BP神经网络在立铣刀结构参数优化中的应用

钛合金薄壁件的铣削加工过程中,刀具磨损速度快,并且工件容易变形,其主要因素是加工过程中切削力大,切削温度高。文章利用有限元仿真软件Advant Edge FEM铣削仿真数据,建立整体式立铣刀结构参数与切削力和切削温度的BP神经网络预测模型,并对切削预测模型进行了切削实验验证。在此基础上,利用BP神经网络模型的预测结果对整体式立铣刀的结构参数进行了优化,切削实验证明,优化后的刀具参数可以有效地降低切削力和切削温度,从而有效地改善过程中刀具的切削性能和工件的加工质量。     

可变径向切深下螺旋齿球头铣刀微细铣削

微细铣削加工是使用微型立铣刀在高主轴转速下制造微型元件的加工方式,分析切削力和加工稳定性对表征微细铣削加工过程起着重要的作用。提出一种数值分析的方法来研究螺旋齿球头立铣刀在可变径向切削深度下的微细铣削加工过程。首先建立了球头铣刀微细铣削的模型,并推导了切削力的计算公式;采用时域仿真的方法详细计算了螺旋齿球头立铣刀和平头立铣刀铣削加工的切削力,并对比了二者切削力仿真的结果;通过时域和频域研究相结合的方式详细分析了小径向切深下球头铣刀微细铣削的稳定性。最后,分析得到了Hopf-flip分岔,并深入对比和分析了不同加工条件下铣削加工的稳定性状况。     

型腔拐角铣削加工参数优化与研究

在铣削模具型腔拐角时,拐角处铣削力突变是影响加工质量的重要原因。通过分析刀刃切削轨迹,提出了一种基于单刃等面积切削模型的铣削力参数优化方法。首先根据实际工况下刀刃轨迹路线,计算和分析了拐角处接触角瞬时变化情况,得到单刃等切削面积参数数学模型;然后运用有限元分析软件DEFORM对工件进行动态加工模拟,仿真结果表明:切削力能随着铣削路径实时变化,较传统参数方法该模型设置能够有效的降低拐角处50.20%与36.52%的切削力。并且在VERICUT中进行验证,结果显示优化模型使拐角更加光滑,达到了平稳过渡,为型腔拐角铣削加工工艺参数优化及仿真分析等方面的研究提供了理论依据。     

前后刀面微织构铣削镍基合金的切削力研究

为了提高刀具对难加工材料的切削加工性能,降低切削力,延长刀具寿命,采用激光加工技术在TiAlN涂层刀具前、后刀面上制备出平行于主切削刃的沟槽型织构,对比研究变切削参数条件下铣削镍基合金的切削力变化情况。结果表明:在低转速、小吃刀量、低进给速度情况下,后刀面织构刀具的切削力小于前刀面织构刀具;背吃刀量对前刀面织构刀具的切削力增幅影响最大;主轴转速对后刀面织构刀具的切削力增幅影响最大。     

通用立铣刀真实切削轨迹下五轴铣削力计算

针对五轴铣削中刀具位姿变化和刀具类型差异所导致的铣削力预测难的问题，提出通用立铣刀五轴铣削力计算方法。基于通用立铣刀结构形式，建立通用立铣刀几何模型；综合考虑刀齿真实运动轨迹和刀具姿态变化，构建刀具瞬时切屑厚度模型；将刀具沿轴线方向等分成若干切削刃微元，并根据线性切削力假设建立刀具微元铣削力；将微元铣削力从刀具坐标系转换至工件坐标系下，并沿刀具轴向铣削深度进行积分，获得通用立铣刀的五轴铣削力模型；最后，在混联五轴数控加工实验平台上开展了铣削力测试。实测结果表明:所提铣削力计算方法正确有效，可作为后续五轴铣削工艺参数优选的理论依据。     

钛合金轴向超声振动铣削切削力仿真研究

针对钛合金难加工问题,将超声振动引入到对钛合金的铣削加工中,实现刀具、工件周期性接触分离,从而降低切削力、改善加工质量。以TC4为研究对象,以切削力为研究切入点,通过ABAQUS建立三维铣削仿真模型。对比分析超声铣削和普通铣削在切削力曲线特征以及数值大小上的差别,并通过观察切屑特征分析切削力的波动及稳定性。结果表明:轴向振动铣削有利于降低铣削过程中的切削力,提高切削稳定性。     

数控铣床轮廓铣削加工中确定进给速度的方法

分析了轮廓铣削中切削力变化机理,建立立铣刀的切削深度与加工轮廓形状之间的数学模型,探索数控铣削加工过程中通过调整进给速度来保证切削力相对稳定的方法,并通过实际使用验证这种方法的有效性.     

