Dynamics of the microbial community responsible for traditional sour cassava starch fermentation studied by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and quantitative rRNA hybridization

The microbial community developing during the spontaneous fermentation of sour cassava starch was investigated by cultivation-independent methods. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of partially amplified 16S rDNA followed by sequencing of the most intense bands showed that the dominant organisms were all lactic acid bacteria (LAB), mainly close relatives of Bifidobacterium minimum, Lactococcus lactis, Streptococcus sp., Enterococcus saccharolyticus and Lactobacillus plantarum., Close relatives of Lb. panis, Leuconostoc mesenteroides and Ln. citreum were also found. A complementary analysis using hybridization of 16S rRNA with phylogenetic probes was necessary to detect the presence of the recently discovered species Lb. manihotivorans. Although it represented up to 13% of the total lactic acid bacteria of sour cassava starch, this species could not be detected by DGGE as the PCR product migrated to the same position as Lc. lactis. In addition, it was shown that a strong pH decrease in the time course of fermentation was most probably responsible for the competitive selection of acid-resistant LAB vs. both homo and heterofermentative acid-sensitive LAB.     

基于PCR-DGGE方法分析榨菜中乳酸菌群落结构

为了深入了解榨菜中的乳酸菌多样性以及影响因素,以市场销售含有辣椒和不含辣椒两种袋装榨菜为研究对象,测定榨菜中的食盐浓度以及亚硝酸盐含量;通过变性梯度凝胶电泳（denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis,DGGE）法分离榨菜总微生物混合16S rDNA基因V7～V8片段,采用Quantity One软件分析乳酸菌物种丰富度、均匀度及物种多样性指数。结果表明：含辣椒的榨菜食盐浓度和亚硝酸盐含量均略低于不含有辣椒的榨菜;含有辣椒和不含辣椒的榨菜两者间物种多样性指数、丰富度和均匀度无显著差异（P＞0.05）。通过回收DGGE电泳带,经克隆后测定碱基序列、与GenBank库序列对比鉴定,不含有辣椒的榨菜5 条回收聚合酶链式反应（polymerase chainreaction,PCR）-DGGE泳带a、b、c、d、e经鉴定分别与Pediococcus argentinicus CRL 776、Uncultured Lactobacillus sp. isolateDGGE gel band lx12、Uncultured bacterium clone 11.02-12、Uncultured bacterium clone 11.02-9、Uncultured Lactobacillus sp.clone PxSC03相似度为98%、96%、97%、97%、97%。含有辣椒的榨菜4 条回收PCR-DGGE泳带1、2、3、4经鉴定分别与Uncultured Lactobacillus sp.、 Lactobacillus sakei A156、Lactobacillus sakei YY1、Lactobacillus sakei WJ1相似度为96%、97%、98%、97%。研究结果表明辣椒对榨菜中微生物群落结构无显著影响。     

新疆柯尔克孜族传统发酵饮料博扎中微生物群落结构的PCR-DGGE分析

采用PCR-DGGE 技术分析新疆柯尔克孜民族古老传统发酵饮料--博扎(Bozaa)中微生物种群结构,对博扎细菌和酵母菌DGGE 图谱上主要条带的DNA 进行测序和序列分析。结果表明,博扎中细菌组成包括植物乳杆菌(Lactobacterium plantarum)、短乳杆菌(Lactobacillus brevis)、蜡状芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus)、巴氏醋酸杆菌(Acetobacerpasteurianus)、啤酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae),初步成功解析评估了博扎中微生物的多样性。     

Lactic acid bacteria and yeasts associated with spontaneous fermentations during the production of sour cassava starch in Brazil

