回料流入口高度对循环流化床提升管流动特性的影响

The axial pressure drop profile and the radial solids distribution were measured in a circulating fluidized bed for evaluating the effects of return gas-solids stream position on the riser flow properties.The saturation carrying capacity of gas for Geldart B typed particles and the flow mode of return gas-solids stream in the bed were discussed.It was found that arranging the inlet at a higher position of the riser would make the bottom bed leaner when U₀ was high and G_s was low.When G_s increased,the longer influenced region of return particles and a small air-staging through lifting the loosening air injection position made the bottom bed become denser significantly.The deceleration and residence of return particles caused a relatively denser but asymmetrical region in the vicinity of inlet.But much more symmetrical solids distribution profile was found in the upper and lower regions far away from the inlet.The effects of inlet height on the flow properties of the riser with air-staging also were analyzed.The secondary air injection below the solids inlet could not cut off the solids exchange in the bed.The bed solids concentration increased when the particles inlet moved to a higher position of the bed when air-staging was adopted.Using CO₂ as tracer,the dispersion of the loop-seal-fluidizing air for transmitting the return particles was investigated.It was found that the loop-seal fluidizing air dispersion rate was low but can be enhanced by the secondary air injection.     

多孔载体海绵对CH4-N2-O2瓦斯气体水合分离影响（英文）

The findings were presented from laboratory investigations on the hydrate formation and dissociation processes employed to recover methane from coal mine gas.The separation process of coal mine methane(CMM) was carried out at 273.15K under 4.00 MPa.The key process variables of gas formation rate,gas volume stored in hydrate and separation concentration were closely investigated in twelve THF-SDS-sponge-gas systems to verify the sponge effect in these hydrate-based separation processes.The gas volume stored in hydrate is calculated based on the measured gas pressure.The CH4 mole fraction in hydrate phase is measured by gas chromatography to confirm the separation efficiency.Through close examination of the overall results,it was clearly verified that sponges with volumes of 40,60 and 80 cm 3 significantly increase gas hydrate formation rate and the gas volume stored in hydrate,and have little effect on the CH4 mole fraction in hydrate phase.The present study provides references for the application of the kinetic effect of porous sponge media in hydrate-based technology.This will contribute to CMM utilization and to benefit for local and global environment.     

CFD simulations of quenching process for partial oxidation of methane:Comparison of jet-in-cross-flow and impinging flow configurations

A new quenching process using the cold pyrolysis gas has been proposed for the partial oxidation (POX) of methane to recover the heat.The mixing of hot product gas and cold pyrolysis gas in milliseconds is critical to this new approach.Two most widely-used rapid mixing configurations,i.e.the jet-in-cross-flow (JICF) and impinging flow configurations,are compared in terms of mixing and quenching performances using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) coupled with detailed reaction mechanism Leeds 1.5.The mixedness,residence time distribution,temperature decreasing rate and loss ratio of acetylene during the quenching are systematically studied.The results show that the impinging flow has a more uniform mixing and narrower residence time distribution than the JICF.However,the temperature decreasing rate of the mainstream is faster in the JICF than in the impinging flow.The loss ratio of acetylene in the quenching process is 2.89％ for the JICF and 1.45％ for the impinging flow,showing that the impinging flow configuration is better and feasible for the quenching of POX of methane.     

利用翅片管束外表面降膜反应脱除烟气中SO2的实验研究

A new wet flue gas desulfurization method by reaction across the falling liquid film on the outside surface of axial finned-tube bundle and its principles of removal of SO₂ are presented in this paper.The effects of different styles of tube bundle,and the pitch of tubes,flue gas velocity,gas-liquid ratio and flue gas temperature on desulphurization efficiency and the moisture content of flue gas are studied.The experiment results show that desulphurization effect is better for flue gas at 65℃,4.0m·s^-1 against the tube bundle of 10 rows with relative pitch of staggered rows S₁/d=2.1,S₂/d=1.8.     

