不同混凝剂强化除藻、除浊的研究

采用聚合氯化铝(PAC)、聚合氯化铝铁(PAFC)、聚合硫酸铁(PFS)、聚合硫酸铝(PAS)和硫酸铝(AS)五种混凝剂对某含藻湖水进行强化混凝除藻、除浊试验研究,考察了混凝剂种类及投量、原水pH、沉降时间等因素对强化混凝效果的影响。结果表明,五种混凝剂的综合除藻、除浊性能排序为:PACPAFCPFSPASAS;在原水pH值为5~9的范围内,含铁混凝剂PFS和PAFC对pH的适应性较强,且在pH值为5~7的弱酸性条件下,PFS的除藻、除浊性能最优,当其投量为4 mg/L时,除藻率近80%,除浊率可达80%以上;而在pH值为7~9的弱碱性条件下,PAC则表现出更好的除藻、除浊效果,当其投量为4 mg/L时,除藻率和除浊率可分别达到83%和90%;AS对pH的适应性最差,其除藻、除浊效果最差;另外,五种混凝剂的除藻率、除浊率均随沉降时间的延长而增大,最佳沉降时间为20 min。     

Novel ferromagnetic nanoparticle composited PACls and their coagulation characteristics

Effects of magnetic nanoparticles on inorganic coagulants and their coagulation performances were studied in the present work. The Fe₃O₄-SiO₂ core-shell particle (FSCSP) and superfine iron (SI), were compounded with polyaluminium chloride of basicity 2.0 (PACl2.0), providing magnetic PACl2.0s (MPACl2.0s). The physiochemical properties of ferromagnetic nanoparticles were investigated using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), the BET method and a zeta potentiometric analyzer. The Al species distributions of the MPACl2.0s and PACl2.0 were examined by liquid ²⁷Al NMR. Jar tests were employed to evaluate the coagulation performances. Floc properties were assessed by use of the electromotive microscope (EM) and small angle laser light scattering (SALLS). The results showed that modified layers of nanoparticles mitigated agglomeration. FSCSP had a larger specific area and pore volume than SI. The addition of ferromagnetic nanoparticles obviously increased the content of Al_un. MPACl2.0s performed better than PACl2.0 in turbidity removal and DOC removal when dosed less than 0.06 mmol/L as Al. Generally, PACl2.0 + FSCSP (50 mg/L) performed best. Large, loose and weak flocs were produced by MPACl2.0s, which were preferred for the magnetic powder recycling. A plausible structure, Al species-nanoparticles cluster, contributing to the unique properties of MPACl2.0 flocs, was proposed.     

Polyaluminum chloride with high Al30 content as removal agent for arsenic-contaminated well water

Polyaluminum chloride (PACl) is a well-established coagulant in water treatment with high removal efficiency for arsenic. A high content of Al₃₀ nanoclusters in PACl improves the removal efficiency over broader dosage and pH range. In this study we tested PACl with 75% Al₃₀ nanoclusters (PACl_Al30) for the treatment of arsenic-contaminated well water by laboratory batch experiments and field application in the geothermal area of Chalkidiki, Greece, and in the Pannonian Basin, Romania. The treatment efficiency was studied as a function of dosage and the nanoclusters’ protonation degree. Acid-base titration revealed increasing deprotonation of PACl_Al30 from pH 4.7 to the point of zero charge at pH 6.7. The most efficient removal of As(III) and As(V) coincided with optimal aggregation of the Al nanoclusters at pH 7-8, a common pH range for groundwater. The application of PACl_Al30 with an Al_tot concentration of 1-5 mM in laboratory batch experiments successfully lowered dissolved As(V) concentrations from 20 to 230 μg/L to less than 5 μg/L. Field tests confirmed laboratory results, and showed that the WHO threshold value of 10 μg/L was only slightly exceeded (10.8 μg/L) at initial concentrations as high as 2300 μg/L As(V). However, As(III) removal was less efficient (<40%), therefore oxidation will be crucial before coagulation with PACl_Al30. The presence of silica in the well water improved As(III) removal by typically 10%. This study revealed that the Al₃₀ nanoclusters are most efficient for the removal of As(V) from water resources at near-neutral pH.     

