农业生物质秸秆低温热解预处理技术

农作物秸秆类生物质水分含量高、能量密度低、资源分散,因此储存运输成本高,而且可磨性差不易制粉用于煤粉锅炉或气化炉的混合燃烧与气化。生物质低温预处理技术是一种能够解决上述问题的温和热解方法,它能够显著改善生物质的特性。选取棉花秆和小麦秆在固定床实验台上N2氛围下分别升温至200℃、250℃、300℃热解,加热时间均为30 m in。制得的生物质半焦能量密度显著提高,对比原始的生物质其可磨性得到明显改善,并且具有了疏水性,便于储存运输或制粉用于气流床气化。最后根据实验结果进行预处理技术的可行性分析,推荐预处理条件为250℃、30 m in。     

生物质烘焙预处理对气流床气化的影响

为考查生物质在烘焙预处理过程中的能量产率和颗粒研磨变化规律及对气流床气化总体效率的影响情况,在一套小型烘焙试验台上,对4种不同种类的生物质进行烘焙试验,并对固体产物研磨后进行粒径分析.最后通过小型生物质气流床进行气化试验.结果表明:生物质的能量密度随着烘焙温度的提高而升高,其中,中温烘焙(～250℃)能获得较好的固体和能量产率,减少能量损失;烘焙温度是烘焙过程中最重要的影响因素;烘焙可减少生物质研磨时的电耗,使其易磨;气流床气化试验中,烘焙生物质能够改善煤气成分,提高气化的总体效率.总之,在生物质气流床气化过程中,烘焙预处理能为生物质的粒径减小和随后的大规模利用提供了-个良好的解决途径.     

烘焙预处理对高含氮木质废弃物气流床气化特性与含氮污染物分布的影响研究

在螺旋热解反应器上进行不同温度和停留时间下高含氮木废弃物的烘焙预处理,将烘焙后的固体产物进行气流床气化,考察烘焙对高含氮木质废弃物气流床气化特性与含氮污染物分布的影响,结果表明:烘焙预处理可提高气化产气的H_2/CO值与产气热值,降低碳转化率;烘焙后气流床气化产物含氮污染物浓度与直接气化有明显区别,其中NH_3与HCN的浓度均明显低于未烘焙气化,NH_3浓度由未烘焙时的708mg/m~3降至348mg/m~3,HCN浓度降低了27%。在较高的烘焙温度和较长的烘焙停留时间条件下,NH_3与HCN的浓度有所增大,但仍低于未烘焙气化。     

不同预处理温度对棉秆焦炭理化及成型燃烧特性的影响

选取棉秆为原料,采用水热与烘焙2种预处理方法提高棉秆焦炭的燃料特性。经预处理后,得到不同处理温度下棉秆焦炭,并对其理化特性及其成型燃料燃烧特性进行研究;分析水热炭与烘焙炭成型过程及成型能耗、松弛密度、抗压强度和燃烧性能。结果表明:预处理后的生物质性能明显改善,C含量与高位热值(HHV)均有显著提升,但水热炭与烘焙炭成型能耗均高于原料;与原料相比,水热炭的松弛密度和抗压强度明显提高,而烘焙炭相反;在燃烧性能上,SR180综合燃烧特性指数S(29.41×10^-7min²·℃³)高于原料(26.21×10^-7min²·℃³),2种预处理方法均可提高棉秆焦炭的热稳定性,且拥有较宽的燃烧范围。     

氮气流量对稻草热解半焦性能的影响

慢速热解方法作为生物质气流床气化的前处理工艺,可以解决生物质在气流床气化过程中能量密度低、物料输送难度大及焦油含量高等问题,也可以提高气化合成气的热值.在热解过程中改变氮气流量,考察反应过程的固体产率、能量产率、半焦热值及半焦中碳、氧元素含量的变化结果.研究表明:当氮气流量为0.006m3/h时,固体产率和能量产率最高;当氮气流量为0.16 m3/h时,半焦热值和半焦中碳元素含量的增加量最大,但从整个生物质气流床气化工艺考虑,氮气流量应采用0.006 m3/h.     