Sour cassava starch is a traditional fermented food used in the preparation of fried foods and baked goods such as traditional cheese breads in Brazil. Thirty samples of sour cassava starch were collected from two factories in the state of Minas Gerais. The samples were examined for the presence of lactic acid bacteria, yeasts, mesophilic microorganisms, Bacillus cereus and faecal coliforms. Lactic acid bacteria and yeasts isolates were identified by biochemical tests, and the identities were confirmed by molecular methods. Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus fermentum were the prevalent lactic acid bacteria in product from both factories, at numbers between 6.0 and 9.0 log cfu g(-)(1). Lactobacillus perolans and Lactobacillus brevis were minor fractions of the population. Galactomyces geothricum and Issatchenkia sp. were the prevalent yeasts at numbers of 5.0 log cfu g(-)(1). A species similar to Candida ethanolica was frequently isolated from one factory. Mesophilic bacteria and amylolytic microorganisms were recovered in high numbers at all stages of the fermentation. B. cereus was found at low numbers in product at both factories. The spontaneous fermentations associated with the production of sour cassava starch involve a few species of lactic acid bacteria at high numbers and a variety of yeasts at relatively low numbers.     

PCR-DGGE法分析西藏传统发酵乳制品中乳酸菌的多样性

目的：运用聚合酶链式反应和变性梯度凝胶电泳（polymerase chain reaction- denatured gradient gelelectrophoresis,PCR-DGGE）技术分析西藏传统发酵乳制品中乳酸菌的生物多样性。方法：从西藏8个牧区采集19份样品,提取样品总DNA,用巢式和降落PCR扩增16S rRNA的V3区段,对扩增产物做变性梯度凝胶电泳,用NTsys 2.10e软件分析条带的相似性,切胶回收条带并测序,鉴定菌种并构建系统进化树、分析优势菌种。结果：19份样品中的乳酸菌菌群组成包括Lactobacillus paracasei、Lactobacillus helveticus、Lactobacillus fermentum、Lactobacillus crispatus、Lactobacillus delbrueckii、Lactobacillus buchneri、Lactococcus raffinolactis、Leuconostocmesenteroide、Lactobacillus plantarum、Pediococcus pentosaceus、Lactococcus lactis、Streptococcus thermophilus。综合样品和牧区的乳酸菌分布情况,确定Lactobacillus delbrueckii为优势菌种。结论：PCR-DGGE技术能够有效分析西藏地区发酵乳制品中乳酸菌的多样性。     

Identification of the bacterial biodiversity in koumiss by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and species-specific polymerase chain reaction

Bacterial biodiversity in traditional koumiss fermented milk was studied by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). Target DNA bands were identified according to the reference species ladder, constructed in this study. Comigrating bands present in the DGGE profiles were resolved by species-specific PCR. The results revealed a novel bacterial profile and extensive bacterial biodiversity in koumiss. The dominant lactic acid bacteria included Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus helveticus, Lactobacillus fermentum, and Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens. Frequently encountered bacterial species were Enterococcus faecalis, Lactococcus lactis, Lactobacillus paracasei, Lactobacillus kitasatonis, and Lactobacillus kefiri. Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus buchneri, and Lactobacillus jensenii were occasionally found in this product. In addition, L. buchneri, L. jensenii, and L. kitasatonis, which were never previously isolated by culture-dependent methods, were identified for the first time in the Xinjiang koumiss. Furthermore, conventional cultivation was performed by plating samples on M17, de Man-Rogosa-Sharpe, Halligan-Pearce, and Kenner fecal media. The results revealed that lactobacilli were the dominant species in the koumiss ecosystem, which was consistent with the results obtained by the DGGE analysis. This is the first systematic study of the microbial composition in koumiss, and our findings will be helpful in selecting appropriate strains for the manufacture of this product at the industrial level.     

