Local rotations due to mixed‐type misfit dislocation at α‐Fe2O3/α‐Al2O3 heterostructure interface

The misfit dislocations at α‐Fe₂O₃/α‐Al₂O₃ heterostructure interfaces were investigated by high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), geometric phase analysis (GPA) and dislocation density tensor analysis. When imaged along the [110] direction, the misfit dislocation core is a mixed‐type, which can be characterised by one extra (102) plane and one extra (104) plane of α‐Al₂O₃. Dislocation density tensor analysis gave a very high accuracy in determining the corresponding Burgers vectors of two extra half‐planes. By comparing the measured Burgers vectors with theoretical ones, we are able to determine local rotations in the dislocation core region: the (102) plane is rotated clockwise 6.25° and the (104) plane is rotated anticlockwise 4.81°. Such a local rotation is favourable from the viewpoint of both energy and function to relax lattice misfit.     

(Ba1-ySry)6-3xSm8+2xTi18O54微波介质陶瓷的结构及性能

研究了（Ba1-ySry）6-3xSm8＋2xTi18O54（x=2／3，0．0≤y≤0．5）微波介质陶瓷的晶体结构和性能。结果表明：用锶取代钡形成了钨青铜结构的固溶体相，随着锶取代量的增加，晶格常数线性降低；同时，介电常数增大，在y=0．5时获得最大值（80．95）；介电损耗在y=0．3达到了最低值（0．00016）。频率温度系数随着锶取代量的增加由负变正。     

大气压化学电离质谱分析苯二苯硫醚异构体

芳香性苯基硫醚是用于合成具有生物活性的含硫杂环物质的重要前体化合物。本工作采用大气压化学电离（APCI）/离子阱二级质谱技术结合量子化学密度泛函理论计算,对邻、间、对苯二苯硫醚三类位置异构体的质谱裂解反应机理进行研究。苯二苯硫醚三类位置异构体经过碰撞诱导解离（CID）,发生HS自由基和苯硫自由基的中性丢失;并且仅在邻苯二苯硫醚类化合物中可观察到连续中性丢失2个HS自由基产生的碎片离子,而在间、对苯二苯硫醚类化合物中则观察到S₂的特征丢失;取代苯硫酚的中性丢失只能在邻、间苯二苯硫醚类化合物中检测到,此外,间苯二苯硫醚类化合物还有取代苯的特征性丢失。综上,三类苯二苯硫醚位置异构体在APCI-MS/MS条件下的质谱裂解行为有显著差异,根据HS自由基、S₂、取代苯硫酚和取代苯的特征丢失,可实现这些异构体的区分鉴定。     

气相色谱-串联四极杆质谱法测定主流烟气中的苯并[a]芘

为了给低焦油卷烟产品中的有害物质检测提供方法参考,本工作建立了卷烟主流烟气中苯并[a]芘的气相色谱-三重串联四极杆质谱联用测定方法。使用标准抽吸条件采集20支卷烟烟气粒相物,用含内标的环己烷超声萃取,经固相萃取净化后,以正离子多反应监测方式进样分析,内标法定量。方法经优化后,苯并[a]芘在0.4～20 μg/cig范围内具有良好线性,r²为0.999 92,定量限为0.073 μg/L,重复性变异系数最大为3.71%,加标回收率为95.7％～103.9％。该方法操作简便、流程短、溶剂用量少,尤其适合低焦油卷烟产品的苯并[a]芘检测。     

Oriented immobilization of Pseudomonas putida putidaredoxin at a gold (111)–buffer interface: a real time scanning tunnelling microscopy study

A scanning tunnelling microscopy study of adsorption of wild‐type Pseudomonas putida putidaredoxin at a gold (111)–buffer interface has been made in real time. Reversible adsorption has been observed reflecting weak interaction of the wild‐type protein with a gold (111) electrode. A genetically engineered mutant, C73S‐D58C, which contains a surface thiol, has been used for ‘immobilization’ and ‘orientated adsorption’ on the gold surface. The implication of such orientated immobilization in development of a bio‐electrode surface has been predicted.     