烘焙预处理对秸秆热解产物品质及能量分布的影响

以玉米秸秆为原料,研究烘焙温度(220、250和280℃)对秸秆热解产物产率、品质和能量分布的影响。结果表明:秸秆经220、250和280℃烘焙后,热解生物油水分相比原样分别降低11.4%、28.3%和41.8%;与此同时,生物油中酸类产物逐渐减少,酚类产物逐渐增多,生物油热值明显增大。烘焙对热解气中CH_4和H_2有一定促进作用,可燃气的热值逐渐增大。烘焙对生物质炭的化学组分无明显影响,但随着生物质炭产率的增大,其能量产率逐渐增大。烘焙脱氧预处理可改善生物油的品质、提高可燃气的热值、增大生物质炭的能量产率。     

水热处理对生物质成型炭理化性质的影响

棉秆(CS)及木屑(WS)经高压反应釜水热预处理后压制成型,并于固定床热解炉内进行炭化实验,利用电子万能材料试验机、热重分析仪等分析手段分析水热预处理对生物质成型炭的产率、物理性能(机械强度和表观密度)、热值及燃烧性能的影响。研究表明:随着水热温度的升高,生物质成型炭的产率增加且热值稳定,但燃烧性能变差;经水热预处理制得的生物质成型炭灰分产率均小于18%,固定碳产率均大于60%,满足欧标要求;随着水热温度的升高,生物质成型炭的表观密度及抗压强度均先增加后减小;对比所有实验样品,经230℃水热预处理制得的生物质成型炭(CS/WS-HT230-CB)物理性能及燃烧性能最佳,且均优于商用烧烤炭性能。     

生物质气流床气化的热解前处理工艺

考察了热解作为生物质气流床气化前处理工艺的可行性,热解温度对气、液、固3种形态产物的产率和各方面的性能有不同程度的影响。通过半焦的电镜图片分析,证实了热解后生物质的多孔结构比较明显,使其有一定的吸附能力;通过元素分析比较了原料和热解产物中各元素含量的差别,说明热解可以显著提高半焦中碳元素含量,降低半焦中氧元素含量;考察了热解气中各组分在不同温度下的变化规律;通过原料和产物的热值比较,证实了热解可以显著提高气化原料的热值,为下一步的气化反应提供了有利条件。     

有氧烘焙预处理对纤维素热解特性的影响

在有氧和无氧氛围下对纤维素进行了烘焙预处理,研究了氧气浓度(0％～15％)对纤维素理化性质和热解特性的影响.结果 表明:随着烘焙氧气浓度升高,纤维素碳元素和固定碳含量以及热值逐渐增加,而氧元素和挥发分大幅减少.有氧烘焙促进纤维素脱羟基、脱羰基和脱羧基等反应,导致含氧官能团减少和结晶度逐渐降低.有氧烘焙降低了纤维素热解初...     

基于ASPEN PLUS模拟生物质气流床气化工艺过程

基于ASPEN PLUS模拟平台,对热解后半焦气化与生物质原料直接气化分别进行了模拟计算,得出如下结论:热解方法作为生物质气流床气化工艺的前处理手段是可行的。热解终温为300℃时对气流床气化是最合适的;O/C摩尔比在0.9～1.1之间比较合适;气化温度和碳转化率随着O/C摩尔比的增加而升高;对于300℃半焦进行气化,空气温度预热到550℃比较合适,气化温度可达到1056℃,煤气热值可达到5958kJ/Nm~3,碳转化率也可达到99.59%。     

High quality product gas from biomass steam gasification combined with torrefaction and carbon dioxide capture processes

Gasification is currently recognized as a mature technology to convert biomass into useful and versatile product gas for further energy and fuel applications. However, there are some remaining problems relating to the process operation and process efficiency due to inherent properties of biomass feedstock such as high moisture content, low energy density and high oxygen content. Strategies to improve the efficiency of biomass gasification as well as the quality of product gas are thus required. For this purpose, a combined process of torrefaction, gasification, and carbon dioxide capture is developed and simulated in a commercial simulator to investigate the performance of a biomass gasification coupled with a pre-treatment and a post-treatment processes. The results show that the quality of product gas is enhanced when combining gasification with a torrefaction and a CO₂ capture processes. The heating value of the product gas and the cold gas efficiency are both increased with additional torrefaction. The CO₂ capture process using monoethanolamine offers a CO₂ removal efficiency of about 83% and consequently increase the product gas heating value up to 27%.     