肉鸡屠宰加工中减菌处理前后细菌菌相分析

基于16S rDNA V6～V8可变区的聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳（polymerase chain reaction-denaturinggradient gel electrophoresis,PCR-DGGE）技术分析肉鸡屠宰加工过程中减菌处理前后胴体或产品细菌多样性。在预冷环节前采用50 ℃、1.5%乳酸溶液对肉鸡胴体冲淋15 s进行减菌处理,采集屠宰加工环节中减菌处理前后的胴体或分割产品表面样品,提取样品中的细菌总DNA,通过16S rDNA V6～V8可变区的PCR扩增,变性梯度凝胶电泳,对PCR扩增片段割胶回收、克隆测序分析减菌前后细菌菌相变化。结果表明,减菌前,胴体清洗环节DGGE条带的数量最多、亮度最强,细菌污染最严重,其次是分割环节,而预冷环节细菌种类及数量最少,污染程度最低;减菌后,各屠宰加工环节细菌种类与数量较减菌前均有所减少,其中胴体清洗环节与分割环节细菌的种类与数量减少量最多,预冷环节细菌的种类及数量最少,不同屠宰加工环节细菌种类并不完全一致;乳杆菌属细菌在整个肉鸡屠宰加工过程中均有出现,与肠杆菌科和假单胞菌属细菌为肉鸡屠宰加工过程中的优势腐败菌。     

Monitoring the lactic acid bacterial diversity during shochu fermentation by PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis

The presence of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) during shochu fermentation was monitored by PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and by bacteriological culturing. No LAB were detected from fermented mashes by PCR-DGGE using a universal bacterial PCR primer set. However, PCR-DGGE using a new primer specific for the 16S rDNA of Lactococcus, Streptococcus, Tetragenococcus, Enterococcus, and Vagococcus and two primers specific for the 16S rDNA of Lactobacillus, Pediococcus, Leuconostoc, and Weissella revealed that Enterococcus faecium, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus nagelii, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactococcus lactis, Leuconostoc citreum, Leuconostoc mesenteroides, and Weissella cibaria inhabited in shochu mashes. It was also found that the LAB community composition during shochu fermentation changed after the main ingredient and water were added during the fermentation process. Therefore, we confirmed that PCR-DGGE using all three primers specific for groups of LAB together was well suited to the study of the LAB diversity in shochu mashes. The results of DGGE profiles were similar to the results of bacteriological culturing. In conclusion, LAB are present during shochu fermentation but not dominant.     

Monitoring the bacterial population dynamics during fermentation of artisanal Argentinean sausages

The dynamics of the microbial community responsible for the artisanal fermentation of dry sausage produced in Argentina was investigated by using classical and molecular approaches. The combined use of RAPD analysis with primers M13, XD9, RAPD1 and RAPD2 and 16S rDNA sequencing were applied to the identification and intraspecific differentiation of 100 strains of lactobacilli and Micrococcaceae. DGGE analysis was used to monitor the dynamic changes in population after total microbial DNA was directly extracted from sausages and subjected to PCR using V3f (GC), Bact-0124f-GC and Univ-0515r primers. The sequence analysis of 16S rDNA of the dominant species was also carried out. Lactobacillus sakei and Lactobacillus plantarum were the dominant lactic acid organisms during the fermentation while Staphylococcus saprophyticus represented the dominant species of Micrococcaceae. It was demonstrated that the ripening process of Argentinean artisanal fermented sausage is driven by a limited number of Lactobacillus and Staphylococcus strains selected from environmental microbiota by the ability to best compete under the prevailing conditions of the ecological niche. The identification of dominant communities present in this artisanal fermented sausage can help in the selection of starter cultures consisting in well adapted strains to the particular production technology.     