生物活性泡沫乳液反应器处理被苯、甲苯、二甲苯污染的空气

A novel bioactive foam emulsion bioreactor for benzene, toluene and xylene (BTX) contaminated air streams treatment has been developed. The gas-liquid interfacial area by biocompatible foam and driving force for mass transfer by a water immiscible organic phase were increased in this reactor. The effect of several parameters such as gas residence time, oxygen content, and organic phase concentration on bioreactor performance was studied. Experimental results showed an average elimination capacity (EC) of 220 g&;#8226;m－3&;#8226;h－1 with removal efficiency (RE) of 89.59% for BTX inlet concentration of 1 g&;#8226;m－3 at 15 s gas residence time in the bioreactor. The statistical developed model predicted that the maximum elimination capacity of the reactor for BTX could be reached to 423.45 g&;#8226;m－3&;#8226;h－1. Continues operation of the bioreactor with high EC and RE was demonstrated by optimizing the operational parameters of the bioreactor. Overall the results suggest that the bioreactor developed can be very effective systems to treat BTX vapors.     

喷动床中气体停留时间分布的研究

In a spouted bed of 80mm in ID and 1700mm in height, the gas residence time distributions at different radial positions in both spout and annular area were measured with five different kinds of particles as spouting material, air as spouting gas, and hydrogen as tracer. The effects of superficial gas velocity, operating pressure, particle size and its category on gas residence time distribution were discussed. It was found that the gas velocity profile in spout was more uniform than that in annulus. It could be concluded that the gas flow in the spout could be treated as a plug-flow, while that in the annulus inhibited a strong non-ideal flow behavior. Increasing the superficial gas velocity and decreasing the operating pressure, the particle density and its size gave rise to spouting disturbance, thus the measured tracer concentrations vs. time curves fluctuated. The variances of residence time distribution curves could be taken as a measure of the gas fluctuation degree.     

超滤与泡沫分离内耦合应用于表面活性物质浓缩分离的实验研究

Membrane separation and foam separation are widely used separation techniques.To make use of their advantages,membrane separation and foam separation were integrated to dispose waste water with low concentration of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate（LAS）.A method of forcing bubbles through a single hollow fiber ultrafiltration tube was put forward to study the separation efficiency of the integrated process.The effects of pressure,gas-liquid ratio and LAS concentration on the separation efficiency were investigated.Under the conditions of pressure 0.03—0.1 MPa,gas-liquid ratio 0—0.9,and LAS concentration 0—70 mg·L^-1,the membrane permeate flux was raised from 26.5 to 38.6 L·m^-2·h^-1,increased by 48.6%,and the retention rate was raised from 37.0% to 64.9%,increased by 75.5%.The results show that the integrated process can reduce the concentration polarization and membrane fouling.Moreover,this method reduces the back-mixing of foam separation and increases the concentration of bulk liquid phase for foam separation.Therefore,the integrated separation promotes mass transfer and improves separation efficiency.     

采用增大凝结液滴方法的锥芯超音速旋流分离装置性能研究

To improve the separation performance of a supersonic gas separation device for the treatment of gas mixture with a single heavy component, a novel structure with shorter settlement distance was constructed and a method of droplet enlargement was applied. A series of experiments were carried out in the improved separation device under various conditions, using air-ethanol vapor as the medium and micro water droplets as nucleation centers. The effects of the inlet pressure, temperature and relative humidity, the swirling intensity, and mass flow rate of water on the separation performance were investigated. The separation was improved by increasing the inlet pressure and relative humidity. With the decrease of swirling intensity and mass flow rate of water, the separation efficiency increased first and then decreased. The inlet temperature had a slight effect on the separation. The results showed that the separation performance was effectively improved using the proposed structure and method, and the best separation in this study was obtained with the ethanol removal rate about 55% and dew point depression 27 K. The addition of water had little pollution to the air-ethanol vapor system since the water carry-over rate was within the range of %-0 in most cases.     

