基于应力释放原理的桥梁混凝土结构单轴原位应力识别方法

原位应力对桥梁的状态与可靠度评估具有重要意义。针对桥梁混凝土结构服役年限较长、实际受力状态复杂、构件尺寸较大以及单轴受力控制的特点,通过单轴应力释放影响函数建立了未知原位应力状态与表面释放应变之间的对应关系。以薄壁环作为释放区域,借助有限元标定了不同测量区域的影响函数。通过分步钻入试验,尝试识别处于单轴均匀应力场下的混凝土试块的原位应力。结果表明:影响函数能够有效反映原位应力与表层释放应变的对应关系,与试验结果吻合,识别方法具有可行性与适用性;多应变计综合识别能有效降低混凝土不均匀性与随机性引起的识别误差,对多步识别结果的优化求解可以进一步提高精度;识别结果的稳定性与应变计敏感栅尺寸有关。     

Lateral behavior of concrete under uniaxial compressive cyclic loading

In reinforced concrete structures under seismic loading, concrete is subjected to compressive cyclic stress. Although cyclic stress–strain response has been described before, the cyclic behavior of strains in the direction orthogonal to loading has not been characterized yet. Such behavior can be of great importance for evaluating the efficiency of the confinement under cyclic loading. For this purpose an experimental program on cylindrical specimens of concrete strength from 35 to 80 MPa subjected to uniaxial cyclic compression was carried out. Stress versus longitudinal and lateral strains curves have been obtained both for the hardening and softening branches under monotonic and cyclic loading. Governing parameters of the lateral behavior are identified and correlated to describe the response of the lateral strain. Additionally, an analytical model to obtain the lateral deformations of concrete under cyclic uniaxial compression has been formulated and verified experimentally. Finally, some examples are presented in order to illustrate the applicability of the proposed model and its possible incorporation into a 3D constitutive cyclic model.     

Influence of strain and strain rate on microstructural evolution during superplasticity of Mg–Al–Zn sheet

Strain-induced abnormal grain growth was observed along the gage length during high-temperature uniaxial tensile testing of rolled Mg–Al–Zn (AZ31) sheet. Effective strain and strain rates in biaxial forming of AZ31 sheets also affected the nature of grain growth in the formed sheet. For the uniaxial testing done at 400 °C and a strain rate of 10^?1 s^?1, abnormal grain growth was prevalent in the gage sections that experienced true strain values between 0.2 and 1.0. Biaxial forming of AZ31 at 5 × 10^?2 s^?1 and 400 °C also exhibited abnormal grain growth at the cross sections which experienced a true strain of 1.7. Uniaxially tested sample at 400 °C and a strain rate of 10^?3 s^?1, however, showed no abnormal grain growth in the gage sections which experienced true local strain values ranging from 1.0 to 2.3. The normalized flow stress versus temperature and grain size compensated strain rate plot showed that the deformation kinetics of the current AZ31 alloy was similar to that reported in the literature for AZ31 alloys. Orientation image microscopy (OIM) was used to study the texture evolution, grain size, and grain boundary misorientation during uniaxial and biaxial forming. Influence of deformation parameters, namely strain rate, strain, and temperature on grain growth and refinement were discussed with the help of OIM results.     

Dynamic tensile test of fly ash concrete under alternating tensile–compressive loading

In order to obtain the post-peak stress–strain curve of plain concrete, the strain-controlled uniaxial tensile tests are carried out on cylindrical specimens. The tensile cyclic tests are performed between a lower compressive load and an upper load to the envelope curve. Test results have shown that residual strain accumulates slowly when the concrete is subjected to alternating tensile–compressive loading, during which the microcracks increase and aggregate. Meanwhile, the rates of stiffness degradation with cycles are similar in all cases. In the study, an analytical model of the post-peak cyclic behavior of concrete is proposed. The strain is decomposed into classical linear elastic strain and non-classical strain described in the Presach–Mayergoyz model, which describes the hysteresis behavior of concrete well from a microscopic point of view. A good agreement is obtained between the test data and calculated results.     

