城市避震疏散交通系统及评价方法体系研究

城市避震疏散是城市防灾系统的重要组成部分,是抗震救灾的关键,对地震发生期间避震疏散交通类型、特点及各相关系统展开研究,分析整个系统的构成及特点,探讨疏散交通与疏散空间、疏散通道以及相互之间的关系,在总结前人在避震疏散规划理论和方法的基础上进行梳理和补充,尝试性地建立起一套相对较为完整的评价方法体系,包括了对避震疏散空间的服务覆盖、服务重复和服务质量等,避震疏散通道的通达性和可靠性,以及避震疏散空间与疏散通道相互配合的吻合情况和服务的薄弱度等方面的综合评价。希望通过本研究,为城市进行更加科学合理的避震疏散规划和震前预防、震中避难和震后救援等各项部署提供帮助。     

浅谈智能疏散指示系统软件的设计原则

介绍智能疏散指示系统的研究意义,分析总结人员安全疏散原则,包括疏散路线、双向优化、均衡快速疏散等。通过计算两个安全出口及疏散通道宽度对疏散指示标志设置的影响,归纳总结疏散指示标志设置条件,并对在此基础上设计的智能疏散指示工程检测与辅助设计软件做简要介绍。     

医疗建筑的安全疏散

医疗建筑的防火设计中，安全疏散的重要性尤为突出。本文根据医疗建筑的使用特点，从四个方面探讨其疏散的安全度，并讨论整个疏散系统的可靠保证，以求提高医疗建筑的设计质量。     

超高层建筑公共安全与智能化设计浅谈

本文先行分析了超高层建筑的安全风险及疏散难题,随后就安全相关的三个智能化系统(火灾自动报警及联动控制系统、综合安防系统、公共广播系统)展开论述,并提出一些适用于高层建筑的具体的技术措施。     

智能应急疏散照明系统的应用

本文介绍了智能应急疏散照明系统相对于传统火灾应急疏散照明系统的优势,以及该系统在民用公共建筑中的应用.     

城市避震疏散空间评价方法的研究与实践——以都江堰老城区为例

依据避震疏散安全性和舒适性的"双约束"理论,通过对城市避震疏散空间等城市设施方面的调查取证和分析比较,并利用GIS软件分析和空间模拟的方法对都江堰老城区这一典型案例进行避震疏散空间布局和抗灾性能的分析,对城市土地利用规划中避震疏散空间合理布局的原则、规律和方法等问题展开一定的探索;并希望通过完善避震疏散空间系统的理论,为城市各项避震疏散空间的规划和建设提供一种相对系统的评价体系和评价方法,为城市编制抗震防灾规划贡献一份力量。     

安全疏散系统防火设计综合分析深讨

提出在安全疏散系统防火设计中，如何进一步确定人员数量和疏散时间，综合计算安全出口的数量和宽度，使安全疏散的设计更加灵活、合理。     

智能疏散指示系统的疏散路线生成技术

依据安全疏散的基本原则包括疏散路线基本原则、有序疏散原则、整体快速原则等,结合典型火灾场景和建筑空间结构,提出了常态和应急两种情况下的智能疏散指示系统的疏散路线指示要求,并开发了智能疏散指示系统的疏散路线生成算法,通过工程验证,疏散路线计算准确,使用效果良好。     

智能疏散指示系统在商业综合体中的应用

分析了商业综合体火灾疏散难题及传统疏散指示存在的不足,介绍了智能疏散指示系统的优越性及应用于商业综合体的必要性。文章结合工程设计实例,阐述了智能疏散指示系统的设计要点及设计中需要注意的问题。     

有“备”无患——高层建筑备用疏散系统研究

在现代生活中扮演着重要角色的摩天楼正面临着比以往更多的来自火灾、恐怖袭击等事故的威胁。本文在分析高层建筑紧急情况下的危险性及现有疏散方式局限性的基础上,认为应该在高层建筑中提供备用疏散系统作为常规疏散方式之必要补足,以保障内部人员的人身安全;文章还对不同种类的备用疏散系统进行了归纳分类,为增强高层建筑的安全性提出了建议。     

建筑火灾中智能疏散诱导系统的仿真研究

采用改进型元胞自动机模型．模拟不同人员在混合行为模式下的疏散过程：研究智能疏散诱导系统的视觉诱导、听觉诱导及双重诱导对疏散过程的影响,给出一种动态标识疏散路径的方法：在不同行为模式下,动态标识疏散路径的结果可缩短疏散时间,提高安全疏散效率;该仿真研究可为研制新型智能疏散诱导系统提供科学依据。     

Evacuation performance of individuals in different visibility conditions

Accurate data on evacuation activities are required under visually handicapped conditions to increase the certainty of the fire performance-based designs and evacuation calculation models. This study was to analyze human behavior characteristics and evacuation performance change through the experiments under evacuation environment where smoke influences visibility. The evacuation experiment was conducted in four different visibility conditions at underground facilities with 125 subjects. The individual evacuation activities of the subjects regarding the evacuation time, movement speed, way-finding and the evacuation routes were recorded and studied. Difference in visibility condition caused changes in evacuee’s movement speed and travel distance. The change in visibility condition by indoor ordinary lights caused significant change only in movement speed on flat floors. However, the change in visibility by smoke caused significant change in travel distance as well as movement speed. These changes in evacuation performance were different, depending on the spatial characteristic.     