TC4盘铣开槽加工表面形貌与表层组织研究

因为盘铣具有切削力大和切削效率高的优点, 其已广泛应用于加工领域,特别对于难加工材料钛合金来说。但是关于盘铣切削加工机理方面的研究却相对较少。在本文的研究中,首先设计盘铣开槽实验以测量盘铣切削钛合金时的切削力和切削温度。然后,以切削力和切削温度实验为基础,分析不同切削条件下的表面粗糙度、表面形貌、残余应力、显微组织和显微硬度。实验结果表明：铣削表面中心处的粗糙度值小于边缘处,粗糙度值随着主轴转速的增加而减小,随着切削深度和进给速度的增加而增大。在铣削表面中心处容易出现凹陷,在铣削表面边缘处容易出现裂纹。铣削表面和次表面均出现残余压应力,随着深度的增加,残余压应力逐渐减小为零。在切削力的作用下,晶粒沿进给方向发生明显的拉伸变形,α相从初始等轴态拉伸为长片状。随着切削温度的升高,塑性变形区的金相结构发生改变,当切削温度达到β相转变温度时,金相结构从初始等轴态转变为全片层组织。热力耦合作用使得已加工表面和次表面硬度值升高。     

基于通用立铣刀的人字齿轮数控加工及应用

针对人字齿轮使用传统方法加工时,存在加工效率低和精度差等问题,提出一种基于通用立铣刀的人字齿轮数控加工方法。该方法采用通用加工设备和通用立铣刀,只需修改数控加工程序实现人字齿轮加工。基于残差控制法规划通用立铣刀与工件之间的刀路轨迹,建立计算刀路轨迹的数学模型。基于VERICUT软件建立加工仿真模型并设计了完整的加工仿真流程,实现了对某一人字齿轮的仿真加工。进行人字齿轮铣削实验并用三坐标测量仪测量铣削后的人字齿轮,加工后的人字齿轮达到6级精度(ISO1328-1:1997)。实验结果表明:基于通用立铣刀的人字齿轮数控加工方法是正确的,能够实现通用机床和通用刀具加工人字齿轮,为进一步提升零退刀槽人字齿轮的精度和质量提供了有效方法。     

数控恒力铣削刀路设计

在切削加工物理分析的基础上探讨铣削力和切削加工参数之间的关系,建立铣削非圆曲线的力学模型,采用单因素试验法设计铣削试验,通过最小二乘法确定铣削力模型系数。以非圆曲线为例,完成了数控恒力切削测力实验,试验结果表明:该方法能够使切削力在非圆曲线的加工中基本保持不变,改善了曲线的加工质量,缩短了加工时间,在提高加工效率和精度方面具有优势。     

雕刻表面球形铣削的分段变进给率加工

雕刻表面球形铣削加工中,根据刀头的受力模型,可以计算整个刀具路径上刀头的受力.刀具路径上加工深度变化时,若采用恒进给率,则刀具受力是变化的,为了安全保险起见,往往按最大受力来选择较低的恒进给率,整个加工效率很低.采用变进给率加工,即加工深度小时提高进给率,使刀具在整个路径上受力均匀.本文给出了路径上力的计算仿真方法,以及分段进给率的计算方法,可以指导实际的加工过程,这样既保证了加工过程的安全,又提高了生产率.     

Cutting force prediction in ball end milling of sculptured surface with Z-level contouring tool path

This paper presents an approach to predict cutting force in 3-axis ball end milling of sculptured surface with Z-level contouring tool path. The variable feed turning angle is proposed to denote the angular position of feed direction within tool axis perpendicular plane. In order to precisely describe the variation of feed turning angle and cutter engagement, the whole process of sculptured surface milling is discretized at intervals of feed per tooth along tool path. Each segmented process is considered as a small steady-state cutting. For each segmented cutting, the feed turning angle is determined according to the position of its start/end points, and the cutter engagement is obtained using a new efficient Z-map method. Both the chip thickness model and cutting force model for steady-state machining are improved for involving the effect of varying feed turning angle and cutter engagement in sculptured surface machining. In validation experiment, a practical 3-axis ball end milling of sculptured surface with Z-level contouring tool path is operated. Comparisons of the predicted cutting forces and the measurements show the reliability of the proposed approach.     

Prediction of cutting forces in milling of circular corner profiles

This paper proposes an approach to predict the cutting forces in peripheral milling of circular corner profiles in which varying radial depth of cut is encountered. The geometric relationship between an end mill and the corner profile is investigated and a mathematical model is presented to describe the different phases of the cutter/workpiece contact. The milling process for circular corner is discretized into a series of steady-state cutting processes, each with different radial depth of cut determined by the instantaneous position of the end mill relative to the workpiece. A time domain analytical model of cutting forces for the steady-state machining conditions is introduced to each segmented process for the cutting force prediction. The predicted cutting forces can be calculated in terms of tool/workpiece geometry, cutting parameters and workpirece material property, as well as the relative position of the tool to workpiece. Experiments are conducted and the measured forces are compared to the predictions for the verification of the proposed method.     