橡胶混凝土单轴受压疲劳性能研究

为掌握橡胶混凝土单轴受压疲劳性能,用粒径为30目的橡胶颗粒以不同掺量代砂制备橡胶混凝土,进行等幅循环荷载单轴受压疲劳试验研究。采用Miner累积损伤理论定义损伤量,并建立橡胶混凝土疲劳应变的损伤模型。使用概率统计方法对橡胶混凝土疲劳寿命的试验结果进行可靠性分析,得到等幅循环荷载作用下橡胶混凝土单轴受压疲劳寿命分布规律。结果表明:应力水平相同时,橡胶混凝土的疲劳寿命优于普通水泥混凝土,且随橡胶掺量的增加,混凝土的疲劳寿命随之提高。橡胶混凝土的疲劳应变变化符合普通混凝土疲劳应变发展的三阶段规律,橡胶混凝土疲劳寿命服从对数正态分布。采用双对数方程对橡胶混凝土的疲劳寿命进行线性回归分析,可得到P-S-N曲线及疲劳极限强度。     

Study on hot deformation behaviour of 316LN austenitic stainless steel based on hot processing map

Abstract

316LN is a type of austenitic stainless steel whose grain refinement only depends on hot deformation. The true stress–strain curves of 316LN were obtained by means of hot compression experiments conducted at a temperature range of 900–1200°C and at a strain rate range of 0·001–10 s^?1. The influence of deformation parameters on the microstructure of 316LN was analysed. Both the constitutive equation for 316LN and the model of grain size after dynamic recrystallisation were established, and the effect of different deformation conditions on the microstructure was analysed. The results show that the suitable working region is the one with a relatively higher deformation temperature and a lower strain rate, in which the dynamic recrystallisation is finely conducted. Moreover, the working region that should be avoided during hot deformation was indicated.     

A Three-Dimensional Strain Gradient Plasticity Analysis of Particle Size Effect in Composite Materials

Recent experiments on particle-reinforced metal-matrix composite materials have shown particle size effects. Small particles tend to give larger plastic work hardening than large particles at the same particle volume fraction. Prior models used to study the particle size effect are based on the strain gradient plasticity theories, and these models are mainly axisymmetric models with vanishing lateral stress tractions in order to represent the uniaxial tension condition. However, the prior results fall short to agree with the experimental data. A three-dimensional (3D) unit-cell model is adopted in the present study. The periodic boundary conditions are imposed for the 3D unit cell to ensure the compatibility of the unit cell before and after the deformation. The particles are elastic, while the metal matrix is elastic-plastic and is characterized by the conventional theory of mechanism-based strain gradient plasticity, which is established from the Taylor dislocation model but does not involve the higher-order stress. It is shown that the 3D unit-cell model with the periodic boundary conditions gives better agreements with the experimental data than the unit-cell model with the traction-free boundary conditions on the lateral surfaces.     

Stress–phase-transformation interactions – basic principles,modelling, and calculation of internal stresses

Abstract

The two main effects of stress on phase transformation, kinetics modification and transformation plasticity, are reviewed for both diffusional and non-diffusional transformations. Results for these interactions during the pearlitic and martensitic transformation of steels under uniaxial tensile stress are analysed from a metallurgical point of view. These results are used to produce a model for a triaxial stress state, and in a finite element program for calculating internal stresses during quenching. Transformation plasticity is introduced in the calculation of internal stresses as an additional strain related to the stress state and to the progress of transformation, and the kinetics of martensitic transformation are also related to the stress state. The calculated results show that these phenomena have important consequences on the stress and plastic strain histories during quenching.

MST/9     

三级配混凝土静、动载下力学细观破坏机制研究

假定三级配混凝土是由砂浆基质、不同粒径的骨料及其粘结带组成的非均质复合材料,采用非线性有限元方法在细观尺度上数值模拟三级配混凝土弯拉梁在静、动载下的开裂过程。按实际配比计算各种骨料的代表粒径的数目,采用蒙特卡罗方法随机生成骨料分布,骨料形状假定为圆形,最小粒径为12.5mm。骨料、砂浆及其粘结带均采用了非线性本构模型,具体模拟了材料的开裂、拉伸软化、塑性屈服和压碎等非线性。研究中还给出了梁关键部位的应力应变全过程曲线,研究成果还与未考虑材料的非均质性的结果进行了比较。结果表明,混凝土类的多项非均质复合材料的静、动力学性能与其内部的细观结构组成有密切关系,混凝土中最薄弱的部位为粘结界面,混凝土的破坏明显表现出拉应变软化现象和局部化现象。数值模拟结果与有关试验成果较为接近。     

Identification of probabilistic distribution parameters for the mesoscopic stochastic fracture model