Enhanced coagulation for high alkalinity and micro-polluted water: the third way through coagulant optimization

Conventional coagulation is not an effective treatment option to remove natural organic matter (NOM) in water with high alkalinity/pH. For this type of water, enhanced coagulation is currently proposed as one of the available treatment options and is implemented by acidifying the raw water and applying increased doses of hydrolyzing coagulants. Both of these methods have some disadvantages such as increasing the corrosive tendency of water and increasing cost of treatment. In this paper, an improved version of enhanced coagulation through coagulant optimization to treat this kind of water is demonstrated. A novel coagulant, a composite polyaluminum chloride (HPAC), was developed with both the advantages of polyaluminum chloride (PACl) and the additive coagulant aids: PACl contains significant amounts of highly charged and stable polynuclear aluminum hydrolysis products, which is less affected by the pH of the raw water than traditional coagulants (alum and ferric salts); the additives can enhance both the charge neutralization and bridging abilities of PACl. HPAC exhibited 30% more efficiency than alum and ferric salts in dissolved organic carbon (DOC) removal and was very effective in turbidity removal. This result was confirmed by pilot-scale testing, where particles and organic matter were removed synergistically with HPAC as coagulant by sequential water treatment steps including pre-ozonation, coagulation, flotation and sand filtration.     

复合混凝剂PTA-CPAM的形貌结构与净水性能

以聚合氯化铝(PAC)、四氯化钛(TiCl_4)、阳离子聚丙烯酰胺(CPAM)为原料成功制备无机-有机复合混凝剂聚钛氯化铝-阳离子聚丙烯酰胺(PTA-CPAM),采用红外光谱(IR)、扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱分析(EDS)与差热热重(TG-DTA)对产物的结构、组成及热稳定性进行分析。此外,对PTA-CPAM的混凝性能进行研究。结果表明:当m(CPAM)/m(PTA)=0.4、PTA-CPAM投加量为9.0mg/L、pH为9.0的条件下,混凝剂的净水效果最优,且PTA-CPAM对不同初始浊度的水样都有较优的除浊能力;协同增效作用使PTA-CPAM具备更强的吸附电中和与吸附架桥网捕能力,表现出优异的除浊性能。     

高锰酸盐复合药剂预氧化对微污染源水的净化效果

以微污染湖水为原水,考察了聚合氯化铝(PAC)单独投加以及与高锰酸盐复合药剂(PPC)联合投加时原水经混凝沉淀后的除污效果。结果表明,PAC与PPC联合投加能有效降低沉后水的色度、浊度、有机物含量和藻类数等;当投加0.4～0.6 mg/L的PPC反应10 min后,再投加20～30 mg/L的PAC,可获得良好的沉淀效果,对色度、浊度、UV254、CODMn和藻类的平均去除率分别可达到50%、80%、25%、26%和78%;与单独投加PAC相比,投加PPC后再投加PAC可减少一半以上的PAC投加量,生产成本大大降低。     

PDM复配PAC用于冬季低温低浊长江水降浊研究

该文报道了用有机阳离子高分子聚二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵（PDM）与聚合氯化铝（PAC）现场复配用于冬季低温低浊长江水的脱浊处理研究过程。通过混凝烧杯实验,考察了药剂投加量及PAC与PDM的复配配比对低温低浊长江水脱浊效果的影响。结果表明,对温度为8℃左右,浊度在50NTU以下的长江水,在与南京某水厂相近的混凝搅拌条件下,达到南京某水厂6NTU沉淀出水浊度标准时,PAC需1．28mg／L的投加量,而PDM特征粘度分别为0．48、1．46、2．56dL／g的复配药剂随PAC／PDM复配比例50：1,20：1,10：1的变化分别需1．15～1．00mg／L,1．24～1．14mg／L,1．20～1．10mg／L的投加量,相对于PAC单独处理分别能减少10．15％～21．87％、12．68％～19．72％、11．76％～19．12％。因此,PDM助凝效果明显,同时PAC与PDM的复配配比越低,复配混凝剂混凝脱浊效果越好,PDM特征粘度对复配混凝剂用于冬季长江水的处理的影响不大,但可使絮团明显增大,提高沉淀性能。采用PDM复配混凝剂处理低温低浊长江水,能提高出水水质,减少无机铝盐加量,增强了供水安全性,在长江流域冬季实际生产中具有较强的实用性。     

