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1.
1.  During the first years of operation of the turbines of the Ust'-Ilim hydrostation (1974–1979) increased cavitation erosion of the runner blades were noted. Blades with a maximum deviation of the geometry from the design had maximum erosion. Correction of the blade profile with the use of a three-dimensional template markedly reduced the intensity of cavitation erosion.
2.  Tests established that the best operating regimes of the units of the Ust'-Ilim hydrostation with respect to cavitation conditions is the load range 195–215 mW, deviations from which lead to a pronounced increase of cavitation erosion.
3.  A change in the profile of the trailing edges of the runner blades practically completely eliminated cavitation erosion on the rear surface of the blades near the trailing edges.
4.  Tests with hard-facing of the damaged blades by various electrodes showed the possibility of a substantial increase of the cavitation resistance of the hard-faced coating and accordingly an increase of the overhaul period with the use of electrodes of type TsN-22. It is required to organize immediately the production of cavitation-resistant electrodes, which are acutely needed for restoring cavitation damages of turbine runners.
Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 2, pp. 40–42, February, 1988.  相似文献   

2.
Conclusions  
1.  The 40-year experience of operating the Volga hydrostation indicates that as experience was gained in operating the equipment and it was modernized and improved, the design hydropower indices composing the basis of the high cost effectiveness of the station gradually increased and at the current stage of operation exceeded their design values.
2.  The Volga hydrostation is successfully fulfilling the function of the central, main base of the Russian power grid.
3.  The design data of the hydropower indices were confirmed by the actual operating results, which indicates correctness of the method of calculating the main parameters of large hydropower plants.
Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 3, pp. 29–32, March, 1997.  相似文献   

3.
1.  Intense passage of the sediment deposits washed from the upstream stretches of the reservoir through the cut was observed. In the cut itself or in the immediate vicinity of its outlet, 13,000 m3 of sediments was deposited, the remainder was discharged by the through-flow into the downstream pool.
2.  The cut made was not curvilinear in plan as was intended, and therefore its expected intensive erosion by the flow did not occur. The exception was the inlet stretch of the cut, where its erosion and widening by about 10 m occurred.
3.  An increase of the cross-sectional area of the reservoir due to the cut leads to some decrease of the level of the flushing flow in the main channel and increases its slope on the upstream stretch of the reservoir, increasing the flow velocity and effectiveness of erosion of the sediments. Furthermore, the directions of the flow velocities partially changed in the region of the cut, which intensified the effect of erosion of the sediments.
4.  Gradual erosion of the island of sediment deposits cut off by the cut from the left-bank mass of sediments was observed during flushing and subsequent operation of the reservoir.
5.  It is better to use diesel dredges for making cuts, which, with their self-contained power supply makes it possible to operate on any stretch of the reservoir at a sufficient distance from the bank.
6.  The cost effectiveness of combined removal of sediments can be estimated by comparing the cost of conducting it with the cost of removing sediments by hydraulicking as the cheapest of the presently known methods. For conditions of the Chiryurt reservoir the effectiveness was 0.9 ruble/m3 of sediments being removed for the particular flushing under consideration.
Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 8, pp. 34–37, August, 1989.  相似文献   

4.
1.  The development of an ATDS should be realized individually for each operating station with consideration of the design characteristics of the units and should be aimed at solving one of the most important problems of increasing the operating reliability of the main equipment and economy of operating the hydrostation.
2.  The deterministic approach to compiling technological diagnostic algorithms makes it possible to use the operating experience gained and to make the diagnosis on the basis of the actual technical state of the units of the hydrostation.
3.  The ATDSs should satisfy the requirements of prompt, integrated, automatic, and dynamic performance (possibility of the modular buildup of problems being solved as a result of developing new diagnostic means and methods).
4.  The proposed development of an ATDS at the unit level should be done with the possible prospects of inclusion in the PCS of the hydrostation.
Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 10, pp. 43–48, October, 1990.  相似文献   