Quantitative atom column position analysis at the incommensurate interfaces of a (PbS)(1.14)NbS(2) misfit layered compound with aberration-corrected HRTEM

Aberration-corrected HRTEM is applied to explore the potential of NCSI contrast imaging to quantitatively analyse the complex atomic structure of misfit layered compounds and their incommensurate interfaces. Using the (PbS)_1.14NbS₂ misfit layered compound as a model system it is shown that atom column position analyses at the incommensurate interfaces can be performed with precisions reaching a statistical accuracy of ±6 pm. The procedure adopted for these studies compares experimental images taken from compound regions free of defects and interface modulations with a structure model derived from XRD experiments and with multi-slice image simulations for the corresponding NCSI contrast conditions used. The high precision achievable in such experiments is confirmed by a detailed quantitative analysis of the atom column positions at the incommensurate interfaces, proving a tetragonal distortion of the monochalcogenide sublattice.     

The Influence of Molecular Architecture on the Macroscopic Lubrication Properties of the Brush-Like Co-polyelectrolyte Poly(L-lysine)-g-poly(ethylene glycol) (PLL-g-PEG) Adsorbed on Oxide Surfaces

The co-polymer poly(L-lysine)-g-poly(ethylene glycol) (PLL-g-PEG) has been investigated as a potential biomimetic boundary-lubrication additive for aqueous lubrication systems. In this work, the influence of the co-polymer's architecture on its tribological performance has been investigated. The architectural parameters investigated comprise side-chain (PEG) length, Lys/PEG grafting ratio and backbone chain (PLL) length. The tribological approaches applied in this work include ultra-thin-film interferometry, the mini-traction machine (MTM), and pin-on-disk tribometry. Both an increase in the molecular weight of the PEG side chains and a reduction in the grafting ratio result in an improvement in the lubricating properties of aqueous PLL-g-PEG solution at low speeds. MTM measurements show that an increase in the molecular weight of the PLL backbone results in an increase of the coefficient of friction.     

The decomposition mechanisms of a perfluoropolyether at the head/disk interface of hard disk drives

The decomposition mechanisms of a perfluoropolyether (ZDOL) at the head/disk interface under sliding friction conditions were studied using an ultra‐high vacuum tribometer equipped with a mass spectrometer. Chemical bonding theory was applied to analyze the decomposition process. For a carbon coated slider/CN_x disk interface, the primary decomposed fragments are CFO and CF₂O, caused by the friction decomposition and electron bombardment in the mass spectrometer. For an uncoated Al₂O₃–TiC slider/CN_x contact, CF₃ and C₂F₃ fragments appear in addition to CFO and CF₂O, resulting from the catalytic reactions and friction decomposition, indicating that the decomposition mechanism associated with friction leads to the breaking of the main chain of ZDOL and forms CF₂=O, which reacts with Al₂O₃ to produce AlF₃, and the rapid catalytic decomposition of ZDOL on the AlF₃ surface follows. Moreover, the effects of frictional heat, tribocharge, mechanical scission and Lewis acid catalytic action, generated in friction process, on the decomposition of ZDOL are discussed. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

对称式气液联控伺服系统动力机构特性分析

提出一种新型复合传动方式-气液联控伺服系统,介绍此类系统的基本工作原理和构成,给出了对称式气液联控伺服系统动力机构的数学模型。在典型参数下进行了仿真计算,分析了这一新型动力机构的主要性能参数和相应的频率特性,说明了将液体介质加入到常规气压伺服系统后,可通过对液压阻尼力的调整使得系统具有较高的静、动态刚度和阻尼比可调,同时能实现定位锁死等机能。此类系统具有广阔的实际应用前景。     

3-(O-甲基-O-烷基磷酰基)丙酰胺的电喷雾质谱裂解方式研究

为获得高效的阻燃剂,合成了一系列磷酰基丙酰胺类化合物,研究一系列3(O-甲基-O-烷基磷酰基)丙酰胺的电喷雾质谱裂解方式，发现该类化合物的加氢和加钠离子具有不同的裂解方式。加氢裂解的特点是先失去中性NH₃碎片和一分子丙烯，最后失去CO;加钠裂解的规律是失去一分子丙烯后，接着失去一分子甲醇。最后根据碎片，提出了可能的裂解途径。     