Biomass upgrading by torrefaction for the production of biofuels: A review

An overview of the research on biomass upgrading by torrefaction for the production of biofuels is presented. Torrefaction is a thermal conversion method of biomass in the low temperature range of 200–300 °C. Biomass is pre-treated to produce a high quality solid biofuel that can be used for combustion and gasification. In this review the characteristics of torrefaction are described and a short history of torrefaction is given. Torrefaction is based on the removal of oxygen from biomass which aims to produce a fuel with increased energy density by decomposing the reactive hemicellulose fraction. Different reaction conditions (temperature, inert gas, reaction time) and biomass resources lead to various solid, liquid and gaseous products. A short overview of the different mass and energy balances is presented. Finally, the technology options and the most promising torrefaction applications and their economic potential are described.     

Simulation study of improved biomass drying efficiency for biomass gasification plants by integration of the water gas shift section in the drying process

This paper examines thermochemical biomass conversion plants that produce synthesis gas that can be converted into synthetic fuels. Biomass requires forced drying before torrefaction or gasification to increase the heating value of the feed, an energy consuming step that weighs heavy in the energy balance of the plant. This paper shows that decreasing the humidity of the admitted drying air greatly improves the efficiency of the biomass drying. It is possible to reduce the humidity of the air by passing the air on a water adsorbent solid such as activated alumina. The alumina loaded with water can then be regenerated with waste heat, but more efficiently by using synthesis gas and convert the adsorbed water to hydrogen in the water gas shift section. The energy saved in the improved drying step amounts to 2–8% of the total fuel consumption of the plant, depending on the ambient conditions.     

Process simulation of hydrogen production through biomass gasification: Introduction of torrefaction pre-treatment

Torrefaction is a pretreatment method that converts biomass to a fuel-like substance that can replace coal for sustainable power generation. In this work, a thermodynamic-based process simulation model was developed to simulate the gasification of empty fruit bunch (EFB), with torrefaction as pretreatment, to determine the optimum conditions; equivalence ratio, reactor temperature, torrefaction medium concentration, steam-to-biomass (S/B) ratio and system configuration were studied to determine their influence on hydrogen concentration, higher heating value (HHV), syngas ratio and cold gas efficiency (CGE). The highest hydrogen yield was obtained at an S/B ratio of 1.3 at 800 °C, with a syngas ratio of 2.5 and a CGE of 84%. Concentration of torrefaction medium showed no effect on hydrogen concentration due to the simplicity of the model used, but work is in progress in this direction. Therefore, steam gasification is more suitable than air gasification in hydrogen production.     

等离子体气化熔融/垃圾处理系统

随着我国社会经济的发展,城市垃圾的产量快速上升。采用等离子体气化熔融技术来处理城市垃圾,能避免传统处理方式带来的二次污染问题,但由于我国城市垃圾含水量高、热值低等原因会造成等离子体炬电耗高的问题。本文结合气化熔融技术、回转式预热器、蓄热式燃烧以及余热回收等多项先进技术,理论上设计了一套日处理垃圾能力在10 ~ 30 t的等离子体气化熔融/垃圾处理系统。系统的减容率在95%以上,在充分利用垃圾中的能源的同时,将二噁英的排放控制在国家标准0.1 ng-TEQ/Nm³以内,减少重金属等二次污染物的排放,具有良好的经济性和环保性。     

