Volatile halogenated hydrocarbons in Belgian drinking waters

A comparative study was carried out to determine levels of volatile halogenated hydrocarbons, especially trihalomethanes (THM) in different Belgian drinking waters, prepared from both ground and surface waters. In addition to examining raw and treated water leaving the production plants, changes in haloform concentration during transport in the distribution system were also studied. Only a slight decrease of haloform concentration after decompression in water towers and reservoirs occurred and was rapidly compensated by on going chlorination by residual free chlorine.Despite of the very different conditions used for chlorination in the plants studied, a fairly clear relation was found between total THM content in the finished waters and TOC-values of the raw waters, indicating that the primary organic load was the determining factor for haloform formation.     

Elimination of microcystins by water treatment processes-examples from Sulejow Reservoir, Poland

Eutrophication is a serious problem in Polish freshwaters. Mass occurrences of toxic cyanobacteria in reservoirs cause problems in the production of safe drinking water and the diversity of produced toxins complicates monitoring of freshwaters. The aim of this study was to estimate the efficiency of water treatment processes in the removal of microcystins (MCs), cyanobacterial hepatotoxins. Elimination of microcystins was studied at two waterworks, which supply drinking water to the city of Lodz from Sulejow Reservoir. The consecutive steps of pre-oxidation, coagulation, sand filtration, ozonation and chlorination used in the water treatment showed effective elimination of microcystins in water from Sulejow Reservoir in 2002 and 2003. The highest total concentration of microcystin (variants MC-RR, MC-YR, MC-LR) amounted to 6.7 microgl(-1) in raw water and was detected on the 13th of August 2002. In 2003 the water utility decided to increase the contribution of ground water in the production of drinking water. This resulted in a decrease of microcystin in water during and after the treatment process. The current management strategy of the waterworks company includes mixing of surface water and ground water, which reduces the hazards caused by toxic cyanobacterial blooms in the reservoir.     

Comparison of polyaluminum silicate chloride and electrocoagulation process,in natural organic matter removal from surface water in Ghochan,Iran

Removal of natural organic matter (NOM) is one of the most important objectives of water treatment plants but reducing these pollutants either present in water as dissolved or suspended form is not as efficient as is required in conventional treatment plants. The purpose of this study was comparison performance of composite polyaluminum silicate chloride (PASiC) and electrocoagulation (EC) process by aluminum electrodes in NOM removal from raw surface water. In this study, the effects of turbidity, total organic compounds (carbons) (TOC), adsorption at a wavelength of 254 nm (UV254), chemical oxygen demand (COD), alkalinity, residual aluminum in finished water by application of EC process and PASiC were investigated. The results demonstrate that PASiC coagulant at optimum concentration of 1–5 ml/L was capable of removing TOC, COD, U.V., and turbidity from raw water by 93.77, 93.5, 63 and 95 %, respectively. In contrast, EC process, removed TOC, COD, UV and turbidity from raw water by 89, 99.75, 37 and 50%, respectively. The pilot-scale results demonstrated the significant advantage of PASiC compared to EC process in removal of NOM and turbidity form raw water. Residual aluminum in finished water was below the recommended WHO guidelines 0.2 mg/L for both processes. Finally it can be concluded that PASiC and EC process are reliable, efficient and cost-effective methods for removal of NOM from surface water.     

重金属铅污染应急处理技术中试研究

研究了投加碱液预处理+常规净水工艺对水中铅的去除效果及影响因素。结果表明,该应急处理技术对水中的铅具有较好的去除效果,出水铅含量可降至《生活饮用水卫生标准》限值(10μg/L)以内;聚铝比液铝具有更好的除铅效果,当聚铝投加量为42～48 mg/L,原水pH调节至7.8～8.4,进水铅质量浓度为2.0 mg/L时,出水铅含量最低可降至0.56μg/L;pH值对除铅效果有一定影响,pH值越高出水铅含量越低;清洁滤池时,应采用碱液梯度递减的方式,以保证出水水质。     

Toxic cyanobacterial breakthrough and accumulation in a drinking water plant: a monitoring and treatment challenge

The detection of cyanobacteria and their associated toxins has intensified in recent years in both drinking water sources and the raw water of drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs). The objectives of this study were to: 1) estimate the breakthrough and accumulation of toxic cyanobacteria in water, scums and sludge inside a DWTP, and 2) to determine whether chlorination can be an efficient barrier to the prevention of cyanotoxin breakthrough in drinking water. In a full scale DWTP, the fate of cyanobacteria and their associated toxins was studied after the addition of coagulant and powdered activated carbon, post clarification, within the clarifier sludge bed, after filtration and final chlorination. Elevated cyanobacterial cell numbers (4.7 × 10⁶ cells/mL) and total microcystins concentrations (up to 10 mg/L) accumulated in the clarifiers of the treatment plant. Breakthrough of cells and toxins in filtered water was observed. Also, a total microcystins concentration of 2.47 μg/L was measured in chlorinated drinking water. Cyanobacterial cells and toxins from environmental bloom samples were more resistant to chlorination than results obtained using laboratory cultured cells and dissolved standard toxins.     