加压下规整填料塔内气液两相轴向返混实验研究

An experimental study of the extent of axial backmixing in both gas and liquid phases was conducted in a 150 mm ID column packed with Mellapak 250Y corrugated structured packing. The column was operated at pressures ranging from 0.3 MPa to 2.0MPa with nitrogen and water flowing countercurrently through the packing. The amount of axial backmixing was experimentally evaluated by the pulse response techniques using hydrogen in gas phase and an aqueous solution of NaCl in liquid phase as inert tracers. The response of the tracer was monitored by means of thermal conductivity in the gas phase and electrical conductance in the liquid phase. The experimentally determined residence time distribution (RTD) curves were interpreted in terms of the diffusion-type modei. The results indicated that the axial backmixing in the gas increased notably with gas flowrate and slightly with operating pressure and liquid flowrate. The liquid-phase axial backmixing was an increasing function of both gas and liquid flowrates an     

Absorption of Low Concentration Sulfur Dioxide Using Liquid-containing Microporous Membrane

The absorption of low concentration SO2 in flue gas by using the module of liquid-containing microporous membrane which is made up of hollow fiber and citric acid-sodium citrate buffer solution was investigated. The absorption efficiency of hydrophilic and hydrophobic membranes by using the concept of dynamic contact angle was mainly studied. The influences on absorption efficiency from absorption time, flowrate of gas phase, SO2 concentration of gas phase, air pressure, citrate concentration, pH value of solution as well as the generation of sulfate radical in absorption solution were examined. The results indicate that the hydrophobic hollow fiber membrane is better than hydrophilic membrane, the absorption efficiency decreases with increasing absorption time, gas phase flowrate, gas phase SO2 concentration and air pressure, the absorption rate and capacity of SO2 can be improved by increasing the citrate concentration, the absorption efficiency can be improved by increasing the pH value of citrate solution, the concentration of SO42- in absorption solution increases linearly with the absorption time at a rate around 0.192 g/(L×h).     

天然气脱蜡旋风分离器分离效率的模拟

旋风分离器分离效率高,不易堵塞,用于天然气脱蜡效果显著。通过CFD软件Fluent模拟CYG-S型天然气脱蜡旋风分离器的两相流场,得到了旋风分离器内的压力、切向速度、轴向速度分布。对比了不同入口速度下的模拟与理论计算的分割粒径x50,发现具有很好的吻合度,两相模拟有一定的可靠性。结果表明：在旋风分离器锥段底部靠近壁面处的石蜡液滴质量浓度较高;随着进口流量的增加,旋风分离器分离效率提高,当进口流量为1000 m3/h时,x50可以达到5.3 μm;大粒径液滴的分离效果明显,但在所研究的进口流量范围内,进口流量的变化不能明显地影响粒径小于5 μm液滴的分离效率;柱段和锥段长度的增加使得旋风分离器的整体长度增加,延长了液滴在旋风分离器内的停留时间,提高了旋风分离器的分离效率。     

多效旋风分离器性能的实验研究

多效旋风分离器通过采用2级螺旋管预分离含尘气体、螺旋形顶盖板导流、筒体中心稳流锥稳流和吸气回流系统防止粉尘返混等措施,解决了在旋风流场中分离微米及亚微米级颗粒的难题。文中通过实验研究了直径为0.25 m的多效旋风分离器的压降、分离效率和进口风速的关系,实验物料粒径范围为0.1—23μm,平均粒径为7.59μm。结果表明:在10—14 m/s入口风速时,对0.1—3μm颗粒的分离效率大于90%,对大于5μm颗粒的分离效率接近100%,压降在500—1 000 Pa。风速大于16 m/s时,对0.1—2μm颗粒的分离效率大于75%。     

Numerical simulation of effect of inlet configuration on square cyclone separator performance