下吸式生物质气化炉热力学平衡模型研究

建立下吸式生物质气化炉热力学平衡模型,该模型包括焦炭、焦油和气体,并用已公布的实验数据对模型进行验证,均方根（RMS）在1.304~3.814之间,结果表明该模型的预测值与实验数据吻合较好,可认为模型可靠。然后模拟棉秆在下吸式生物质气化炉中以空气和富氧气体2种气化氛围下,不同操作参数(当量比、预热温度和气化炉反应温度)下对棉秆气化的气体组分、热值和产率的影响。模拟结果表明：富氧气体为气化剂时,当量比从0.20增至0.35时,气体中N₂含量比空气显著下降,达10%以上,同时发现能提高气体中H₂和CO的含量和热值,热值比空气提高约20%。预热温度对气化成分变化影响有限,随预热温度从30 ℃变化到130 ℃,气体的平均热值从空气的5.2 MJ/m³提高到富氧气体的7.0 MJ/m³。随气化炉内反应温度从750 ℃升至1250 ℃,空气和富氧气体2种气化剂下的H₂和CO分别从20.94%、26.84%和21.77%、28.67%下降到4.06%、9.12%和10.49%、21.60%,导致气体的热值降低。     

An evaluation on improvement of pulverized biomass property for solid fuel through torrefaction

The improvement on physical and chemical properties of pulverized biomass from torrefaction is investigated to evaluate the potential of biomass as solid fuel used in boilers and blast furnaces. Three biomasses of bamboo, banyan and willow are considered. The results indicate that when the torrefaction temperature is relatively low such as 230 and 260 °C, the weight loss of biomass depends significantly on the temperature, as a result of consumptions of hemicellulose and cellulose. However, once the torrefaction temperature is as high as 290 °C, the weight losses of various biomass materials tend to become uniform. The decreased O/C ratio in biomass from torrefaction can be explained by intensified lignin content in that the O/C ratio in lignin is low compared to that in hemicellulose and cellulose. Furthermore, the enriched element C in torrefied biomass results in an increase in the calorific value of the torrefied materials. However, the enlarged higher heating value (HHV) of biomass from torrefaction cannot keep up with the weight loss; this leads to the decrease in total energy of biomass as the torrefaction temperature rises. The conducted correlation in predicting the HHV of raw biomass can also be utilized for torrefied biomass. The raw pulverized biomasses are characterized by agglomeration in the regime of smaller particle size. Once the biomasses undergo torrefaction, the dispersion of powder is improved, thereby facilitating the injection of biomass powder. This enhances the applications of pulverized biomass in boilers and blast furnaces.     

上吸式生物质秸秆气化炉的设计与试验研究

设计一台上吸式生物质秸秆气化炉,并进行热解气化试验,分析不同气化剂量对炉内温度的影响以及温度和秸秆种类对产气成分的影响。试验结果表明：气化剂量对炉内温度及炉内温度对产气成分含量的影响均较大;秸秆种类也对产气的热值有较大的影响,稻草热解可燃气热值4．1MJ／m^3,油菜秆热解可燃气热值4．9MJ／m^3,玉米秆热解可燃气热值5．5MJ／m^3。     

Hydrogen-rich syngas produced from co-gasification of municipal solid waste and wheat straw in an oxygen-enriched air fluidized bed

The gasification characteristics of solid waste and wheat straw were investigated in an oxygen-rich atmosphere by using a laboratory-scale continuous fluidized bed reactor in the range of oxidation equivalent (ER) of 0.2~0.5 and reaction temperature of 600 °C~900 °C. Gasification of biomass and waste is an economical method for hydrogen production. When air is used as a carrier gas to gasify municipal solid waste, increasing the oxygen concentration can effectively increase the hydrogen concentration of the syngas. The product distribution of gasification reaction under different mixing ratios and reaction parameters was obtained. As is shown in the results, first, when the ER is between 0.2 and 0.5, if ER decreases by 0.1, the hydrogen concentration of gas production will increase by about 30%; second, if the oxygen concentration increases by 5%, the hydrogen concentration of gas production will increase by about 14%, and the calorific value of gas production will increase by about 14–18%; third, after adding wheat straw in a ratio of 1:1, due to the reduction of plastics, the overall yield of syngas decreased, but the yield of hydrogen increased, and the concentration of hydrogen in syngas increased by 6.4%.