5.
1.  The fluvial processes in the Ob River downstream of the hydro development, which markedly changed after damming the river and creation of the reservoir during the first decade of operation of the hydrostation, were expressed in the natural process of deep erosion of the channel, which had a diminishing character.
2.  Starting with the second half of the 1960s, quarrying in the Ob channel on the 30-km stretch of the lower pool adjacent to the hydrostation began to have a substantial effect on the natural process of transformation of the channel due to streamflow regulation and retention of sediments by the reservoir.
3.  During the period between 1966 and 1984 more than 40 million m3 of sand-gravel mixture was removed from the river channel and floodplain in the indicated stretch, as a result of which the decrease of levels relative to the normal, natural values at the site of the Novosibirsk gauging station was 0.9–1.0 m.
4.  A decrease of the levels downstream led to a deficit of water resources of the reservoir in dry years and, as a consequence, to worsening of the operating conditions of the majority of participants of the Novosibirsk water-management complex.
5.  After some stabilization of the position of the levels in the river in 1984–1986, the decrease, slump, of the levels in the stretch passing through the city subsequently resumed beginning in 1987–1988. The rating curve for the Novosibirsk gauging station in 1988 shifted downward from the analogous 1986 curve along the height axis by 15–20 cm.
6.  The priority task facing water users and consumers of Novosibirsk is the fastest possible realization of the recommendations of MGU, VNIIG, and ZapSibRNIGMI on partial restoration of the water levels in the stretch between the hydrostation and Novosibirsk city by constructing embankments damming nonnavigable branches and converting the Ob channel here at low-water discharges (less than 2000 cm3/sec) into a single-branch channel.
7.  For a radical solution of the problem of reliable provision of water consumers of Novosibirsk, it is necessary to reconstruct all intakes located downstream of the hydro development.
Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 10, pp. 25–28, October, 1989.  相似文献   

6.
1.  The upper and lower pools of hydrostation reservoirs do not significantly differ with respect to the main water quality indices, number and biomass of algae, their qualitative composition, degree of viability of cells, and photosynthetic activity.
2.  The noted variations and scatter of the indices are mainly a consequence of a certain heterogeneity of water masses in the surface and bottom horizons of reservoirs. The proportion of dead phytoplankton under the effect of operation of the units at hydrostations do not have a significant effect on its development, since restoration of the stock of phytoplankton occurs rather rapidly in the lower pool.
Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitl'stvo, No. 6, pp. 22–25, June, 1990.  相似文献   

7.
Conclusions  
1.  During discharge of a flow from a cone valve at small heads E0/hv≤1.2, when the upper part of the jet falls on its lower part, the maximum velocities are observed in the center of the flow, and when E0/hv>1.2 their maximum values shift toward the side walls, which can lead to erosion of the banks in the lower pool of the structures.
2.  Experimental dependences were obtained for determining the conjugate depths in the lower pool beyond the cone valves with free discharge of the flow into the atmosphere.
3.  The proposed efficient structures for dissipating the excess energy of the flow beyond cone valves make it possible to distribute the unit discharges over the width of the lower pool and to avoid dangerous erosion of the bottom and banks of the river channel.
Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel’stvo, No. 7, pp. 28–30, 1997.  相似文献   

8.
Conclusions  
1.  The experience of design works on the hydropower equipment of a hydrostation as large of a large number of suppliers requires a technical coordinator of the works with strict obligations on coordinating the designs of equipment with this coordinator before sending to the customer.
2.  At the stage of preparing the tender documents for complete delivery of hydrostation equipment it is necessary to enlist a design organization for a general assessment of the layout of equipment given in the tender drawings, for preparing alternative variants of the layout, and simplifying the process of final coordination of changes in the contract specifications in the case of winning the tender.
Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel’stvo, No. 3, pp. 52–54, March, 1998.  相似文献   

9.
1.  With the creation of the Novosibirsk hydro development a water-management complex was formed on its basis, which unites water users and water consumers: hydropower, water transport, irrigation, municipal services, agriculture, forestry, fishery, etc.
2.  During the 30-year period of operation of the hydro development changes have occurred in the natural conditions on the stretch of the Ob River adjacent to the hydro development; the main one of them is deformation of the river channel in the lower pool of the hydrostation, which was the cause of the occurrence of a considerable shortage of water resources in years with a low runoff of the river.
3.  To increase the effectiveness of using water resources of the Novosibirsk reservoir, organizational and technical measures on providing the normal activities of the WMC under conditions of a shortage of water resources have partially been and will be carried out in the near future.
Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 1, pp. 18–22, January, 1988.  相似文献   