装设电梯的高层建筑火灾条件下人员疏散时间计算方法

电梯在建筑物火灾情况下用于人员疏散的研究已经引起人们的重视。本文重点介绍采用电梯进行疏散时疏散时间计算方法,以及相应的研究成果。对于电梯用于高层建筑火灾疏散的研究具有重要意义。     

Commuter characteristics in mass rapid transit stations in Singapore

A study on building occupant characteristics in mass rapid transit (MRT) stations in Singapore is reported in this paper. The characteristics studied include age group and gender distributions, commuters’ response to fire emergency alarms and their awareness of locations of exits, their walking speeds on walkways and stairs. The study took advantage of the fare card system used in Singapore to ascertain the age group spectrum of the commuters. Surveys were conducted among the MRT commuters to establish their intended response to three types of fire alarm systems, namely the fire alarm bell, the live announcement and the pre-recorded message. Commuter walking speeds were measured with the aid of video recording and on-site observation. The distributions of age groups in the MRT commuters were found to be statistically significantly different from that of general public, as there were mainly adults and fewer children and elderly in comparison to the general population. The distributions of gender groups in the MRT commuters were also found to be statistically significantly different from that of general public, as the female/male ratio among the commuters was greater than that in the general population. The survey results indicated that commuters intended more likely to respond to live announcement warning system than to the other two systems. The commuters’ awareness of egress routes was poor. It was also noted that there was no statistically significant difference in the responses by the two gender groups to the three fire alarm warning systems but the study indicated the statistically significant gender difference in the awareness of fire escape routes. A significantly large proportion of commuters was found unaware of or unfamiliar with the current fire escape route provisions in the MRT stations from the survey. The unimpeded walking speed was found to be gender and age dependant and it may not be appropriate to apply one walking speed for all commuters. Weak correlations were found for linear fit of walking speeds over a wide range of pedestrian density on walkways and staircases.     

Optimization of exit location in underground spaces

Workplace evacuation is a significant emergency response strategy and evacuation planning is mandatory for the emergency safety plan. It is known that the evacuation effectiveness depends directly on the effective location and functionality of the exit route, which includes exit access and exit discharge. Apparently, the exit doors location affect both these elements.The exit doors position is ruled by standards and regulations and depends on workplace use, building type, occupants’ number and type, etc. In underground constructions, the selection of the appropriate location of the exits is not easy. The land surface, the area topography and the fact that emergency exits are involved in the space’s ventilation, increase the engineers’ difficulty to design.The regulations mentioned above provide information about installing exits so that the workplace complies with the restrictions imposed. However, up to now a tool to help engineers select the best alternative combination of exits location for a given workplace does not exist.The purpose of this paper is to present a new software application that takes into account the basic parameters of exit routes regulations (such as distance, exit routes angle, dead end - common path of travel distance limitation) and therefore providing all the possible combination of exit doors location. In addition, each combination acquires an efficient grade through a mathematical function. That mathematical function has derived from a study on the evacuation affecting parameters and provides optimized results for exits location. Therefore, on one hand, the users may observe those combinations that comply with the standards restrictions and on the other hand, they can choose the best alternative.     

Study of announced evacuation drill from a retail store

Study of evacuation from fire is always focused on evacuation models, but rarely on evacuation experiments. This paper presents the results acquired from an announced evacuation drill of XIN LIAN XIN Store in China. There are two floors and five emergency exits in the building. Most of the customers knew there would be an evacuation drill before they entered the store, but they did not know the exact beginning time. The video of the whole evacuation process was recorded using television cameras installed in the store. The customers who evacuated from the store were asked to complete a questionnaire by researchers positioned outside the five exits. Analysis of the videotapes provided information on total evacuation time and actual number of customers who evacuated from the store. Questionnaires present the information on customer characteristics, primary behavior at alarm, pre-movement time and exit choice. The analysis results show that pre-movement time is an important part of evacuation process. Strengthening detector, alarm equipments and staff training are very effective and necessary for fire safety in China. These data can also be used as input parameters for evacuation models in performance-based fire protection design or validating the evacuation models' accuracy.     

轨道交通疏散平台测控技术应用

在城市轨道交通疏散平台施工中,轨道施工精调完成后,测控车模拟车辆在轨道上运行,其底部双侧轮缘位于平台安装侧钢轨上,使线路中心线位置准确及轨道面与疏散平台测控车车体框架平行,调节边、中梁确定线路中心线和轨面位置。激光标线仪的水平光线扫过横梁尺顶面和隧道管壁,水平光线至轨面标高的距离即为疏散平台模拟钢梁上缘高度值。通过模拟钢梁支架在横梁尺上模拟出疏散平台钢粱的位置,测得疏散平台钢梁上、下缘长度,然后精确加工、快速安装疏散平台钢梁。