高锰酸钾-水舍二氧化锰联用强化混凝微污染原水

研究了高锰酸钾与水合二氧化锰联用强化聚合氯化铝（PAC）混凝微污染地表水的效果。结果表明：与PAC单独混凝相比,强化混凝可将浊度去除率提高约3％,TOC去除率提高约30％;在浊度去除率相同的情况下,强化混凝工艺可节省约36％的PAC用量;当进水pH值及腐殖酸浓度在一定范围内变化时,强化混凝工艺对浊度和TOC的去除效果优于相同投加量的PAC,具有较强的抗水质变化冲击能力。     

矿井水处理聚合氯化铝残留物对超滤膜污染的影响

针对矿井水混凝处理过程中投加的聚合氯化铝(PAC)残留物对超滤膜的污堵问题,采用在聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)超滤膜前投加不同量的PAC对矿井水进行混凝和超滤试验,考察PAC不同投加量下浊度、污染指数(SDI)、残留铝含量、跨膜压差(TMP)和归一化膜比通量(NSF)间的相互关系及对超滤膜的影响。结果表明:当PAC投加量为35~40 mg/L时,混凝上清液中SDI最小为5. 3,残留铝含量约为0. 16~0. 23 mg/L,浊度约为6. 0~8. 0 NTU。跨膜压差随着PAC投加量、残留铝含量和pH值的增加而上升。当PAC投加量为40 mg/L、残留铝含量为0. 18 mg/L、pH值为4. 2~5. 2时,跨膜压差(TMP)最小值约为64. 8~68. 4 kPa。水中残留铝存在形态在不同pH值条件下可相互转化,其聚合态和絮凝体粒径又影响着超滤膜污染,酸性条件(pH值为4. 2~5. 2)下更有助于减少残留铝对超滤膜的污染。     

Removal of radioactive iodine and cesium in water purification processes after an explosion at a nuclear power plant due to the Great East Japan Earthquake

The presence of radionuclides at five water purification plants was investigated after an explosion at a nuclear power plant hit by the Great East Japan Earthquake on 11 March 2011. Radioactive iodine (¹³¹I) and cesium (¹³⁴Cs and ¹³⁷Cs) were detected in raw water in Fukushima and neighboring prefectures. ¹³¹I was not removed by coagulation-flocculation-sedimentation. ¹³¹I was removed by granular activated carbon (GAC) and powdered activated carbon (PAC) at a level of about 30%-40%, although ¹³¹I was not removed in some cases. This was also confirmed by laboratory-scale experiments using PAC. The removal percentages of ¹³¹I in river and pond waters by 25 mg dry/L of PAC increased from 36% to 59% and from 41% to 48%, respectively, with chlorine dosing before PAC. ¹³⁴Cs and ¹³⁷Cs were effectively removed by coagulation at both a water purification plant and in laboratory-scale experiments when turbidity was relatively high. In contrast, ¹³⁴Cs and ¹³⁷Cs in pond water with low turbidity were not removed by coagulation. This was because ¹³⁴Cs and ¹³⁷Cs in river water were present mainly in particulate form, while in pond water they were present mainly as cesium ions (¹³⁴Cs⁺ and ¹³⁷Cs⁺). However, the removal of ¹³⁴Cs and ¹³⁷Cs in pond water by coagulation increased markedly when ¹³⁴Cs and ¹³⁷Cs were mixed with sediment 24 h before coagulation.     

Comparing polyaluminum chloride and ferric chloride for antimony removal

Antimony has been one of the contaminants required to be regulated, however, only limited information has been collected to date regarding antimony removal by polyaluminium chloride (PACl) and ferric chloride (FC). Accordingly, the possible use of coagulation by PACl or FC for antimony removal was investigated. Jar tests were used to determine the effects of solution pH, coagulant dosage, and pre-chlorination on the removal of various antimony species. Although high-efficiency antimony removal by aluminum coagulation has been expected because antimony is similar to arsenic in that both antimony and arsenic are a kind of metalloid in group V of the periodic chart, this study indicated: (1) removal density (arsenic or antimony removed per mg coagulant) for antimony by PACl was about one forty-fifth as low as observed for As(V); (2) although the removal of both Sb(III) and Sb(V) by coagulation with FC was much higher than that of PACl, a high coagulant dose of 10.5mg of FeL(-1) at optimal pH of 5.0 was still not sufficient to meet the standard antimony level of 2 microg as SbL(-1) for drinking water when around 6 microg as SbL(-1) were initially present. Consequently, investigation of a more appropriate treatment process is necessary to develop economical Sb reduction; (3) although previous studies concluded that As(V) is more effectively removed than As(III), this study showed that the removal of Sb(III) by coagulation with FC was much more pronounced than that of Sb(V); (4) oxidation of Sb(III) with chlorine decreased the ability of FC to remove antimony. Accordingly, natural water containing Sb(III) under anoxic condition should be coagulated without pre-oxidation.     