10.
Conclusions  
1.  The hydroabrasive resistance of structural steels does not provide the necessary reliability of turbines operating on sediment-transporting rivers.
2.  Case-hardening of structural steels and resistant protective coating are used for increasing the reliability and life of parts of the flow passage.
3.  During actual service the effectiveness of casehardening decreases by half compared with laboratory tests, which is explained by the insufficient thickness of the protective layer. It is not advisable to use this type of surface protection for turbines with a high intensity of hydroabrasive action, since it is impossible to restore the protective layer under hydrostation conditions.
4.  Two types of protective coatings have the highest priority: protective electrode hard surfacing on a cobalt base, for instance, TsN-2, which while providing a high wear resistance of the surface, E greater than 3, permits making a protective layer of the required thickness 3–5 mm and repairing the flow part of the turbine directly at the hydrostation; synthetic polyurethane-based compositions making it possible to completely cover the runners with a coating thickness of 1.5–2 mm. Destroyed polyurethane coatings can be restored directly at the hydrostation.
Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 11, pp. 44–47, November, 1997.  相似文献   

11.
1.  The use of the scheme of a tunnel spillway with dissipation of energy inside the conduit in a shaft stilling basin under conditions of the Kambarata No. 1 hydrostation makes it possible to reduce the volume of earthworks and concrete in comparison with alternative variants and to protect the downstream stretch of the river valley from collapse of the slopes and substantial erosion of the channel.
2.  Investigations confirm the efficiency, reliability, and safety of the spillway and all its components.
Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 9, pp. 13–16, September, 1989.  相似文献   

12.
1.  The relative method of measuring the flow rates of water through a turbine is realized by simple means and provides a sufficient accuracy for the needs of hydrostation operation.
2.  Further works of design organizations, operating services, and manufacturing plants is necessary for increasing the reliability of the entire flow-rate measuring system.
3.  The operating staffs of hydrostations need to be materially encouraged to use the discharge efficiently for producing electricity.
Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 9, pp. 28–31, September, 1989.  相似文献   

13.
1.  The arch dam of the Khudoni hydrostation can be constructed by the continuous conveyor technology as enlarged blocks.
2.  The rate of concreting the dam for the proposed dimensions of the blocks and times of covering them can reach 200–250 m3/h.
3.  To attain the indicated rate of concreting, it is necessary to construct near the dam site a new concrete plant with facilities for cooling or heating the concrete mix.
Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 8, pp. 13–14, August, 1990.  相似文献   

14.
1.  The interaction of surface and subsurface waters increasing streamflow regulation is not taken into account in the practice of designing hydrostations.
2.  The proposed method of taking it into account, realized in the form of a program of calculations with the use of computers, makes it possible to estimate the effect of the indicated factor on any planned hydropower facility.
3.  A preliminary evaluation of taking into account the effect of the interaction of surface and subsurface waters for the example of a hydrostation with a seasonal reservoir made it possible to estimate it with respect to an increase of firm capacity within 0.4–0.9% and with respect to an increase of useful storage of the reservoir within 3–6%. This refinement should be added to the margin of safety of the power indices of the planned hydrostation.
Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 2, pp. 14–16, February, 1988.  相似文献   

15.
Conclusions  
1.  Construction and operation of the Sayano-Shushenskoe hydrostation has not introduced noticeable deviations into the terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems of the region with respect to the most important indices-climate and water quality.
2.  It is necessary to continue monitoring the aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems for accumulating a databank on the effect of the hydropower complex on the environment.
Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 9, pp. 19–22, September, 1998.  相似文献   

16.
1.  Small hydrostations under high-mountain conditions should operate with trash racks, devices should be provided for their cleaning from trash and shuga, as well as shuga-deflectors into the diversion canal.
2.  To reduce abrasion of the turbine equipment, it is necessary to provide operation of the suspended-particle settling basins.
3.  Specifications on the assembly of bearings and movable couplings should be developed for conducting maintenance works.
4.  During restoration works the profile of the runner blades should be made strictly according to the template in conformity with the plant drawings.
5.  Extremely necessary is the equipping of hydrostation with means for monitoring the technial parameters (bearing temperature, water pressure in the passage, wobble of the shafting, etc.), observation of the changes in which will make it possible to carry out in good time preventive maintenance and to reduce the probability of occurrence of breakdown.
Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 3, pp. 43–45, March, 1990.  相似文献   