Antimicrobial interactions of microbial species involved in the fermentation of cassava dough into agbelima with particular reference to the inhibitory effect of lactic acid bacteria on enteric pathogens

Lactic acid bacteria, Bacillus species and yeasts are involved in the fermentation of cassava dough into agbelima. Microbial interactions within and between these groups of microorganisms were investigated in addition to the survival of five enteric pathogens inoculated into agbelima under various conditions. Nine out of 10 cultures of lactic acid bacteria isolated at the end of agbelima fermentation showed inhibitory effect against 10 cultures of lactic acid bacteria isolated at the start of fermentation. Only 3 out of 10 isolates of Bacillus subtilis were inhibited by 10 isolates of lactic acid bacteria tested. No interactions were observed between yeasts and the lactic acid bacteria, whereas three of the Bacillus isolates showed inhibitory effects against the yeasts. Twelve isolates of Lactobacillus plantarum tested inhibited the growth of an isolate each of Lactobacillus fermentum and Lactobacillus brevis but none tested positive for bacteriocin production. The antimicrobial effect of the lactic acid bacteria was attributed to acid production. In fermenting cassava dough, enteric pathogens survived to different extents depending on pH and their sensitivity to acids. Vibrio cholerae C-230, Salmonella typhimurium 9 and Salmonella enteritidis 226 were not detectable in 10 g of sample after 4 h when inoculated into the 48-h fermented product, agbelima, whereas Shigella dysenteriae 2357T and Escherichia coli D2188 were detectable up to 8 h in the product.     

Investigation of the microbial ecology of Ciauscolo, a traditional Italian salami, by culture-dependent techniques and PCR-DGGE

The microbial ecology of 22 samples of commercially available Ciauscolo salami were investigated using a polyphasic approach, based on culture-dependent and -independent techniques. The viable counts of pathogen and hygiene indicator microorganisms highlighted the adequate application of good manufacturing practices, while the viable counts of the lactic acid bacteria, coagulase negative cocci, and yeasts showed dominance of the first of these microbial groups. Bacterial and fungal DNA were extracted directly from the salami and amplified by PCR, using two primer sets targeting the 16S and 28S rRNA genes, respectively. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and sequencing of selected bands were used to investigate the microbial ecology of these Ciauscolo salami. The most frequently found bacterial species were Lactobacillus sakei and Lb. curvatus, while Debaryomyces hansenii was the prevalent yeast species detected. Cluster analysis of the DGGE profiles and calculation of biodiversity indices allowed the degree of microbial similarity across these salami to be determined.     

Analysis of kimchi microflora using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis

A polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) technique was used to determine the microfloral composition during the fermentation of kimchi, a traditional Korean fermented vegetable food. The kimchi was fermented at 10 degrees C or 20 degrees C for 30 or 20 days, respectively. DGGE of the partially amplified 16S rDNA was performed and the most intense bands sequenced. The application of this culture-independent molecular technique determined that the lactic acid bacteria Weissella confusa, Leuconostoc citreum, Lactobacillus sakei, and Lactobacillus curvatus were the main microorganisms responsible for kimchi fermentation.     

生鲜罗非鱼片在冷藏过程中细菌群落演替的PCR-DGGE分析

分析了生鲜罗非鱼片在腐败过程中细菌群落的演替规律。以4℃有氧冷藏条件下的生鲜罗非鱼片为研究对象,定期提取鱼片上的细菌总DNA,采用16S rDNA PCR-DGGE技术连续分析细菌群落演替,对DGGE电泳胶片上的主要DNA条带进行序列分析并构建系统发生树。结果表明:9个主要的DNA条带所代表的细菌来源于以下几个属:希瓦氏菌属(Shewanella)、无色杆菌属(Achromobacter)、不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)、嗜冷杆菌属(Psychrobacter)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、短杆菌属(Brevibacterium)、迪茨氏菌属(Dietzia)、紫色杆菌属(Janthinobacterium)、黄杆菌属(Flavobacterium)。在冷藏初期即第0～6d鱼片上的细菌包括8个属,即无色杆菌属、希瓦氏菌属、嗜冷杆菌属、假单胞菌属、不动杆菌属、短杆菌属、迪茨氏菌属、紫色杆菌属;冷藏9d后鱼片发生腐败,此时无色杆菌属、希瓦氏菌属、嗜冷杆菌属和假单胞菌属的细菌成为优势种;冷藏12d时出现黄杆菌属细菌。     