As a kind of multiphase composite material, the basic mechanical behaviors of concrete are randomness and nonlinearity. The mesoscopic stochastic fracture model (MSFM) which can reflect the coupling effect of randomness and nonlinearity, has been widely used for the nonlinear analysis of concrete structures. In this paper, we proposed a new stochastic modeling principle to identify the probabilistic distribution parameters of MSFM. In order to reduce the modeling works, a dimension-reduced algorithm is proposed as well. In this paper, an overview of MSFM is firstly presented to introduce the background of the research. Then the stochastic harmonic function (SHF) representation is introduced to express the random field mentioned in the MSFM, and the probability density evolution method (PDEM) is applied to obtain the theoretical probability density function (PDF) of the stress–strain relationships. Furthermore, a stochastic modeling principle is proposed, in which minimizing the Kullback–Leibler divergence (KLD) is taken as the optimization object. Based on the framework of genetic algorithm, a dimension-reduced algorithm is proposed to identify the parameters with reference to the data from tested complete curves of uniaxial compressive and uniaxial tensile stress–strain relationship of concrete. The results indicate that the proposed principle and algorithm can be used to identify the parameters of MSFM accurately and efficiently.     

Three-dimensional creep measurements in young concrete

Creep tests are reported in which sealed concrete specimens were loaded at the early age of 1 day and maintained under load for a further 61 days. Three systems of compressive stress were applied, uniaxial, equal biaxial and hydrostatic, all principal stresses being less than 50 percent of the uniaxial strength. It was found that Poisson's ratio for total strain (elastic+creep) remained sensibly constant throughout the test and was little affected by the system of loading. In general, the characteristics of creep and creep recovery under the multiaxial stress systems are the same as those observed in older concrete. A further test with stresses of 70–100 percent of the uniaxial strength resulted in increased unit strains, even under hydrostatic stress.     

Homogenised elasto-viscoplastic material modelling of thick perforated plates at high temperature

Abstract

In this study, homogenised elasto-viscoplastic behaviour of thick perforated plates at high temperature was investigated for macro-material modelling. Homogenised stress–strain relations of a periodic unit cell of thick perforated plates subjected to simple and complex loading were analysed using a homogenisation method for periodic solids. The base metals of perforated plates were assumed to exhibit elasto-viscoplasticity based on Hooke’s law and Norton’s power-law, and the material parameters of modified 9Cr–1Mo steel at 550°C were employed. The resulting homogenised stress–strain relations were simulated using a recently developed elasto-viscoplastic macro-material model based on a general form of the quadratic equivalent stress. It has been shown that this macro-model successfully represents the macro-anisotropy and macro-volumetric compressibility that were revealed by the homogenisation analysis in uniaxial, biaxial and triaxial stress states.     

Theoretical study on strain-induced variations in electronic properties of monolayer MoS2

Ultrathin MoS₂ sheets and nanostructures are promising materials for electronic and optoelectronic devices as well as chemical catalysts. To expand their potential in applications, a fundamental understanding is needed of the electronic structure and carrier mobility as a function of strain. In this paper, the effect of strain on electronic properties of monolayer MoS₂ is investigated using ab initio simulations based on density functional theory. Our calculations are performed in both infinitely large two-dimensional (2D) sheets and one-dimensional (1D) nanoribbons which are theoretically cut from the sheets with semiconducting \( [\bar{1}100] \) (armchair) edges. The 2D crystal is studied under biaxial strain, uniaxial strain, and uniaxial stress conditions, while the 1D nanoribbon is studied under a uniaxial stress condition. Our results suggest that the electronic bandgap of the 2D sheet experiences a direct-indirect transition under both tensile and compressive strains. Its bandgap energy (E _g) decreases under tensile strain/stress conditions, while for an in-plane compression, E _g is initially raised by a small amount and then decreased as the strain varies from 0 to ?6 %. On the other hand, E _g at the semiconducting edges of monolayer MoS₂ nanoribbons is relatively invariant under uniaxial stretches or compressions. The effective masses of electrons at the conduction band minimum (CBM) and holes at the valence band maximum (VBM) are generally decreased as the in-plane extensions or compressions become stronger, but abrupt changes occur when CBM or VBM shifts between different k-points in the first Brillouin zone.     

Influence of stress triaxiality and strain rate on the failure behavior of a dual-phase DP780 steel

