Small hydropower stations in Greece: The local people's attitudes in a mountainous prefecture

During the last years, it has become evident that operation of hydropower stations creates discussions and different views on the local communities. Especially, although the issue of operation of small hydropower (SHP) stations or plants is of considerable interest in Greece, almost no study has been conducted to investigate the current status of Greek citizens’ attitudes towards utilization of the available hydropower potential through SHP. The present study, therefore, aims to examine in the prefecture of Ioannina, Greece, the local people's attitudes on operation of SHP stations in connection with the increased public interest for environmental and social dimensions of small hydropower stations, and to determine how these attitudes change with respect to various factors.     

Optimal installation of small hydropower plant—A review

Most of the countries have access to large amounts of water through rivers and canal. With this renewable resource, electricity can be generated without polluting the environment. Because of the increasing in electricity demand, it is important to estimate the future potential of hydropower. It would then be possible to plan development through mix of energy and implement measures to control the development of the electricity market by the use of sustainable small hydropower projects.In the present paper attempt has been made to review the different types of model developed to evaluate the cost of the small hydropower projects. A review on the different types of correlations developed by earlier investigators has also been presented. The present review attempts to cover the benefits such as clean development mechanism (CDM), internal rate of return (IRR) for financial viability of such projects. A review on the different types of optimization techniques is also been presented to minimize the cost of the installation of SHP projects.     

The contribution of small hydro power stations to the electricity generation in Greece: Technical and economic considerations

Hydropower is the most widely used renewable energy source worldwide, contributing almost with 18.5% to the fulfillment of the planet electricity generation. However, most locations in Europe appropriate for the installation of large hydro power stations have already been exploited. Furthermore, there is a significant local communities’ opposition towards new large power stations; hence, small hydro power stations remain one of the most attractive opportunities for further utilization of the available hydro potential. Greece and more precisely the country's mainland possesses a significant hydro-power potential which is up to now only partially exploited. In parallel, a large number of private investors have officially expressed their interest in creating small hydro power stations throughout the country, encouraged by the significant Greek State subsidy opportunities for renewable energy applications. However, up to now a relatively small number of projects have been realized, mainly due to decision-making problems, like the administrative bureaucracy, the absence of a rational national water resources management plan and the over-sizing of the proposed installations. Certainly, if the above problems are suitably treated, small hydro-power plants can be proved considerably profitable investments, contributing also remarkably to the national electricity balance and replacing heavy polluting lignite and imported oil. In the context of the above interesting issues, the present study reviews in detail the existing situation of small hydropower plants in Greece and investigates their future prospects as far as the energy, economic and environmental contribution are concerned.     

Contribution of SHP Stations to the development of an area and their social acceptance

The global community, but also the European Union particularly, has launched in recent years a series of actions and measures for the promotion of the renewable energy sources (RES) in the context of dealing with the climate change. Small hydropower (SHP) stations can play a vital role in the increasing energy demand, helping to reduce the mankind dependence to the fossil fuels. In addition, SHP stations have significant advantages as they contribute to the development of the local economy and to the reduction of the environmental pollution.Changing the legislative framework in recent years in Greece increased the penetration of RES in the country's energy system and encouraged the private initiative in this area.The study was carried out in an area of Northern Greece (Prefecture of Pella) where the installation of private SHP stations is particularly impressive over the last decade (in relation with other parts of the country). The main conclusions of the study carried out with a questionnaire are that there is an important acceptance of SHP stations from the residents recognizing the role that they play in the regional development and in the protection of the environment making them more attractive to investors.     

不同资本主体梯级水电参与日前市场的出清方法

当不同资本主体梯级水电站参与日前市场时,由于梯级水电中下游电站受限于径流变化和水库调节能力的特征,无法明确自身的可发电量,面临中标电量与实发电量不匹配的问题,导致出现"弃水"或"欠发".为此,提出了梯级水电站上下游电站单独化市场竞标的三类出清方法,即二次出清、下游电站可发电量全额收购及电量转移三类方法.算例仿真结果表明...     

