一种基于小波域隐马尔可夫模型的SAR相干斑抑制算法

相干斑噪声是SAR图像的固有特点。对相干斑抑制的要求是在平滑噪声的同时，尽量保持原始图像的结构信息。现有的许多相干斑抑制方法各有优点和不足，没有普遍的适用性。基于图像在小波域的隐马尔可夫模型(HMMs)结构，结合SAR图像中相干斑噪声的统计特性，本文提出了一种新的小波域相干斑抑制方法。仿真及实测数据处理结果表明，该方法在有效抑制相干斑的同时，更好地保持了边缘结构。与小波域软阈值去噪方法和Lee滤波器相比较，该方法在噪声平滑及边缘保持上都取得了较大的改进，并得到了较好的视觉效果。     

Coastline extraction from SAR images using spatial fuzzy clustering and the active contour method

Coastline extraction from synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data is difficult because of the presence of speckle noise and strong signal returns from the wind-roughened and wave-modulated sea surface. High resolution and weather change independent of SAR data lead to better monitoring of coastal sea. Therefore, SAR coastline extraction has taken up much interest. The active contour method is an efficient algorithm for the edge detection task; however, applying this method to high-resolution images is time-consuming. The current article presents an efficient approach to extracting coastlines from high-resolution SAR images. First, fuzzy clustering with spatial constraints is applied to the input SAR image. This clustering method is robust for noise and shows good performance with noisy images. Next, binarization is carried out using Otsu’s method on the fuzzification results. Third, morphological filters are used on the binary image to eliminate spurious segments after binarization. To extract the coastline, an active contour level set method is used on the initial contours and is applied to the input SAR image to refine the segmentation. Because the proposed approach is based on an active contour model, it does not require preprocessing for SAR speckle reduction. Another advantage of the proposed method is the ability to extract the coastline at full resolution of the input SAR image without degrading the resolution. The proposed approach does not require manual initialization for the level set method and the proposed initialization speeds up the level set evolution. Experimental results on low- and high-resolution SAR images showed good performance for coastline extraction. A criterion based on neighbourhood pixels for the coastline is proposed for the quantitative expression of the accuracy of the method.     

引入欧氏距离的各向异性扩散相干斑抑制

目的 相干斑噪声严重影响SAR影像解译。抑制相干斑同时,获取较好的边缘保持效果始终是相干斑抑制的重点。针对该问题,提出一种引入欧氏距离的各向异性扩散（EDAD）相干斑抑制方法。方法 EDAD算法以P-M模型与SRAD算法为基础,利用邻近像素间区域欧氏距离代替原有边缘检测算子,自适应区分同质区与异质区,有效构造各向异性扩散系数,完成相干斑抑制。结果 运用EDAD算法与现存各向异性扩散算法对截取的两景TanDEM-X影像进行试验研究并比较各类算法的评估参数。EDAD算法的等效视数分别为3.996与5.859,均高于其他算法,体现优越的相干斑抑制能力;EDAD算法相干斑抑制前后比值影像的均值分别为0.999与1.001,方差分别为0.270与0.269,较其他算法均更接近理想值1与0.273,展现更优边缘保持与相干斑抑制能力。结论 本文算法可有效提高边缘检测能力,获取更优相干斑抑制效果。经验证,对分布较散的弱相干斑区域与分布较集中的强相干斑区域均有较好适用性。     

Edge-detection-based filter for SAR speckle noise reduction

Some adaptive filters, such as the Kuan, Lee, minimum mean square error (MMSE) and Frost filters, have been tested on synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data without considering the level of homogeneity in the pixels. Therefore, they degrade the spatial resolution of images and smooth details, while also decreasing the speckle noise level. There are other filters, such as the enhanced Lee and gamma maximum a posteriori (MAP), that utilize the level of homogeneity, but they cannot adequately suppress speckle noise. In addition to these weaknesses, pixels surrounding a point scatterer are also treated as point scatterers due to inadequacy of the method based on evaluating the coefficient of variation for differentiating between them and the point scatterer. We have developed a new method based on the assessment of similarity of homogeneity levels in the image, incorporating edge-detection filters to identify meaningful features and an algorithm to filter the pixels surrounding point scatterers. This method, called the UNSW (University of New South Wales) adaptive filter (UAF), was compared to nine filters using different quantitative and qualitative methods. The results show the ability of the UAF to simultaneously reduce speckle and preserve details as well as its ability to filter more pixels. The effect of increasing the damping factor on speckle noise reduction performance has also been assessed using this method.     