高效液相色谱-大气压化学电离串联质谱法研究4-(甲基亚硝胺基)-1-(3-吡啶基)-1-丁酮体外模拟代谢作用

烟草特异亚硝胺4-(甲基亚硝胺基)-1-(3-吡啶基)-1-丁酮(NNK)是一种存在于烟草烟气及烟草制品中的强致癌物,其致癌机理是通过细胞色素P450酶的代谢活化生成活泼亲电试剂,导致DNA损伤,因此,建立NNK体外模拟代谢产物的定量分析方法对于研究烟草致癌物具有重要意义。本实验利用高效液相色谱-大气压化学电离串联质谱法（HPLC-APCI-MS/MS）对NNK代谢产物4-羟基-1-(3-吡啶基)-1-丁酮(HPB)进行定量分析。使用选择反应扫描（SRM）模式监测了HPB和内标[3,3,4,4-D₄]HPB,分析方法在0.2~400 nmol/L范围内线性关系良好,线性相关系数R²=0.999 9,检出限(LOD)为0.025 nmol/L (S/N=3),定量限(LOQ)为0.05 nmol/L(S/N=10)。方法的日内和日间准确度为96.6%~101.8%,回收率为98.1%~102.6%。所建立的NNK体外模拟代谢模型可用于烟草特异亚硝胺代谢活化分子机制的研究,为定量分析吸烟致癌相关生物标志物奠定基础。     

基于XeF(C-A)放大器的混合(固态/气态)超高功率飞秒激光系统

提出了基于前端发生器和终端放大器,使用光泵浦XeF(C-A)激活介质的太瓦级混合激光器(THIA00)系统.前端发生器由长532 nm的连续激光泵浦的钛宝石飞秒脉冲振荡器,脉冲展宽机构,532 nm的脉冲激光泵浦的再生多通道放大器,衍射光栅压缩器和二次谐波发生器(KDP)组成.其光束输出参数为:脉冲持续时间50 fs,...     

灰色GM(1,1)模型在机械产品寿命试验数据预测中的应用

将构造的背景值公式引入 GM(1,1)模型 ,并用该模型预测机械产品寿命试验数据 ,实例计算结果表明 ,该方法能缩短机械产品寿命试验时间 ,提高了 GM(1,1)模型的预测精度。     

Tribological properties of ZrO2 (Y2O3)-Mo-BaF2/CaF2 composites at high temperatures

ZrO₂ (Y₂O₃) with different contents of BaF₂/CaF₂ and Mo were fabricated by hot pressed sintering, and the tribological behavior of the composites against SiC ceramic was investigated from room temperature to 1000 °C. It was found that the ZrO₂ (Y₂O₃)-5BaF₂/CaF₂-10Mo composite possessed excellent self-lubricating and anti-wear properties. The low friction and wear were attributed to enhanced matrix and BaMoO₄ formed on the worn surfaces.     

预烧温度对纳米复合Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷组织和性能的影响

用真空预烧＋热等静压处理工艺制备了纳米复合Ti（C，N）基金属陶瓷，用SEM和TEM／EDX研究了预烧温度对纳米复合Ti（C，N）基金属陶瓷显微组织和性能的影响。结果表明：随着预烧温度的升高，硬质相颗粒明显球化、细化且分布均匀，具有白芯-灰壳结构的小硬质相颗粒明显增多，且环形相较完整。在1420℃预烧时，金属陶瓷具有较好的力学性能；继续升高顸烧温度时，晶粒会明显长大，环形相变厚、变脆，导致材料的性能下降。综合考虑认为，较佳预烧结温度为1420℃。     

The effects of contact configuration and coating morphology on the tribological behaviour of tetrahedral amorphous diamond-like carbon (ta-C DLC) coatings under boundary lubrication

ABSTRACT

Tribological studies were carried out with tetrahedral amorphous diamond-like carbon (ta-C DLC) coatings, varying in thickness and roughness, using two different contact configurations lubricated with seven types of hydraulic oils. Tribopair of cast iron and ta-C coated steel were tested in both non-conformal and conformal, unidirectional sliding contacts. The friction and wear results were mainly affected by the thickness of the coating in the non-conformal contact and the surface roughness of the coating in the conformal contact. Tests done with mineral base oil containing rust inhibitor in the non-conformal contact and with Polyalphaolefins and synthetic ester base oils in the conformal contact resulted in the lowest friction while that with mineral base oil containing zinc resulted in high friction and counterface wear. The results highlight the interdependence of contact configuration, lubricant chemistry, coating’s surface morphology and coating’s thickness in determining the tribological behaviour of ta-C coatings under boundary lubrication.     