To better understand the in-service mechanical behavior of advanced high-strength steels, the influence of stress triaxiality and strain rate on the failure behavior of a dual-phase (DP) 780 steel sheet was investigated. Three flat, notched mini-tensile geometries with varying notch severities and initial stress triaxialities of 0.36, 0.45, and 0.74 were considered in the experiments. Miniature specimens were adopted to facilitate high strain rate testing in addition to quasi-static experiments. Tensile tests were conducted at strain rates of 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10, and 100 s⁻¹ for all three notched geometries and compared to mini-tensile uniaxial samples. Additional tests at a strain rate of 1500 s⁻¹ were performed using a tensile split Hopkinson bar apparatus. The results showed that the stress–strain response of the DP780 steel exhibited mainly positive strain rate sensitivity for all geometries, with mild negative strain rate sensitivity up to 0.1 s⁻¹ for the uniaxial specimens. The strain at failure was observed to decrease with strain rate at low strain rates of 0.001–0.1 s⁻¹; however, it increased by 26% for an increase in strain rate from 0.1 to 1500 s⁻¹ for the uniaxial condition. Initial triaxiality was found to have a significant negative impact on true failure strain with a decrease of 32% at the highest triaxiality compared to the uniaxial condition at a strain rate of 0.001 s⁻¹. High resolution scanning electron microscopy images of the failure surfaces revealed a dimpled surface while optical micrographs revealed shearing through the thickness indicating failure occurred via ductile-shear. Finite element simulations of the tests were used to predict the effective plastic strain versus triaxiality history within the deforming specimens. These predictions were combined with the measured conditions at the onset of failure in order to construct limit strain versus triaxiality failure criteria.     

Yield stress of duplex stainless steel specimens estimated using a compound Hall–Petch equation

Abstract

In this study, the 0.2% yield stress of duplex stainless steel was evaluated using a compound Hall–Petch equation. The compound Hall–Petch equation was derived from four types of duplex stainless steel, which contained 0.2–64.4 wt% δ-ferrite phase, had different chemical compositions and were annealed at different temperatures. Intragranular yield stress was measured with an ultra-microhardness tester and evaluated with the yield stress model proposed by Dao et al. Grain size, volume fraction and texture were monitored by electron backscattering diffraction measurement. The k_γ constant in the compound equation for duplex stainless steel agrees well with that for γ-phase SUS316L steel in the temperature range of 1323–1473 K. The derived compound Hall–Petch equation predicts that the yield stress will be in good agreement with the experimental results for the Cr, Mn, Si, Ni and N solid-solution states. We find that the intragranular yield stress of the δ-phase of duplex stainless steel is rather sensitive to the chemical composition and annealing conditions, which is attributed to the size misfit parameter.     

Ratcheting assessment of steel alloys under step-loading conditions

The present study examines the capability of a recently modified hardening rule to characterize ratcheting response of materials subjected to multi-step uniaxial stress cycles. The modified hardening rule was developed based on Armstrong–Frederick (A–F) hardening rule through implementing new ratcheting rate dependent coefficients γ₂ and δ. These coefficients were estimated by means of calibrated curves for any given stress levels defined from the uniaxial single-step ratcheting response at various cyclic stress levels. At a constant mean stress, ratcheting strain progressively increased as stress amplitude over steps of loading history increased. Similar response was also evident for step-loading with constant stress amplitude while the values of mean stress increased. For high–low histories, the trend of predicted ratcheting strain from higher to lower magnitudes found agreeable with that of experimental data. The discrepancy of the predicted and experimentally ratcheting strain values in the high–low step loading however was due to constancy in the shape and size of translating yield surface in the modified kinematic hardening rule. The modified hardening rule was employed to assess ratcheting response of SS316L, SA333, SS316L(N) and 1070 steel alloys under various step-loading conditions. Predicted ratcheting data at various stress level were found in good agreements as compared with the experimental ratcheting strains.     

Failure analysis on gas pressure formed spherical domes of Pb–Sn eutectic alloy

Abstract

This paper addresses the issue of instability of deformation during gas pressure forming of superplastic sheets. With regard to fracture strain, the plastic behaviour of the spherical dome has been described in terms of the local effective stress and the effective strain. These quantities are equated to the uniaxial stress state. The limiting effective thickness strain is obtained utilising the relations between the strain rate sensitivity index and the fracture strain. The results are found to be in good agreement with the measured failure strains.     

Damage accumulation modeling under uniaxial low cycle fatigue at elevated temperatures

The paper presents a fatigue damage accumulation model, which allows us to predict fatigue life under low cycle uniaxial loadings at elevated temperatures. The structure of the model has been based on the stress–strain curves obtained during the experimental study. The model has been verified experimentally by applying experimental studies carried out on ENAW-2024T3 aluminum alloy and 2Cr–2WVTa steel. Moreover, a comparison between the results of fatigue life prediction using the proposed damage accumulation model was done with the results obtained on the basis of various generally applied models, based on the Manson–Coffin dependency. Furthermore this paper presents the results of experimental studies carried out on the aluminum alloy ENAW 2024 T3 under uniaxial low cycle fatigue loadings in the conditions of elevated temperatures. In the course of the study, material constants and the parameters of the stress–strain curve in the range of low cycle fatigue for four levels of temperatures (20, 100, 200 and 300 °C) were set.