混凝法去除水体中邻苯二甲酸二甲酯

研究采用强化混凝法去除水体中特征性有机污染物邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物(PAEs).以邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)为目标物,阳离子混凝剂聚二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵(PDMDAAC)与聚丙烯酰胺(CPAM)为混凝剂,对含DMP的水体进行强化混凝处理,混凝处理后水体中DMP的残余浓度采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定.研究内容还包括混...     

混凝法去除水中TiO_2纳米颗粒

为了探讨混凝法去除水中纳米颗粒的可行性及最佳条件,研究了无机混凝剂(PAC、PFS、PAFC)和有机絮凝剂(CPAM、APAM、NPAM)对TiO_2纳米颗粒的去除效果,并考察了投加量、pH、沉淀时间、水力条件及有机无机复配对TiO_2纳米颗粒去除效率的影响。单独投加PAC、PFS和PAFC时,三者对应的最高去除率分别为92.51%、84.43%、95.66%。单独投加CPAM、APAM、NPAM时三者对应的去除率仅为61.72%、29.06%、55.37%。复配最佳混凝条件为:投加40mg/LPAC和3mg/LCPAM,pH值为9,G值143.5/s,沉淀时间15min,此时,TiO_2纳米颗粒去除率为99.6%。     

Chromium removal from ion-exchange waste brines with calcium polysulfide

Chromium removal from ion-exchange (IX) brines presents a serious challenge to the water industry. Although chromium removal with calcium polysulfide (CaS₅) from drinking waters has been investigated somewhat, its removal from ion-exchange brines has not been evaluated to date. In this study, a Central Composite Design as well as experimental coagulation tests were performed to investigate the influence of pH, CaS₅/Cr(VI) molar ratio, alkalinity, and ionic strength in the removal of chromium from IX brines. The optimal pH range for the process was found to be pH 8-10.3 and brine alkalinity did not affect coagulation. The efficiency of chromium removal improved only slightly when the ionic strength increased from 0.1 M to 1.5 M; no significant difference was observed for an ionic strength change from 1.5 to 2.1 M. For chromium (VI) concentrations typically found in ion-exchange brines, a CaS₅/Cr(VI) molar ratio varying from 0.6 to 1.4 was needed to obtain a final chromium concentration <5 mg/L. Maximum efficiency for total chromium removal was obtained when oxidation reduction potentials were between −0.1 and 0 (V). Solids concentrations (0.2-1.5 g/L) were found to increase proportionally with CaS₅ dosage. The results of this research are directly applicable to the treatment of residual waste brines containing chromium.     

Preparation and characterisation of new-polyaluminum chloride-chitosan composite coagulant

In this study, the formulation of a novel polyaluminum chloride-chitosan composite coagulant that improves the coagulation process for natural organic matter (NOM) removal was investigated. The performance of the composite coagulant was tested using two water sources (synthetic and natural water) to develop a better understanding on the behaviour of the composite coagulant. Fourier Transform-Infra red (FT-IR) spectroscopy, ferron analysis and zeta potential studies were performed to characterise the composite coagulant. FT-IR analysis showed that there is an intermolecular interaction between Al species and chitosan molecules, while ferron analysis indicated that the distributions of Al_a, Al_b, and Al_c in PACl-chitosan are different from those in PACl. At a low Al dosage (2.16 mg L⁻¹), a much higher removal of NOM from synthetic water, as evidenced from UV₂₅₄ and Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC) measurements, was achieved by the composite coagulants in comparison to that removed by PACl or PACl and chitosan added separately. For natural water from the Myponga Reservoir, both polyaluminum chloride (PACl) and PACl-chitosan composite coagulants demonstrated similar dissolved organic carbon (DOC) percentage removal, whereas PACl-chitosan gave a slight improvement in removing the UV₂₅₄ absorbing components of NOM.     