基于电价影响的水电站装机容量选择

针对不同电价对水电站装机容量影响的决策问题,通过水力发电过程相关物理参数的数学建模,揭示了水电站投入产出关系曲线的凸性,利用经济学的边际分析原理,得出在利润最大化的原则下,水电站年化投资的边际单位电度成本等于电价时,水电站取得最优投资和最优装机容量,从而阐明了电价与水电站装机容量相互影响的内在规律,为选择水电站装机容量提供了技术经济理论依据。     

基于决策树的大小水电长期协调调度模型及应用

针对西南水电富集地区大小水电抢占输电通道外送电力的问题,构建了基于决策树的大中型水电与小水电长期协调调度模型,以水电总体可消纳电量最大为目标,以确定性逐次优化方法（POA）对历史长系列水文资料进行模拟调度,在此基础上采用决策树挖掘大小水电长期协调调度规则,在应用阶段,结合CFS降雨预报信息,预报大中型水电站径流和小水电发电能力,并作为决策树输入,以获得面临时段大中型水电站的决策出力。云南省德宏地区大规模大、小水电混合分区实例应用结果表明,该模型能够有效利用具有良好调节能力的大中型水电站协调大小水电运行,提高外送通道利用率,为电力调度部门提供了一种良好的大小水电长期协调调度方法。     

Determining optimum location and capacity for micro hydropower plants in Lorestan province in Iran

In Iran and other developing countries, transmitting electricity power to remote and inaccessible areas is not cost effective and involves a lot of problems due to high transmission costs and insufficient supply. Therefore local water potential would seem a better alternative to supply electricity. This paper is an investigation into all the issues concerning finding suitable sites for micro hydropower plants in remote areas in Lorestan province in Iran. Therefore, the basins, river network, and rural electricity condition in the province were studied. Then, we came up with a list of locations which would lend themselves best to the installation of micro hydropower plants in accordance to the existing parameters. Finally, an estimation of optimum nominal capacity for each micro hydropower was studied and related economic concerns were discussed.     

The trend of small hydropower development in China

The paper makes an analysis of the status quo and existing issues of small hydropower (SHP) in China and based on the logistic growth curve model forecasts the installed capacity of SHP and cost of newly built SHP in the future. It also explores the opportunity of the clean development mechanism (CDM) in SHP projects and puts forward suggestions and recommendations on enhancing the SHP market competitiveness.     

A renewable perspective for sustainable energy development in Turkey: The case of small hydropower plants

Renewable energy resources provide a large share of the total energy consumption of many developing countries. Turkey's renewable sources are the second largest source for energy production after coal. About two-thirds of the renewable energy produced is obtained from biomass, while the rest is mainly from hydroelectric energy. Hydropower is today the most important kind of renewable and sustainable energy. In Turkey, most of the important water power plants have been developed; hence, only a modest increase in the hydroelectric generating capability can be anticipated in the next two decades. Turkey has a gross annual hydro potential of 433,000 GWh, which is almost 1% of world total potential. Its share is about 16% of the total hydropower capacity in Europe. The total gross electricity production of Turkey has reached about 140,283 GWh in 2003, 75% of this is produced from thermal sources and the reminder 25% from hydropower. The main objective in doing the present study is to investigate the sustainable development of Turkey's small hydropower (SHP) plants. Development of SHP began in 1902 in Turkey. Total installed projects capacity of SHP plant is 2.45% and the total energy potential is about 2.96%, which have installed capacity less than 10 MW.     

基于市场偏差考核的梯级水电调度模型研究

偏差考核现已成为电力市场交易的常规环节,发电企业若不处理好相关问题、合理调度运行,将影响其市场收益,不利于企业的健康持续发展,进而对电力市场的健全发展造成一定影响。因此,为给企业合理应对偏差考核提供参考,首先对偏差电量考核规则进行概述,建立了计及偏差考核的电站收益模型,随后考虑梯级各电站间水力联系,基于单站运行约束条件,构建了基于偏差考核的梯级水电调度模型,并以四川省某流域梯级共8级电站为例,利用逐步优化算法进行计算。结果表明,梯级各站各考核时段电量偏差率介于-0.799%～0.558%之间,均免受偏差考核。     

Review of small hydropower in the new Member States and Candidate Countries in the context of the enlarged European Union