Edge and fine detail preservation in SAR images through speckle reduction with an adaptive mean filter

A speckle reduction algorithm, the Edge Map‐Directed Adaptive Mean (EMDAM) filter, is studied in this paper. It adapts the ordinary mean filter according to the scene heterogeneity. Edge‐crossing maps determined by an edge detector are used to find the largest homogeneous subregion in the moving filter window. Then, the mean filter is adapted only to this homogeneous part of the moving filter window and applied if no edge crossing is found. We compared some filters in the literature to the EMDAM filter using two examples: a 1997 JERS‐1 synthetic aperture radar (SAR) image of Tuzla, Istanbul and a computer‐simulated SAR image. The filter performance was assessed both quantitatively and qualitatively. We found that the EMDAM filter preserves textures and details while reducing speckle to a desired level. A new testing quantity, the Quality Factor (Q), is also introduced.     

Suppression of speckle in synthetic aperture radar images using wavelet

A filter for suppressing speckle in synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images utilizing wavelet is proposed. The filter suppresses speckle by reducing the amplitude of the detail images in wavelet subspaces, while preserving edges by releasing the amplitude reduction around edges; information on edges, contained in the detail images, is utilized for edge detection. Simulations and application to SAR images have shown that the performance of the filter is satisfactory in both smoothing and edge preservation, and in generating visually-natural images as well.     

基于独立分量分析的极化SAR图像的相干斑抑制

研究基于独立分量分析( ICA)的极化合成孔径雷达（SAR）图像相干斑抑制方法。该方法将极化SAR图像斑点噪声的乘积模型,变换为应用ICA的信号独立加噪模型。并且将HV/VV的比值图像,也作为ICA的输入数据。利用ICA 的分离性,得到了分别对应于HH、HV和VV极化的三幅降噪图像。经本文方法处理后的图像,其相干斑噪声得到了有效的抑制,具有较高的等效视数,明显地改善了图像的质量。     

基于模糊连接度的高分辨率SAR图像道路自动提取

针对高分辨率合成孔径雷达(SAR)图像受到乘性斑点噪声的影响,且道路环境复杂多变的问题,提出一种基于模糊连接度的高分辨率SAR图像道路自动提取方法。首先,对SAR图像进行斑点滤波,以降低斑点噪声的影响;其次,结合指数加权均值比(ROEWA)算子检测结果和模糊C均值(FCM)分割结果自动提取种子点,从而提高自动化程度;最后,利用以图像灰度和ROEWA检测算子边缘强度为特征的模糊连接度算法对种子点进行扩展提取道路,经形态学处理后得到最终结果。对两幅SAR图像进行实验,并与FCM方法分割出的道路结果进行比较,所提出的方法在提取完整率、正确率及检测质量上均优于模糊C均值方法。实验结果表明,所提出的方法能较有效地从高分辨率SAR图像中提取不同宽度和弯曲程度的道路,且无需人工输入种子点。     

改进极化白化滤波的边缘检测

针对SAR影像边缘检测受斑点噪声影响严重和极化信息利用不充分的问题,用滑动模板边缘两侧目标的协方差矩阵代替了极化白化滤波中杂波背景与窗口中心的协方差矩阵,提出一种基于改进极化白化滤波的边缘检测新方法,充分利用了极化通道间的相关性,在有效抑制斑点噪声的同时,提高了极化信息的利用率。模拟和真实极化影像的实验验证了新方法的有效性。     

Speckle reduction for the forest mapping analysis of multi-temporal Radarsat-1 images