The fate of indigenous microbiota, starter cultures, Escherichia coli, Listeria innocua and Staphylococcus aureus in Danish raw milk and cheeses determined by pyrosequencing and quantitative real time (qRT)-PCR

The purpose of this work was to study the bacterial communities in raw milk and in Danish raw milk cheeses using pyrosequencing of tagged amplicons of the V3 and V4 regions of the 16S rDNA and cDNA. Furthermore, the effects of acidification and ripening starter cultures, cooking temperatures and rate of acidification on survival of added Escherichia coli, Listeria innocua and Staphylococcus aureus in cheeses at different stages of ripening were studied by pyrosequencing and quantitative real time (qRT)-PCR. A high diversity of bacterial species was detected in raw milk. Lactococcus lactis, Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus rhamnosus were the main bacteria detected in raw milk and cheeses. Bacteria belonging to the genera Brevibacterium, Staphylococcus, Escherichia, Weissella, Leuconostoc, Pediococcus were also detected in both 16S rDNA and cDNA obtained from raw milk and cheeses. E. coli, which was added to milk used for production of some cheeses, was detected in both DNA and RNA extracted from cheeses at different stages of ripening showing the highest percentage of the total sequence reads at 7 days of ripening and decreased again in the later ripening stages. Growth of E. coli in cheeses appeared to be affected by the cooking temperature and the rate of acidification but not by the ripening starter cultures applied or the indigenous microbiota of raw milk. Growth of L. innocua and S. aureus added to milks was inhibited in all cheeses at different stages of ripening. The use of 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing and qRT-PCR allows a deeper understanding of the behavior of indigenous microbiota, starter cultures and pathogenic bacteria in raw milk and cheeses.     

PCR-DGGE分析资中冬尖发酵过程中细菌多样性

目的:采用聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳(polymerase chain reaction-denatured gradient gel electrophoresis,PCR-DGGE)技术分析资中冬尖发酵过程中微生物群落结构及其动态变化。方法:从资中采集4份不同发酵年份冬尖样品,提取样品总DNA,采用巢式PCR法扩增细菌16S r DNA V3区,扩增产物采用DGGE分离,对细菌主要优势条带进行克隆、测序、构建系统发育树。结果:冬尖在发酵过程中细菌多样性较丰富,且群落结构发生了较大变化。不同发酵时间样品间,细菌群落结构相似性为9%~67%,其中第2年与第3年样品相似性最高,达67%。资中冬尖发酵过程中,所涉及的细菌主要分为3类,分别为厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、变形杆菌门(Proteobacteria)和非培养菌,其中厚壁菌门为优势菌群,占53%;变形杆菌门占37%;非培养菌仅占10%。结论:采用PCR-DGGE技术能更全面、更真实地反映资中冬尖在发酵过程中微生物群落的多样性及其动态变化,为冬尖的生产工艺和风味物质的形成提供理论支撑。     

Lactic acid bacterial diversity in the traditional mexican fermented dough pozol as determined by 16S rDNA sequence analysis

The lactic acid bacteria diversity of pozol, a Mexican fermented maize dough, was studied using a total DNA extraction and purification procedure and PCR amplification of 16S rDNA for gram-positive and related bacterial groups. Thirty-six clones were obtained and sequenced to 650 nucleotides. These partial sequences were identified by submission to the non-redundant nucleotide database of NCBI. The identified sequences were aligned with reference sequences of the closest related organisms. This analysis indicated that only 14 sequences were unique clones and these were identified as Lactococcus lactis, Streptococcus suis, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lact. casei, Lact. alimentarium, and Lact. delbruekii and Clostridium sp. Two non-ribosomal sequences were also detected. Unlike other environments analyzed with this molecular approach where many unidentified microorganisms are found, the identity of most sequences could be established as lactic acid bacteria, indicating that this is the main group among the gram-positive bacteria in pozol. Use of this molecular method permitted detection of lactic acid bacteria different from those previously isolated and identified by culture techniques     