This paper presents a numerical study of the gas-solid flow in square cyclone separators with three types of inlet configuration. Three-dimensional Reynolds Stress Model (RSM) was used to simulate the turbulent flow of gas phase and a Lagrangian equation was used to simulate the particle motion. The resulting velocity, separation efficiency and pressure drops were verified by comparison with measured data. The effect of inlet configurations on the turbulent dynamics in the cyclone and the separation efficiency and pressure drop was analyzed. Results showed that inlet configurations influenced the turbulent dynamics in the cyclone and led to different pressure drop and separation efficiency. The separator with double declining inlets (DDI) had the minimum pressure drop and similar efficiency to the separator with double normal inlets (DNI). The separator with single normal inlet (SNI) had the best separation efficiency and the maximum pressure drop. When a baffle was installed in the inlet of separator SNI, the pressure drop increased by about 191% and 34% for the separator with a straight (SNI-1) and curved (SNI-2) baffle respectively on the basis of the pressure drop of separator SNI. The cut and critical diameter of particles were 2 μm and 14 μm for separator SNI-1 and 4 μm and 14 μm for separator SNI-2, while they were 8 μm and 30 μm for separator SNI at the same inlet conditions.     

CFD技术在油气分离器选型和设计中的应用

利用CFD数值模拟方法,气相采用RNGκ-ε湍流模型,油滴相采用随机轨道模型,对油气两相流在一次油份内的流动分布进行研究,分析油滴在分离器内的运动轨迹及分离机理。计算结果表明:油气分离器的长径比越大其分离效果越好;当入口速度较大时,增大分离器容积可提高分离效率;当入口速度较慢时,即使增大容积其分离效果也不会得到明显的改善;分离器入口速度越大分离效果越理想。在工程应用中,利用以上分析结论进行选型和尺寸设计的油气分离器可以满足实际要求,并取得理想的分离效果,同时验证了采用的方法切实可行。     

新型多旋臂气液分离器入口旋流头的预分离特性研究

新型多旋臂气液分离器可实现大直径分离器内的气液旋流高效分离,其入口旋流头结构是分离器的重要组件之一。通过大型冷模实验,对入口旋流头结构的液滴群粒径分布进行非引出式在线测量,从压降和分离效率角度考察了旋流头的预分离性能。结果表明,在入口直管段,初始液滴粒径会在高速气流的作用下迅速进行重新分布,粒径分布呈类正态分布,Sauter平均粒径（SMD）为16.8 μm。在16.95 m/s的气速下,液滴群在H/D=2.47~8.48长度内的入口直管段中运动状态稳定,粒径分布未发生明显变化。在高气速的操作条件下,剪切效应和边壁效应共同作用使SMD略有增大。液滴群在流经旋流臂后,粒径分布发生显著变化,出现“双峰”特征,旋流臂对液滴的聚集效果明显。通过粒径分布分析,预测了旋流臂末端的液滴特征。发现旋流头的预分离性能优越,在压降占比仅3.2%~8.4%的情况下,分离效率占比可高达42.8%~62.5%。入口旋流头结构不仅可以为混合相创造强旋流的初始分离环境,还能借助自身结构特点实现对混合相的惯性预分离。     

Experimental investigations on a cyclone separator performance at an extremely low particle concentration

In order to evaluate the influence of extremely low particle concentration on separation performance of cyclone separator, the overall collection efficiencies and grade efficiencies of a cyclone separator with particle concentrations of 5-2000 mg/m³ and inlet velocities of 6-30 m/s have been investigated under ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure conditions. Aerosol spectrometer based on measuring particle number is used to measure the particle concentrations and particle size distributions of the inlet and outlet of the cyclone separator. The overall efficiency is equal to the ratio of the particle concentration difference between the inlet and outlet of the cyclone separator to the inlet particle concentration. The grade efficiency is obtained by comparing the particle size distributions of the inlet and outlet of the cyclone separator. The effects of particle concentration on separation performance are predicted by Smolik empirical model. Particle agglomeration, which has been found in the inlet and outlet of the cyclone separator, has a very important influence on the collection efficiencies and grade efficiencies of the cyclone separator at the particle concentration of 5-2000 mg/m³. The cut sizes for different inlet gas velocity with extremely low particle concentration can be quantitatively calculated by Barth model, Mothes and Loffer model and Muschelknautz model, respectively. Experimental results show that the overall collection efficiencies and grade efficiencies increased with the increasing particle concentrations and inlet velocities, and most of the particles with the diameter bigger than 10 μm can be removed by cyclone separator.     