As the number of satellite-borne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) systems increases, both the availability and the length of multi-temporal (MT) sequences of SAR images have also increased. Previous research on MT SAR sequences suggests that they increase the classification accuracy for all applications over single date images. Yet the presence of speckle noise remains a problem and all images in the sequence must be speckle filtered before acceptable classification accuracy can be attained. Several speckle filters designed specifically for MT sequences have been reported in the literature. Filtering in the spatial domain, as is usually done, reduces the effective spatial resolution of the filtered image. MT speckle filters operate in both the spatial and temporal dimensions, thus the reduction in resolution is not likely to be as severe (although a comparison between MT and spatial filters has not been reported). While this advantage may be useful when extracting spatial features from the image sequence, it is not quite as apparent for classification applications. This research explores the relative performance of spatial and MT speckle filtering for a particular classification application: mapping boreal forest types. We report filter performance using the radiometric resolution as measured by the equivalent number of looks (NL), and classification performance as measured by the classification accuracy. We chose representative spatial and MT filters and found that spatial speckle filters offer the advantage of higher radiometric resolution and higher classification accuracy with lower algorithm complexity. Thus, we confirm that MT filtering offers no advantage for classification applications; spatial speckle filters yield higher overall performance.     

基于稀疏重构框架下剪切波的SAR图像去噪

SAR图像很容易被乘性噪声多污染,进而影响SAR图像后序的分析与处理。本文中提出了一种基于剪切波稀疏编码的SAR图像移除乘性噪声的新模型。首先通过压缩感知理论建立SAR图像去噪模型;其次通过剪切波变换获得剪切波系数,每个尺度的系数视为一个单元;对于每个单元,通过剪切波域的贝叶斯估计对稀疏系数进行迭代估计。重现的单元最后结合起来构造去噪后的图像。SAR图像去噪效果显示了该算法有良好的表现性,对噪声具有鲁棒性;本文提出的算法不仅有较好的去噪效果,而且还保存了更多的边界信息。     

Noise reduction in synthetic aperture radar images using fuzzy logic and genetic algorithm

Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is a self-illuminating imaging technique; it produces high resolution images in all weather conditions, day and night. SAR images are widely accepted and used by many application scientists. However, the SAR images are corrupted with speckle noise. Speckle noises are caused by random interference of electromagnetic signals scattered by the object surface within one resolution element. The amount of noise and distribution of noise corrupting the image is unpredictable. Conventional noise filters are quantitative in nature; they are not well suited for uncertainty problems. Fuzzy logic is capable of handling uncertainty. In this work, noisy pixels in the images are identified by using fuzzy rules and filtered using fuzzy weighted mean, keeping the healthy pixels unchanged. The optimum value of parameters used in defining fuzzy membership function is determined by using genetic algorithm (GA). Reducing noise and simultaneously preserving image details are the two most desirable characteristics of noise filters. Peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) and edge preserving factor (EPF) are used to evaluate the performance of the proposed fuzzy filter. SAR images affected by varying amounts of speckle noise are used to evaluate the performance. It was observed that the proposed filter suppresses noise and preserves image edges.

     

基于静态小波分解的多尺度SAR图象滤波

由于雷达回波的相干性 ,合成孔径雷达 (SAR)图象上存在着斑点噪声 ,因此 ,为消除这种噪声 ,提出了一种基于静态小波分解的硬阈值滤波方法 ,该方法首先将 SAR图象分解至静态小波域 ,然后在静态小波域中将噪声的小波系数收缩至零 .将此算法应用于 ERS- 1SAR图象斑点噪声滤波 ,并与基于 Mallat分解的滤波算法和另外 3种典型的 SAR图象滤波算法进行比较 ,结果表明 ,该方法不仅可以有效地去除斑点噪声 ,并且可以保持 SAR图象的精细纹理结构     

基于静态小波分解的多尺度SAR图像滤波

由于雷达回波的相干性，合成孔径雷达（SAR）图象上存在着斑点噪声，因此，为消除这种噪声，提出了一种基于静态小波分解的硬阈值滤波方法，该方法首先将SAR图象分解至静态小波域，然后在静态小波域中将噪声的小波系数收缩至零，将此算法应用于ERS－1 SAR图象斑点噪声滤波，并与基于Mallat分解的滤波算法和另外3种典型的SAR图象滤波算法进行比较，结果表明，该方法不仅可以有效地去除斑点噪声,并且可以保持SAR图象的精细纹理结构。     