粉末活性炭—混凝—超滤联用处理含藻水的研究

考察了直接超滤、混凝-超滤、粉末活性炭（PAC）-超滤和PAC-混凝-超滤四种工艺对含藻水的处理效果及超滤膜的运行性能。试验结果表明,四种工艺对浊度、藻类均有较好的去除效果,出水中均未检出藻类,且浊度均低于0．2NTU;PAC-混凝-超滤联合处理工艺对有机物的去除效果最好,对UV254和TOC的去除率分别可达到32．99％和46．72％,且该工艺能有效缓解超滤膜直接过滤所产生的膜通量迅速下降及反冲洗后难以恢复的问题。     

混凝沉淀法对砷污染物的去除性能研究

采用次氯酸钠和二氧化氯作为氧化剂,三氯化铁和聚合氯化铝作为混凝剂,分别考察了混凝沉淀工艺及预氧化+混凝沉淀工艺对原水中As(Ⅲ)和As(Ⅴ)的去除效果.结果表明:三氯化铁和聚合氯化铝对As(Ⅴ)均有较好的去除效果,投加量大于3 mg/L,即可将As(Ⅴ)由0.1mg/L左右降至0.005 mg/L以下,三氯化铁对As(...     

管道混凝/超滤工艺深度处理回用水的中试研究

采用管道混凝/超滤组合工艺深度处理回用水,考察了其处理效能及影响因素.结果表明,在相同条件下FeCl_3的混凝效果优于PAC的;组合工艺对COD_(Mn)和UV_(254)的去除率均随混凝剂FeCl_3的投量及混凝时间的增加而增大;组合工艺深度处理回用水的最佳工况:膜通量为64L/(m~2·h)、混凝剂FeCl3投量为7 mg/L、混凝时间为100 S,此时对浊度、COD_(Mn)和UV_(254)的去除率分别可达84.1%、28.6%和52.4%.     

粉末活性炭/污泥回流工艺强化膜前预处理的研究

采用粉末活性炭(PAC)吸附/混凝沉淀/浸没式超滤膜组合工艺处理苏州市某河水,考察了PAC/污泥回流工艺对膜前预处理的强化效果及对膜污染的影响,并与常规混凝沉淀、污泥回流强化混凝沉淀、PAC吸附/混凝沉淀等3种预处理工艺进行了对比。结果表明,PAC/污泥回流强化预处理工艺对浊度、DOC、UV254和THMFP的去除率分别为80.2%、47.5%、42.3%和52.3%,均比其他预处理工艺的高,对MW30 ku和MW1 ku有机物的去除效果明显。PAC/污泥回流强化预处理和超滤膜组合工艺对浊度、DOC、UV254和THMFP的去除率分别可达到99.2%、54.1%、47.2%和60.2%;经过15 d的运行,超滤膜的跨膜压差基本保持稳定,而其他预处理工艺虽能在一定程度上减轻膜污染,但无法避免不可逆膜污染的发生。     

丹江口水库水低温低浊期混凝剂优选

针对低温低浊时期丹江口水库水,通过混凝沉淀烧杯试验,对水厂普遍使用的3种混凝剂三氯化铁（FeCl3）、聚合氯化铝（PAC）和硫酸铝（AS）的投加量与沉淀时间进行优选.结果表明,在试验范围内,FeCl3和PAC投加量与余浊有很强的负相关性,在投加量为12 mg/L时余浊最小,分别为0.38和0.30 NTU,明显优于AS;混凝剂投加量与UV254去除效果高度正相关,混凝剂对UV254去除作用强弱关系为PAC＞AS＞FeCl3,投加量为12 mg/L时去除率最高,分别为59％,57％和52％;投加FeCl3和PAC所形成的絮体沉淀速度快,在20～ 30 min时即可完全沉淀,而投加AS形成的絮体所需沉淀时间在40 min以上.最后在中试系统对最优混凝剂PAC投加量与浊度和UV254之间的关系进行了适应性检验,结果表明适应性良好.