Study of Lithographically Defined Data Track and Servo Patterns

We report on fabrication of discrete tracks on perpendicular magnetic recording (PMR) media with an e-beam lithographical process. We studied the recording performance of the e-beam media on a spinstand in parallel with conventional PMR media. Discrete track media show significant reduction in adjacent track erasure (ATE). We studied and quantitatively measured the source of the ATE improvement, and developed a triple track geometrical model to calculate achievable track density for both discrete track recording (DTR) and continuous media. From the model, we identify two factors of DTR that contribute to reaching a higher TPI. Using the same fabrication technique, we also studied servo burst design and its playback waveform quality. At 250 ktpi, we compare DTR servo bursts with servo bursts written with a conventional method. DTR servo bursts show better edge definition, which can translate to better position error signal sensitivity and support higher TPI in the future.Discrete tracks are fabricated on conventional PMR media with an e-beam litho graphical process. The recording performance is studied on a spinstand in parallel with conventional PMR media. Discrete track media shows significant reduction in adjacent track erasure (ATE). The source of the ATE improvement is studied and quantitatively measured. A triple track geometrical model is developed to calculate achievable track density for both DTR and continuous media. From the model, we identify two factors of DTR, which contribute to reaching a higher TPI. Using the same fabrication technique, we also study servo burst design and its playback waveform quality. At 250 ktpi, we compare DTR servo bursts and servo bursts written with a conventional method. DTR servo bursts show better edge definition, which can translate to better PES signal sensitivity and support higher TPI in the future.     

Properties of side-shielded read heads in longitudinal and perpendicular recording

Side-shielded (SS) read heads were fabricated, and their magnetic track widths were calculated and measured. The measurements in longitudinal recording show that SS heads exhibit sharper profiles compared with side-unshielded heads. To examine the effect of side shielding, we studied the dependence of the magnetic read width on write density using calculations and experiments. The calculations indicate that the SS head can reduce the skirt of the microtrack profile even at low densities, while the side-unshielded head cannot. This result was qualitatively found in an experiment. We also studied the SS effect in perpendicular recording and found better performance. The calculations predict that SS can strongly reduce the skirt of the microtrack profile even in perpendicular recording. We observed a sharper profile in an SS head compared with a side-unshielded one.     

Side-Track Erasure Processes in Perpendicular Recording

In perpendicular recording, substantial erasure of the stored data patterns can occur during the writing process. Among all those erasure processes, side-track erasure (STE) is one of the critical issues in drive head/media integration. Unlike the adjacent track erasure (ATE) process, the locations of the STE affected areas are often many tens of tracks away from the central writing track location. In this work, we report on an experimental investigation and quantification of the general attributes and the origins of the STE processes in various situations. Particularly, we thoroughly characterize some distinctive signatures and behaviors of STE processes by employing both the amplitude- and bit-error-rate-based STE measurement methods in combination with a novel magnetic force microscope characterization technique     

Analysis and measurement of fault coverage in a combined ATE and BIST environment

This paper analyzes an environment which utilizes built-in self-test (BIST) and automatic test equipment (ATE), and presents closed-form expressions for fault coverage as a function of the number of BIST and ATE test vectors. This requires incorporating the time to switch from BIST to ATE (referred to as switchover time), and utilizing ATE generated vectors to finally achieve the desired level of fault coverage. For this environment, we model fault coverage as a function of the testability of the circuit under test and the numbers of vectors which are supplied by the BIST circuitry and the ATE. A novel approach is proposed; this approach is initially based on fault simulation using a small set of random vectors; an estimate of the so-called detection profile of the circuit under test is established as the basis of the test model. This analytical model effectively relates the testable features of the circuit under test to detection using both BIST and ATE as related testing processes.     

Theoretical Comparison of readback harmonic responses for longitudinal recording and perpendicular recording with probe head over a medium with permeable underlayer

In this work we compare the theoretical readback harmonic responses of longitudinal and perpendicular recording with ideal two-dimensional heads which have infinite permeable cores. The comparison provides a clear picture of the difference between the readback performance of longitudinal and perpendicular recording.     