应用PCR-DGGE技术分析泡菜中乳酸菌的多样性

从泡菜液中抽提总DNA,扩增16S rDNA的V7-V8区,变性梯度凝胶电泳分离PCR片段,发现不同样品间的菌种差异显著。对片段直接测序和克隆测序,进行Blast分析,绘制进化树。结果表明,DGGE和克隆技术相结合是研究泡菜中乳酸菌多样性的可行方法。     

Complex microbiota of a Chinese "Fen" liquor fermentation starter (Fen-Daqu), revealed by culture-dependent and culture-independent methods

Daqu is a traditional fermentation starter that is used for Chinese liquor production. Although partly mechanized, its manufacturing process has remained traditional. We investigated the microbial diversity of Fen-Daqu, a starter for light-flavour liquor, using combined culture-dependent and culture-independent approaches (PCR-DGGE). A total of 190 microbial strains, comprising 109 bacteria and 81 yeasts and moulds, were isolated and identified on the basis of the sequences of their 16S rDNA (bacteria) and 26S rDNA and ITS regions (fungi). DGGE of DNA extracted from Daqu was used to complement the culture-dependent method in order to include non-culturable microbes. Both approaches revealed that Bacillus licheniformis was an abundant bacterial species, and Saccharomycopsis fibuligera, Wickerhamomyces anomalus, and Pichia kudriavzevii were the most common yeasts encountered in Fen-Daqu. Six genera of moulds (Absidia, Aspergillus, Mucor, Rhizopus, Rhizomucor and Penicillium) were found. The potential function of these microorganisms in starters for alcoholic fermentation is discussed. In general the culture-based findings overlapped with those obtained by DGGE by a large extent. However, Weissella cibaria, Weissella confusa, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Enterobacter aerogenes, Lactobacillus sanfranciscensis, Lactobacillus lactis, and Bacillus megaterium were only revealed by DGGE.     

Isolation and Identification of Representative Fungi from Shaoxing Rice Wine Wheat Qu Using a Polyphasic Approach of Culture‐Based and Molecular‐Based Methods

Ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis (RISA) and traditional culture‐based methods were employed to examine the fungal community of Shaoxing rice wine wheat Qu. Results showed that RISA profiles of total DNA exhibited nine distinguishable bands. By comparison, the RISA fingerprints recovered from enrichment media gave variable patterns containing fewer bands. Bands corresponding to five fungal species detected by RISA of total DNA were also observed in RISA fingerprints from enrichment cultures. A total of twenty‐four pure cultures were isolated with media of potato dextrose agar (PDA), Czapek (CPK) and wheat Qu extraction (WQE). A total of eight, eighteen and eleven fungal species and 7.9 × 10⁵ cfu/g Qu, 3.0 × 10⁵ cfu/g Qu, and 3.9 × 10⁶ cfu/g Qu, were isolated using PDA, CPK and WQE media, respectively. Predominance of each representative species did vary with the culture medium. Comparison of ITS sequences of excised RISA bands and recovered pure isolates with those in GenBank database revealed that the representative fungal species in wheat Qu were Absidia corymbifera, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Rhizopus oryzae, Rhizomucor pusillus, Aspergillus oryzae, Candida tropicalis, Emericella nidulans, Clavispora lusitaniae, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus microsporus, Pichia guilliermondii and Pichia anomala. Species of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida tropicalis and Rhizopus oryzae detected in the original samples by analysis of RISA were not recovered in any of the three media. In addition, some species recovered from the enrichments were not detected by RISA analysis. Results obtained with culture‐based or molecular‐based methods clearly confirmed the importance of developing an integrated approach to gain a better understanding of the microbial community in wheat Qu.