This article gives a general picture of the small hydropower (SHP) sector in the European Union's new Member States (the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia—EU-10) and those wishing to join (Candidate Countries—CC)—Bulgaria, Romania and Turkey). The differences and similarities of the SHP sectors mainly related to the technical aspects, on one hand—the former EU-15, on the other hand—EU-10 and CC are revealed in particular (except legal, regulatory, environmental and other issues).SHP technical aspects expressed by quantitative estimates are briefly discussed here, namely: SHP potential; plants in operation and contribution to the gross and renewable electricity generation mix; manufacturing industry and support mechanism; SHP development environmental issues; forecast of SHP installed capacity and electricity generation. SHP legal, regulatory framework, economic and main barriers to the SHP promotion, which are crucial for sector development are also briefly considered in this article.The approach of this study was mainly focused on a questionnaire distributed to key SHP experts in each country. It addresses SHP, i.e. hydropower plants of installed capacity less than 10 MW. In most investigated countries this SHP capacity limit is officially approved. The indicated capacity is lower in Hungary and Poland—5 MW, in Latvia—2 MW and Estonia—1 MW.For more than 100 years SHP has been harnessed in most of the surveyed countries, with the exceptions of Malta and Cyprus. The leading countries are the Czech Republic, Romania, Poland, Turkey, Bulgaria, Slovenia and Slovakia. The biggest share of SHP economically feasible potential has been exploited in the Czech Republic, Romania, Slovenia and Bulgaria (between 40% and 60%). A very small part of this potential has been harnessed in Turkey (only 3%). The remaining economically feasible potential amounts to some 26 TWh/year in the surveyed countries.There are approximately 3200 plants installed in these countries, corresponding to a capacity of about 1430 MW of SHP. Conversely, a much larger number of SHP plants are installed in the EU-15 (some 14 000 with the total capacity of 10 000 MW). The average size of a SHP plant is about 0.44 MW (0.70 MW in EU-15). In almost all analyzed countries hydropower is a dominant source of energy in renewable electricity production. SHP is the second largest (after large hydro) contributor. The Czech Republic and Slovenia are the main countries with highest levels of turbine manufacturing industry. In some surveyed countries some opposition to SHP, mainly related to fish protection, visual impacts, enlargement of protected areas, has been identified.The current technical state of the SHP sector in the surveyed countries in terms of generating capacities and contribution to total electricity generation is relatively low by comparing with that of the former EU-15. Despite the fact that in the EU-10 and CC so far has been exploited just about 30% and 6% of economically feasible potential, they will never achieve the strength in terms of generating capacities of the SHP sector of the former EU-15 (more than 82% developed so far). The CC may slightly bridge this gap by harnessing their untapped SHP potential (especially in Turkey).A brief profile of SHP sector of the surveyed countries is provided at the end of the paper.     

挪威水电资源的开发和利用

挪威号称 水电之国 ,其电力的99.7%为水电,已有100多年水电开发的历史,水电使挪威从一个贫困国家发展成为一个现代化工业国家.挪威在水电开发技术上,广泛采用隧洞引水及地下式厂房、隧洞不衬砌、气垫式调压室、水下岩塞爆破等技术,大大降低了电站建设费用;在水电资源的利用上,通过建立电力市场、进行跨国电力交换,使水电资源得到优化配置和更充分利用;同时特别注意水资源的保护,使水资源在整体上发挥社会、经济、环境和生态的综合效益.挪威水电资源的开发利用技术和管理经验对我国的水电开发具有一定的借鉴意义.     

Feasibility study of photovoltaic technology in Qatar

This study presents a comparative economic analysis of electricity generation using photovoltaic (PV) cells and conventional gas turbines. The generation cost per kWh was estimated for the two systems. The energy generated by PV cells was estimated using weather data for Qatar. A sensitivity analysis was carried out on some factors: installation capital cost, conversion efficiency and discount rate. The study indicates that, at the present time, PV stations are not economically feasible in Qatar compared with conventional gas turbine stations.     

基于对手报价预测的流域梯级水电站联盟博弈

为分析电力市场下流域梯级水电站的联盟策略,结合梯级水电站自身特点与发电约束,剖析流域上不同投资主体水电站的潜在联盟结构,建立联盟博弈模型,并采用改进的灰色GM(1,1)模型预测市场中对手的报价,以解决博弈的不完全信息问题。以某梯级水电站为例,探讨了梯级水电站不同联盟结构的形成条件。结果表明,市场需求弹性系数越高,梯级水电站的结盟偏好越显著。     