Perpendicular GMI Effect in Meander NiFe and NiFe/Cu/NiFe Film

We have evaluated the perpendicular giant magnetoimpedance effect (GMI) in both NiFe and NiFe/Cu/NiFe films with meander geometry in the $>$1 MHz high-frequency range. With the magnetic field, the perpendicular GMI effect shows an intense GMI peak value at a certain field. This effect is comparable to the longitudinal GMI effect in both profile and peak value amplitude. The experimental results correspond well with the predictions of a single-domain rotational magnetization model. These findings demonstrate that the deflection of the anisotropy to a perpendicular direction plays an important role in the perpendicular GMI effect.      

Cross-track transition location and transition parameter effects in heat-assisted magnetic recording

When conventional longitudinal and perpendicular magnetic recording architectures reach their well-known superparamagnetic limits, one candidate to break through the limit is heat-assisted magnetic recording (HAMR). In this paper, we investigate the effect of cross-track transition location and transition parameter (a-parameter) profiles in an HAMR system. Here, we apply microtrack modeling and the thermal Williams-Comstock model to longitudinal recording to determine the transition location and a-parameter profiles along the cross-track direction in the presence of a temperature profile. We then explore the effect of temperature on the isolated transition response of the system.     

机载SAR天线稳定平台自动化测试系统

根据SAR(Synthesis Aperture Radar,合成孔径雷达)平台的工作原理和需要测试的关键性能,以PXI虚拟仪器为核心,使用二维电控转台模拟载机角运动,使用激光测量装置测量平台跟踪误差,设计了机载SAR天线稳定平台的新型自动化测试系统,介绍了系统的结构、软件构成及工作原理。     

Practical equalizer for a perpendicular magnetic disk

We have developed a readback equalizer for a perpendicular magnetic disk with a commercial anisotropic magnetoresistive head for use with a PR4ML read channel with 8-9 coding. The transfer function of the perpendicular magnetic disk, derived by Fourier analysis, has a phase lag of 90/spl deg/ from that of the longitudinal magnetic disk. We defined the parameters of the equalizer by simulation. The equalized readback signal nearly satisfied Nyquist's first criterion. Using resistor-capacitor circuits that correspond to the simulated function, we obtained a byte-error rate of below 10/sup -7/. Comparing the effect of incorporating PR4 or PR1 as part of the equalizer, we observed that PR4 gave a lower bit-error rate than PR1. Thus, PR4 is an effective detection method for a perpendicular magnetic disk. It is suitable not only for longitudinal magnetic disks, but also for perpendicular magnetic disks.     

Simple scheme for ultraviolet time-pulse shaping

We present a method to generate high-energy flat-top UV laser pulses such as the ones needed to optimally drive high-brightness radio-frequency photoinjectors. In this scheme we believe to be novel, the longitudinal profile of a laser pulse from a Ti:sapphire master oscillator power amplifier system is controlled using a mechanical mask in the Fourier plane of a 4f stretcher located after the harmonic conversion crystals. Such a scheme allows us to overcome many of the difficulties faced by current state-of-the-art pulse-shaping designs. These are in fact based on various versions of preamplifier infrared shapers and hence suffer from the limitations set by the nonlinearities of chirped-pulse amplification and harmonic conversion. Beyond the clear advantages of simplicity and robustness, the proposed solution offers the possibility to deliver a pulse with very short rise and fall times and to freely change the output pulse length. We also note that, after proper calibration between spectral and temporal profiles, the shaper optical setup offers the possibility to retrieve the longitudinal profile of the laser pulse on a shot-to-shot basis.     