Friction and wear behaviors of a (Ca, Mg)-sialon/SAE 52100 steel pair under the lubrication of various polyols as water-based lubricating additives

The friction and wear behaviors of (Ca, Mg)-sialon/SAE 52100 steel pair under the lubrication of water or various polyol aqueous solutions were investigated with an SRV friction and wear tester in a ball-on-disc configuration. This was conducted to simulate the effect of polyols as aqueous additive in machining sialon ceramic. The morphologies of and elemental distributions in the worn surfaces of the lubricated sialon ceramics and counterpart steel were observed and determined with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA). All solutions of the tested polyols decreased the friction coefficient of (Ca, Mg)-sialon/SAE 52100 steel effectively and increased the wear volume loss of (Ca, Mg)-sialon to some extent as compared with dry sliding. The friction coefficients under the lubrication of distilled water and various polyols aqueous solutions of polyols showed almost no difference, and propanetriol was found to be the most effective for machining (Ca, Mg)-sialon with the concentration of polyols in water fixed as 5 wt%. The friction coefficients under the lubrication of propanetriol aqueous solutions in varied concentrations are closely related with the concentration, which came to the lowest value of 0.04 at a concentration of 75%. The friction-reducing performance of the polyols as additives in water was roughly correlated with their wetting behaviors on the sialon ceramic surface. In other words, the higher the wetting ability is, the lower the friction coefficients will be. Moreover, the wear volume losses of (Ca, Mg)-sialon also varied with the variation in the concentration of propanetriol in water. Accounting for the friction-reduction and wear behavior, 20% concentration of propanetriol in water could be recommended for machining (Ca, Mg)-sialon. Electron microscopic analysis indicates that polyols as additives in water enhanced the corrosive wear of sialon ceramic, which could be beneficial for increasing the machining efficiency. There existed interactions among water, polyols and sialon surfaces, which were dependent on the compositions of the lubricant solution. This accounts for the variations in the friction and wear behaviors with the concentration of polyols in water.     

The Influence of location of balls and ball diameter difference in rolling bearings on the nonrepetitive runout (NRRO) of retainer revolution

The nonrepetitive runout (NRRO) value of retainer revolution is caused mainly by the diameter differences of balls mounted in a bearing. Additionally, when more than one ball has diameter difference, the NRRO value of retainer revolution is believed to vary with the location of balls. In this study, the authors theoretically analyzed the NRRO value of retainer revolution considering the diameter differences and location of balls mounted in a bearing. Consequently, it is clarified that the mean value of the retainer revolution component calculated in all locations of balls decreased with increasing number of balls in a rolling bearing.     

The effect of vacancies on the annular dark field image contrast of grain boundaries: a SrTiO(3) case study

The analysis of grain boundary structure in high resolution electron microscopy is often hindered by contrast variation within the grain boundary region which is not explained by simple models of the grain boundary structure. Recent work suggests that structural disorder along the beam direction and the presence of vacancies contribute significantly to this effect. One might expect a significant reduction in contrast in a Z-contrast image of a grain boundary would imply that vacancies present must result from the absence of heavier elements. Using a [001](210) Σ5 grain boundary in SrTiO₃ as a test case and first principles structure relaxation to calculate stable defect structures, we show that the reduction in the intensity from fully occupied Sr columns due to the structural distortion resulting from a nearby O vacancy can be as great as that due to introducing a Sr vacancy in the column itself. The effect on energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy signals is also considered, but found to be smaller than that on Z-contrast images.     

Erratum to “The effect of particle size on the erosion of a ductile material at the low particle size limit” [Wear 233–235 (1999) 727–736]

The intrinsic particle size dependence of erosion rate was investigated in the absence of aerodynamic effects. An apparatus was designed to impact small particles on metallic substrates at normal incidence in vacuum. Two types of target materials, Cu–30% Zn and pure Ti, were impacted with SiO₂ particles with average diameters of 2, 5 and 25 μm. The velocity of impact was 12 m/s. Damage processes induced by single particles were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). This latter technique allowed for the measurement of impact profiles, both of the cut surfaces and the associated displaced material pile-ups. The impacts produced were, in many cases, asymmetrical, and the asymmetries appeared to be related to the orientation of the impacted surface. The appearance of the damage was essentially the same for all three sizes of the erodent, and for two different substrate materials having different crystal structures.