大小水电相关分析的地区小水电发电能力预测方法

针对当前小水电在开展发电能力预测时面临资料短缺、发电不确定性强、单站不具规律性、模型通用性差等一系列问题,提出了一种大小水电相关分析的地区小水电发电能力预测方法。即先对大小水电相似性与小水电发电的时空多样性进行分析,筛选出相关因子,再以地区小水电整体为对象,分别对不同流域的大小水电进行相关分析,并检验相关关系显著性,最后建立大小水电回归模型,通过大水电预测值对小水电发电能力进行预测。以云南省小水电为例,取得了良好的预测效果,验证了该方法的合理性、准确性与通用性。     

Assessment of small hydropower (SHP) development in Turkey: Laws,regulations and EU policy perspective

This paper aims to evaluate the development of small hydropower (SHP) in Turkey and discusses the current situation of SHP plants in terms of government policy, economical aspects and environmental impacts taking EU policy into account. The laws published in recent years in Turkey succeeded in promoting the utilization of renewable energy for electricity generation, but it is considered that those laws are not fully compatible with EU policy. After the publication of Renewable Energy Law (Law No. 5346) there occurred a boost in SHP project along with hydropower development. Thus, the hydropower potential of Turkey increased 15% and the construction of hydropower plants also increased by a factor of four in 2007 as compared to 2006. Investment and operating costs are in favor of SHP development in Turkey as having the lowest costs among European countries (300–1000 €/kW as investment cost and 1 €cent/kWh as operating cost). Turkish governments have taken precautions for environmental issues resulted from renewable energy utilization but these are obviously not adequate. It is concluded that more attention must be paid on environmental issues and monitoring of the facilities must be enabled with further laws or regulations.     

基于状态转移矩阵的小水电机组发电系统可靠性评估

作为我国重要的电力资源,小水电机组大规模并网运行给发电系统乃至整个电网可靠性与安全运行带来新的挑战。由于小水电数量众多,容量不等,采用现有递推公式建立停运容量模型来进行小水电机组发电系统可靠性评估时步骤繁琐,中间数据多,工作量大,对此提出了一种基于状态转移矩阵的小水电发电系统可靠性算法,用状态空间图表示小水电机组停运容量模型,基于状态空间算法直接计算小水电机组各个停运容量状态的确切概率,由转移率矩阵适当变换求取增量频率,用分块矩阵组合表示小水电机组停运容量模型和负荷容量模型的组合,合并相同容量状态,增加等步长而未出现的容量状态,即得小水电发电系统的裕度容量模型,进而计算累积概率、累积频率等可靠性指标。算例分析验证了此算法的可行性,可在实际操作中推广应用。     

Site location analysis for small hydropower using geo-spatial information system

Recently, the necessity for developing small hydropower (SHP) plants has emerged due to the increase in environmental concerns. Although there remains an abundant of potential sites for SHP plants in Korea, SHP development has scarcely been performed since the 1990s due to the absence of a suitable approach and economic feasibility. Such a situation encourages decision makers to develop a systematic approach for SHP development. The purpose of this study is to propose a new location analysis methodology to search for potential SHP sites using GSIS (Geo-Spatial Information System). The location analysis in this study focuses on establishing the criteria and methodology for searching for alternative locations rather than selecting the most suitable site among the alternatives. By applying the newly developed methodology, a large area can be precisely surveyed within a short period of time and we expect to be able to use the method in policy making for SHP development by improving the convenience for the user. The newly developed methodology was applied to the upper part of Geum River Basin, in Korea, and found six potential SHP sites. As a fundamental work, this study will be beneficial to the future activation of SHP development.     

Hydropower's future,the environment,and global electricity systems

Hydropower is a well established electricity system on the global scene. Global electricity needs by far exceed the amount of electricity that hydrosystems can provide to meet global electricity needs. Much of the world's hydropower remains to be brought into production. Improved technology, better calibrated environmental parameters for large projects have become the norm in the past 15 years. How and why does hydropower retain a prominent role in electricity production? How and why does hydropower find social acceptance in diverse social systems? How does hydropower project planning address issues beyond electricity generation? How does the systems approach to hydropower installations further analysis of comparative energy sources powering electricity systems? Attention to the environmental impact of hydropower facilities forms an integral part of systems analysis. Similarly, the technical, political and economic variables call for balanced analysis to identify the viability status of hydro projects. Economic competition among energy systems requires in context assessments as these shape decision making in planning of hydropower systems. Moreover, technological change has to be given a time frame during which the sector advances in productivity and share in expanding electricity generation. The low production costs per kWh assure hydropower at this juncture, 2009, a very viable future.