A closed-form solution for wave propagation in optical waveguides of longitudinally invariant structures without using beam propagation algorithm

In this paper, we propose a different method to study wave propagation in longitudinally invariant waveguides with arbitrary index profile. In our method, both the electric field and the refractive index profile are expanded into two Fourier cosine series. With these series substituted into the wave equation, a differential matrix equation can then be obtained. We show here that such a matrix equation can be solved and an explicit expression for the wave field at any longitudinal position along an optical waveguide can be obtained. The solution proposed in this method can thus exclude the use of the beam propagation algorithm. This study demonstrates that our approach yields the same results as those obtained by using commercial softwares in which a beam propagation method with the Padé approximation is used.     

SAW diffraction using the thin-element decomposition method

We adapt the angular spectrum of plane waves (ASPW) decomposition to numerical simulations of the diffraction of surface-acoustic waves (SAWs) on anisotropic model substrate, such as YZ lithium niobate. We utilize the thin-element decomposition (TED) method, appropriately modified for an anisotropic substrate; we also introduce a novel "average-wavenumber" variation of this scheme; these are numerically found to be mutually consistent. We apply the TED method to simulate wave propagation both in infinite periodic structures of metallized gratings and also in finite gratings. We demonstrate that the ASPW provides a convenient and numerically fast tool for precise diffraction calculations in practical SAW devices which also display structural variations in the lateral direction, perpendicular to the principal direction of wave propagation. Additionally, we compare the present TED method to waveguide theory in an analysis of the role of SAW reflections from the electrodes.     

Effects of deformation mode on surface roughening of austenitic stainless steels

Abstract

Free surface roughening of polycrystalline austenitic stainless steels during tensile and deep drawing deformation is investigated using scanning white light interferometry. A fractal analysis method is applied to analyse the surface profile data in two directions which are perpendicular to each other. It is shown that the surface profile is fractal within the length and is on the same order of magnitude as the grain size. The Hurst exponent H of the two deformation modes in different directions stabilises at H≈0·85. While the correlation lengths are different, the value in the longitudinal direction is about two times larger than the one in the transverse direction. The relationship between root mean square roughness and strain appears to be linear, and the roughening rate in tensile deformation is larger than the one in deep drawing deformation.     

Distortion of inductive read head signal due to side-writtenmagnetization

We apply a Fourier series model to calculate distortion in an inductive read head signal due to side-written magnetization patterns in thin-film magnetic recording media. This model predicts that a magnetization pattern consisting of in-track longitudinal and transverse track edge magnetizations will produce a signal distorted by the flux from the side magnetization. By using parameters obtained from a direct magnetic image of the patterns, this analysis predicts the morphology and magnitude of signal distortion as a function of pattern dimensions. The implication of this distortion for higher bit densities suggested for the future was found to be significant. The proposed method will offer reliable means to quantitatively assess the effect of side writing at such densities     

考虑地震行波效应的高铁连续梁桥梁轨互制

为研究行波效应下高速铁路连续梁桥与无缝线路的非线性互制作用,采用带刚臂的梁单元模拟梁体,用非线性杆单元模拟梁轨间的互制作用,建立了考虑纵向和竖向地震动行波效应的梁轨相互作用模型。以我国沪昆线上某(60+100+60)m连续梁桥为算例,分析了轨道结构对梁体和墩台地震响应的影响,研究了纵向和竖向行波效应下钢轨和墩台的受力特点。研究表明：轨道的存在可提高系统基频,降低连续梁桥地震响应;但在地震动的行波效应下,钢轨纵向力最大值可达一致激励下的1.2倍;减小线路纵向阻力,增加桥墩刚度可减小地震作用下的钢轨应力;在检算钢轨时,还应累计竖向行波效应对钢轨受力的影响。     