A novel multi-scale level set method for SAR image segmentation based on a statistical model

To overcome the problems of large data volumes and strong speckle noise in synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images, a multi-scale level set approach for SAR image segmentation is proposed in this article. Because the multi-scale analysis of SAR images preserves their highest resolution features while additionally making use of sets of images at lower resolutions to improve specific functions, the proposed method is useful for removing the influence of speckle and, at the same time, preserving important structural information. The Gamma distribution is one of the most commonly used models employed to represent the statistical characteristics of speckle noise in a SAR image and it is introduced to define the energy functional. Moreover, based on the multi-scale level set framework, an improved multi-layer approach is introduced for multi-region segmentation. To obtain a fast and more accurate result, a novel threshold segmentation result is used to represent the initial segmentation curve. The experiments with synthetic and real SAR images demonstrate the effectiveness of the new method.     

Edge detection and speckle adaptive filtering for SAR images based on a second-order textural measure

An edge detector based on a second-order texture measure is presented. It is demonstrated that the operator is well adapted for SAR image analysis: it possesses good sensitivity to edges and its response does not depend on the image brightness. In the second part of the paper, an adaptive speckle filter based on the presented edge detector is introduced. The potential of the filter is illustrated using an airborne SAR image. It is shown that the filter preserves edges better than filters based on the coefficient of variation and still provides good sensitivity to textural patterns other than speckle. Considering the recognized importance of texture in the interpretation of radar imagery, these filters may be useful for pre-interpretation image enhancement.     

An adaptive order-statistics filter for SAR images

An algorithm based on local order statistics is proposed for adaptive reduction of speckle noise in synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images. A selective smoothing is obtained by replacing a pixel value belonging to either of the tails of the local histogram by its percentile, whose area is adaptively defined by a Gaussian function of the Local Variation Coefficient. The filter can fit the actual noise level and preserves structures, textures, and point targets, as well as the local mean without introducing any blur on the edges, mostly due to its closure property. Comparisons with algorithms suitable for speckle smoothing are performed on true SAR images and show selective signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) enhancements.     

极化SAR图像相干斑抑制的ICA方法与分析

极化合成孔径雷达(synthetic aperture radar,SAR)图像为雷达图像中的信息处理和获取提供了更为便捷的途径。提出了基于独立分量分析(independent component analysis,ICA)的极化SAR图像相干斑抑制方法。该方法将极化SAR图像斑点噪声的乘积模型,变换为应用ICA的信号加噪模型。并且将HV/VV的比值图像,也作为ICA的输入数据。分别使用几种不同的ICA算法,得到了分别对应于HH、HV和VV极化的3幅降噪图像,并对结果进行了比较分析。实验结果表明,应用ICA算法可以有效地降低极化SAR图像的相干斑噪声,提高图像质量。     

A novel method to reduce speckle in SAR images

A novel three-step method to reduce speckle in Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images is presented. First, an edge detector is used to detect the edge orientations in SAR images. Second, using a data processing method named empirical mode decomposition, the SAR image is smoothed along four directions: horizontal, vertical, left diagonal and right diagonal, respectively. Third, the SAR image is reconstructed such that if the edge direction is horizontal, the pixel smoothed along the horizontal direction is used to reconstruct the image, and so on; if an edge is not detected, the mean of the four directionally smoothed images is used to reconstruct the image. Application of this method to SAR images has shown that it is well balanced in the quality of visual appearance, mean preservation, edge preservation, and reduction of the standard deviation.     

一种改进的相干斑噪声抑制算法

研究了一种新的合成孔径雷达相干斑噪声抑制的算法.传统的噪声抑制和近年来的小波变换方法都有其不足之处,难以在高效降低斑点噪声的同时保持图像细节.结合增强Lee算法中的思想与小波算法用于抑制SAR图像中相干斑噪声,能够获得良好的效果,通过和现有的几种抑制斑点噪声的滤波算法进行定量的实验比较,主要的评价指标有斑点噪声指数,等效视数、平滑指数和边缘保持指数,由仿真结果可以看出算法具有较好的相干斑噪声抑制能力和边缘保持能力.