局部磨损对α型旋风分离器内流场及分离性能的影响

以α型旋风分离器为研究对象,基于欧拉-拉格朗日方法,采用雷诺应力模型（RSM）、颗粒离散相模型（DPM）、E/CRC磨损方程对分离器内流场与磨损特性进行数值模拟。通过分析速度矢量、切向速度、颗粒运动轨迹等参数的分布规律,研究了局部磨损对设备内流场及分离性能的影响。结果表明,α型旋风分离器入口正对壁面磨损最为严重,最大磨损率约为1.4×10^-5kg/(m²·s)。磨损引起壁面几何结构的改变,导致气流方向发生偏转,不利于主流的稳定与固体颗粒的分离。随局部磨损的加剧,排气管下口短路流急剧增大,从而导致排气管下口以下区域流体流量减少,外涡切向速度降低;细颗粒的逃逸现象更加明显,粗颗粒运动轨迹趋于重合,更易形成高浓度灰环加剧壁面磨损。与未磨损时相比,局部磨损厚度50mm时,3μm粒径颗粒的分离效率由74.38%降低至54.97%,分割粒径d₅₀由0.73μm增大至2.36μm;设备压降降低了约15.41%。     

煤等离子体热解制乙炔工艺的工程探讨

与传统的煤 炼焦 电石 乙炔的工艺路线相比 ,等离子体裂解煤制取乙炔工艺是一项具有广阔工业前景的新技术 ,它的工业化将推动煤的优化利用。分析了煤和等离子体射流的混合情况、反应时间及急冷方式对乙炔收率的影响 ;探讨了等离子发生器的热效率、成流气的初始温度、反应器的热损失、反应生成物余热回收率、残渣分离、反应气的分离和精制以及成流气的循环能耗等 7因素对等离子体热解煤制乙炔能耗的影响以及长周期生产的影响因素 ;提出了煤间接等离子体热解制乙炔工艺的思路 ,可以克服煤直接等离子体热解制乙炔工艺中的部分缺陷 ,消除煤种对裂解原料的限制。     

Experimental and Numerical Investigations of a Dual‐Stage Cyclone Separator

Cyclone separators can be utilized in parallel to increase particle collection efficiency. However, this leads to a maldistribution problem that causes separation performance deterioration. To improve the flow distribution, a dual‐stage multicyclone separator (DSCS) was designed, containing a tangential‐inlet circle pathway cyclone array, an axial‐inlet radiation pathway cyclone array, and a cylindrical outer chamber. Experimental and computational fluid dynamics results revealed the gas‐particle flow distribution through multicyclone arrays. Effects of flow distribution on particle deposition were investigated experimentally. Particle trajectories inside the cyclone separators were also observed. The multicyclone array proved to generate a uniform inlet velocity distribution. The proposed cyclone separator can be considered as an option to accomplish dilute gas‐particle separation.     

天然气净化用多管旋风分离器的分离性能

为了系统评价天然气净化用多管旋风分离器的分离性能,在线测量了入口气速6~24 m/s、入口颗粒浓度30~2000 mg/m3范围内多管旋风分离器的分离效率和分级效率. 结果表明,多管旋风分离器的分离效率和分级效率都随入口气速和入口颗粒浓度增大而提高. 与单管旋风分离器相比,在相同实验条件下,多管旋风分离器的分离效率下降2%~15%;单管旋风分离器基本能除净粒径大于10 mm的颗粒,而多管旋风分离器只能去除15 mm以上的颗粒. 多管旋风分离器的压降主要是内部单管旋风分离器的压降,占整个压降的80%~90%.