30t轴重重载铁路简支梁桥-轨道系统地震响应研究

为研究多跨30 t轴重重载铁路简支梁桥-轨道系统地震响应规律,采用经过验证的梁轨相互作用模拟方法,建立了考虑桩-土共同作用、桥墩弹塑性变形、滑动支座摩阻力、线路非线性阻力的多跨重载铁路简支梁桥与双线有砟轨道相互作用仿真模型,揭示了一致激励和行波效应下重载铁路简支梁桥-轨道系统地震响应规律,探讨了路基段钢轨长度、简支梁跨数、跨度、线路纵向阻力形式、滑动支座摩阻系数等设计参数的影响,分析了温度、列车制动和地震耦合作用下系统的受力特征。研究表明:当地形地质条件相差不大时,简支梁跨数可简化为11跨、路基段钢轨长度可取为150 m;线路阻力减小时,梁体间、梁体与桥台间可能出现碰撞现象甚至发生落梁;纵向一致激励下,钢轨应力包络图呈"双菱形",其最大值出现在桥台附近,而梁缝附近梁轨相对位移较大,易发生动力失稳;行波效应下,系统受力和变形规律发生显著改变,即使对于跨度较小的简支梁桥,也应考虑行波效应的影响;温度和列车制动作用将进一步增大轨道结构在地震中发生动力失稳的可能性。     

Review of head-media coupling in magnetic recording

Recent advance of magnetic recording technology has resulted in tremendous increase in area densities. Several new components were developed: Thin film media, and thin film head in longitudinal recording; Single-layer media, double-layer media, and probe head in perpendicular recording. A variety of head and media combinations become possible, and each has a different degree of head-media coupling. The soft magnetic underlayer in double-layer perpendicular media has such a strong coupling with the head that the head and media must be treated as a single entity in the analysis. The evaluation of only a head or a medium without knowing its counterpart could be quite misleading. Optimization of head-media coupling to select the most suitable combination becomes a key factor in designing a high density recording system. We will review the recording and reproducing processes from both the theoretical and experimental aspects for all the head-media structures which have some practical interest.     

Semi-automated,three-dimensional measurement of etched tracks in solid-state nuclear track detectors

We describe a new method for measuring the shapes and sizes of etched tracks in plastic or glass detectors, using a commercial digital image processing system. The method exploits the fact that in transmitted light any portion of the microscopic image of the track is in best focus when it is darkest. A minimization algorithm is used to produce a two-dimensional projected image of the three-dimensional etched track. The locus of points of maximum gradients in the image leads to a closed contour of the projected image. From this gradient image the profile, length and width of the conical etched track are automatically determined. The method is also applicable (a) to a track that penetrates a detector and has been etched until the cones from opposite surfaces are connected and (b) to a track with a curved profile due to a strongly slowing particle. The method is illustrated with measurements of tracks of 1 A GeV uranium ions in Tuffak polycarbonate and in CR-73 polycarbonate and of cosmic ray tracks in a CR-39 detector.     

Characteristics of barium ferrite tape for magnetic contactduplication

The magnetic properties and electromagnetic characteristics of Ba-ferrite tape for R-DAT magnetic contact duplication (MCD) were investigated. The tapes employed Ba-ferrite particles averaging 0.06 μm in diameter with an aspect ratio between 4 and 5. Ba-ferrite tapes were prepared with perpendicular, longitudinal, and no orientation, and their MCD and ring-head recording (RHR) characteristics were compared. Several distinctive characteristics were observed in MCD, and the desirability of perpendicular orientation at short wavelengths in MCD applications is clear. Tilted orientation was also investigated, and its output level was similar to that of perpendicular orientation in MCD, while in RHR it proved superior to perpendicular orientation in the short wavelength region. The magnetization mode of the slave tape was studied by waveform analysis using the FFT method and in conjunction with the tapes' magnetic properties, such as uniaxial anisotropy energy, remanence coercivity, and squareness ratio     

Micromagnetic Modeling of Track Squeeze and Erasure Versus Skew Angle

Micromagnetic modeling of adjacent track squeeze in perpendicular magnetic recording, and its effect on track density was studied as a function of skew angle. Based on amplitude 747 curve of track squeeze and reader off track capability of 10%, a loss of 6.5% of track density was predicted by micromagnetic model for head of 150 kTPI track density. The analysis also shows that erase width is smaller than magnetic write width and erase width formula based on pole geometry overestimates the effect of track density loss due to skew angle.