C. The reversion of alpha'-M proceeded in a diffusional mechanism, accompanying with the redistribution of Mn and Al between gamma and alpha'-M. Deformed alpha'-M was merged by the adjacent gamma, and columnar gamma grains with a large amount of subgrains were obtained. The texture of reverted gamma was approximately the same as that of the deformed gamma, this phenomenon called texture inheritance was formed by the direct growth of gamma. Subsequently, recrystallization of gamma grains occurred by sub-grain coalescence and the columnar g grains were instead by equiaxed gamma grains.     

Similar and dissimilar resistance spot welding of advanced high strength steels: welding and heat treatment procedures,structure and mechanical properties

Similar and dissimilar combinations of a 1000 MPa galvanised dual phase (DP) steel and a 980 MPa transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) steel were resistance spot welded under different welding and heat treatment parameters. The microstructure and mechanical properties of spot welds were evaluated using metallographic technique, microhardness and tensile shear tests. The results showed that the tendency to fail in the pullout mode increased in the order of DP/DP, TRIP/TRIP and DP/TRIP welds, which was caused by the different hardness distribution, carbon equivalent and susceptibility to shrinkage void formation of spot welds for different combinations. In the study of the effects of heat treatments on the DP/TRIP welds, the pre-heating procedure improved the splash of welding to some extent. When the cooling time was larger than or equal to 1000 ms, the post-heating procedure improved the mechanical properties of spot welds owing to the temper of spot weld microstructure.     

EFFECTS OF TEST TEMPERATURE AND STRAIN RATE ON THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES IN AN INTERCRITICALLY HEAT-TREATED BAINITE-TRANSFORMED STEEL

1.IntroductionThe demand for high strength steels with excellent ductility has increased in the automotive indus-try in order to improve manufacturing and safety and to reduce weight. High strength transforma-tion-induced plasticity (TRIP) steel sheets have received increased attention, as they have both high strength and ductility due to the martensitic transformation of retained austenite during plastic defor-mation.Transformation-induced plasticity was the phenomenon first found in steel …     

Effect of Heat Treatment on Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of Hot-Dip Galvanized DP Steels

In order to simulate the hot-dipped galvanizing of dual-phase(DP) steel(wt%) 0.15C–0.1Si–1.7Mn, the DP steels were obtained by different annealing schedules. The effects of soaking temperature, time, and cooling rate on ferrite grain, volume fraction of martensite, and the fine structure of martensite were studied. Results showed that the yield strength(YS) of DP steel is sensitive to annealing schedule, while total elongation has no noticeable dependence on annealing schedule. Increasing soaking temperature from 790 to 850 °C, the YS is the lowest at soaking temperature of 850 °C. Changing CR1 from 6 to 24 °C/s, the YS is the highest when CR1 is 12 °C/s. Increasing soaking time from 30 to100 s, the YS is the lowest at soaking time of 100 s. Besides, it was found that sufficient movable dislocations within ferrite grains and high martensite volume fraction can eliminate yield point elongation, decrease the YS, and increase ultimate tensile strength. Through TEM observations, it was also found that increasing annealing temperature promotes austenite transformation into twin martensite, and increases volume fraction of martensite at sufficient cooling rate. With increasing the martensite volume fraction, the deformation substructure in the ferrite is well developed.     

评测车用钢动态变形吸能特性的试验方法

文章研究了一种基于摆锤式仪器化冲击试验机所开发的,针对汽车用钢板实施中等应变速率冲击拉伸加载的试验方法,并以此获得了DC04、DC56、H220、TRIP700和DP780的动态响应特性与加载应力-应变关系。研究表明,以铁素体软钢为典型的速率敏感材料,随着其应变速率的提高,材料强度增加,而塑性受到抑制。TRIP钢的性能与加载速率无明显相关特性,其力学性能在静态与动态条件下相对稳定。DP780钢的强度与塑性在动态加载条件下得到同步提升。此外,通过将冲击拉伸破断能转化为应力与应变的积分,试验获得的E10%与Euniform及Et能量指标,可定量分析汽车用钢碰撞时变形与吸能的相关特性,成为评价车用钢减重与安全的纽带。试验表明,随着材料强度级别的提升,其动态吸能特性得以成比例升高。同时,由E10%与Euniform指标构成的能量安全裕度,揭示出TRIP钢具有最为优异的动态变形吸能潜质。