Effect of cutter runout on process geometry and forces in peripheral milling of curved surfaces with variable curvature

This paper presents a novel method for cutting force modeling related to peripheral milling of curved surfaces including the effect of cutter runout, which often changes the rotation radii of cutting points. Emphasis is put on how to efficiently incorporate the continuously changing workpiece geometry along the tool path into the calculation procedure of tool position, feed direction, instantaneous uncut chip thickness (IUCT) and entry/exit angles, which are required in the calculation of cutting force. Mathematical models are derived in detail to calculate these process parameters in occurrence of cutter runout. On the basis of developed models, some key techniques related to the prediction of the instantaneous cutting forces in peripheral milling of curved surfaces are suggested together with a whole simulation procedure. Experiments are performed to verify the predicted cutting forces; meanwhile, the efficiency of the proposed method is highlighted by a comparative study of the existing method taken from the literature.     

立铣刀高速加工铝合金铣削力试验研究

采用多因素正交试验法进行铝合金铣削试验，测得了硬质合金立铣刀的铣削力。使用回归分析法获取了铣削力经验公式并验证其可靠性。与传统经验公式不同，切削速度独立成为一个因素。该公式确定了切削深度，切削宽度，切削速度，进给速度等切削参数对切削力的影响程度，并为设计刀具和选择切削用量提供了依据。     

球头铣刀动力学模型及其铣削加工稳定性的研究

根据螺旋刃球头铣刀的几何模型,考虑切削加工时刀齿的有交切削区及再生效应,建立球头铣刀的单刃切削力模型;进行模态实验和参数识别,建立螺旋刃球头铣刀的动力学模型;在Matlab环境下,基于龙格-库塔法对球头铣刀铣削加工过程稳定性进行仿真,结果表明:该模型能很好地描述切削过程中的稳定性及振动等动学特性,对于实际铣削加工过程及实验机的优化设计具有指导意义。     

铣削力建模与计算机仿真

本文综合分析了切削过程中刀具几何参数对端铣铣削力的影响，对铣削力模型进行了修正，建立了适合端铣铣削力计算机仿真的铣削力模型。并对仿真结果与实际测试曲线进行了比较。     

Integrated tool path and feed rate optimization for the finishing machining of 3D plane surfaces

An integrated approach for the concurrent optimization of tool path and feed rate for the finishing machining of 3D plane surfaces using ball-end milling is presented in this paper. This work is important, as the developed optimization approach is readily applicable to the finishing machining of sculptured surfaces. The concurrently optimized tool path and feed rate correspond to the maximum machining efficiency and satisfy the scallop height and machining error requirements. The cutter feed direction is employed as the optimization variable. For each cutter feed direction, tool path is determined according to the scallop height requirement and feed rate is maximized with the tolerance requirement by using a mechanistic cutting force model for three-dimensional ball-end milling. Optimization results have indicated that the shortest total tool path length, favored by most existing optimization approaches, does not result in maximum efficiency because the corresponding feed rate is often constrained by the specified tolerance. The optimum cutter feed direction is in general not unique but falls within an optimum range in the finishing machining of 3D plane surfaces.     

Cutting force prediction of sculptured surface ball-end milling using Z-map

The cutting force in ball-end milling of sculptured surfaces is calculated. In sculptured surface machining, a simple method to determine the cutter contact area is necessary since cutting geometry is complicated and cutter contact area changes continuously. In this study, the cutter contact area is determined from the Z-map of the surface geometry and current cutter location. To determine cutting edge element engagement, the cutting edge elements are projected onto the cutter plane normal to the Z-axis and compared with the cutter contact area obtained from the Z-map. Cutting forces acting on the engaged cutting edge elements are calculated using an empirical method. Empirical cutting mechanism parameters are set as functions of cutting edge element position angle in order to consider the cutting action variation along the cutting edge. The relationship between undeformed chip geometry and the cutter feed inclination angle is also analyzed. The resultant cutting force is calculated by numerical integration of cutting forces acting on the engaged cutting edge elements. A series of experiments were performed to verify the proposed cutting force estimation model. It is shown that the proposed method predicts cutting force effectively for any geometry including sculptured surfaces with cusp marks and a hole.     

A three-dimensional analytical cutting force model for micro end milling operation

In the present day manufacturing arena one of the most important fields of interest lies in the manufacturing of miniaturized components. End milling with fine-grained carbide micro end mills could be an efficient and economical means for medium and small lot production of micro components. Analysis of the cutting force in micro end milling plays a vital role in characterizing the cutting process, in estimating the tool life and in optimizing the process. A new approach to analytical three-dimensional cutting force modeling has been introduced in this paper. The model determines the theoretical chip area at any specific angular position of the tool cutting edge by considering the geometry of the path of the cutting edge and relates this with tangential cutting force. A greater proportion of the helix face of the cutter participating in the cutting process differs the cutting force profile in micro end milling operations a bit from that in conventional end milling operations. This is because of the reason that the depth-of-cut to tool diameter ratio is much higher in micro end milling than the conventional one. The analytical cutting force expressions developed in this model have been simulated for a set of cutting conditions and are found to be well in harmony with experimental results.