17.
1.  The general vibration state of the control building of the hydrostation depends directly on the dynamic effect of the No. 1 unit. Vibration of the control building occurs in the zone of resonance with a frequency of 14.7 Hz, which corresponds to the blade frequency of the unit.
2.  The presence of an expansion joint between the block of the units and assembly area for all practical purposes does not prevent propagation of vibration and does not provide the principle of isolation of the block of units.
3.  One of the most effective methods of combatting resonance vibrations is to change the relationship between the natural frequency and frequency of disturbance by changing the rigidity of the structure.
Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 3, pp. 27–30, March, 1989.  相似文献   

18.
1.  The problem of the thermics of hydrostations has recently acquired an acute character from the viewpoint of the effect of the pools of hydrostations on the microclimate of the region and it is in need of a prompt solution, since it can become an obstacle for substantiating the construction of many highly efficient hydrostations in regions with a harsh climate.
2.  Thermal forecasts should be developed at an early stage of designing a hydrostation and should be taken into account when selecting the site of structures, capacity, and operating regime of the hydrostation.
3.  A thorough survey and study of operating hydro developments are needed for developing measures to improve the ecological situation and for using the on-site data when creating standard methodological documents for designing and forecasting.
4.  A purposeful scientific and technical program should be devoted to a study of the effect of the thermies of hydrostations on the environment, which unites the efforts of many organizations of the USSR Ministry of Power and Electrification, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, State Committee on Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring, State Education Committee, etc., and which is presently being formed by VNIIG.
Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 3, pp. 13–15, March, 1990.  相似文献   

19.
1.  The energy-storage hydroelectric station (ESHES) can provide a 1.5–2-fold increase in peak capacity with a simultaneous threefold decrease in daily fluctuations of the water level in the lower pool.
2.  A decrease in the length of the concrete structures located in the river channel (especially the length) of the powerhouse) reduces the consumption of concrete for the ESHES in comparison with the HES, which compensates for the cost of constructing the additional structures of the ESHES.
3.  Unlike the HES, the ESHES operates in a sharp-peak regime and also during passage of flood waters.
4.  Contrarotating pump-turbines are best suited for an ESHES because of various combinations of heads on its turbine and pump parts.
5.  With increase in the speed of multistage hydraulic machines their placement depth decreases and the cost of the powerhouse is reduced.
  相似文献   

20.
Conclusions  
1.  The off-design operating regime of the Chirkey hydrostation with difficulties in producing electricity and with long periods of high upper pool levels under conditions of seismic activity negatively affects the reliability of the surrounding rock mass and should be brought into correspondence with the design.
2.  Long and nonuniform operation of the Chirkey hydrostation outlet in 1997 showed sufficient reliability and efficiency of the structures, but activated negative processes in the surrounding rocks masses. The rupture of two rock bolts supporting the unstable mass on the left bank and increase of the rate of settlement of the left wall of the canyon are a warning signal. This requires a thorough examination of all support members and development of outlet operating rules.
3.  The consequences of the operation of the outlet for the reliability and stress-strain state of the dam sould be specially and comprehensively studied and analyzed. It is urgently required to determine the forces in the rock bolts supporting the unstable mass, to determine the magnitude and places of maximum stresses in the dam, and to monitor the rate of movement of the left-bank slope.
4.  It is urgently necessary to organize appropriate seismometric monitoring on the dam and to obtain daily (weekly) bulletins of the Dubka seismic station and periodic reports of the OMP DNTs on the seismological situation in the region.
5.  Before organizing seismometric monitoring on the dam or geodynamic test area of the Center of the Geodynamic Observation Service in the Electric Power Industry, it is necessary to use the earthquake prediction method of the Joint Institute of Physics of the Earth with the help of the dam's existing measuring systems. For this purpose it is advisable to automate the reversed plump lines by the “Sibgeoinform” or DIGéS (Diagnosis of Hydraulic, Power, and Other Essential Structures) method and to increase the accuracy and frequency of seepage observation.
Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 7, pp. 6–10, July, 1998.  相似文献   

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