低温下逆流充氧强化去除地表原水中的氨氮和锰

利用中试滤柱系统,在低温条件下采用滤柱底部逆流充氧措施强化铁锰复合氧化膜滤料去除地表原水中的氨氮和锰,考察了充氧强度、运行参数(氨氮、锰浓度和滤速)等因素的影响,并对充氧前后氧化膜的微观特征(形态、组成、晶体结构)进行了分析。结果表明,在水温为8℃的条件下,当进水氨氮和锰浓度分别为2.0、3.0 mg/L时,逆流充氧后,完全去除锰所需的滤层厚度由80cm减少至60 cm,出水氨氮浓度由0.7 mg/L降至0,且随着充氧强度的增加,去除效率逐渐升高;当充氧强度为0.6 mL/(cm²·min)、滤速为7.0 m/h时,对氨氮和锰的去除效果最佳。此外,微观表征分析结果表明,逆流充氧使滤料表面形态在水力作用下发生了改变,但并未改变铁锰复合氧化膜的成分和晶体结构。因此,逆流充氧可显著提高低温条件下铁锰复合氧化膜滤料对地表原水中氨氮和锰的去除效率。     

Occurrence and fate of the antidiabetic drug metformin and its metabolite guanylurea in the environment and during drinking water treatment

Metformin, an antidiabetic drug with one of the highest consumption rates of all pharmaceuticals worldwide, is biologically degraded to guanylurea in wastewater treatment plants. Due to high metformin influent concentrations of up to 100 μg/L and its high but incomplete degradation both compounds are released in considerable amounts of up to several tens of μg/L into recipient rivers. This is the first systematic study on their environmental fate and the effectiveness of treatment techniques applied in waterworks to remove metformin and guanylurea from surface water influenced raw waters. The concentrations in surface waters depend strongly on the respective wastewater burden of rivers and creeks and are typically in the range of about 1 μg/L for metformin and several μg/L for guanylurea but can reach elevated average concentrations of more than 3 and 20 μg/L, respectively. Treatment techniques applied in waterworks were investigated by an extended monitoring program in three facilities and accompanied by laboratory-scale batch tests. Flocculation and activated carbon filtration proved to be ineffective for removal of metformin and guanylurea. During ozonation and chlorination experiments with waterworks-relevant ozone and chlorine doses they were partly transformed to yet unknown compounds. The effectiveness of the treatment steps under investigation can be ordered chlorination > ozonation > activated carbon filtration > flocculation. However, most effective for removal of both compounds at the three full-scale waterworks studied proved to be an underground passage (riverbank filtration or artificial groundwater recharge). A biological degradation is most likely as sorption can be neglected. This is based on laboratory batch tests conducted with three different soil materials according to OECD guideline 106. Since such treatment steps were implemented in all three drinking water treatment plants, even traces of metformin and its metabolite guanylurea could not be detected at the end of the treatment trains. Both can only be expected in finished drinking water if surface influenced raw water is used by direct abstraction without underground passage.     

Prevalence of Cryptosporidium oocysts and giardia cysts in the drinking water supply in Japan

A one-year monitoring of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts was conducted at a water purification plant. A total of 13 samples of 50 L river source water and 26 samples of 2,000 L-filtered water, treated by coagulation flocculation, sedimentation and rapid filtration, were tested. Prior to conducting a survey of a water purification plant, we developed a method for concentrating Cryptosporidium oocysts from a large volume of raw or filtered water using a hollow fiber ultrafiltration (UF) membrane, and this procedure was adapted to survey a water purification plant. Cryptosporidium oocysts were detected in all of the 13 raw water samples. The geometric mean concentration was 40 oocysts 100 L. Giardia cysts were detected in 12 of 13 raw water samples (92%) and the geometric mean concentration was 17 cysts/100 L. Probability distributions of both Cryptosporidium oocyst and Giardia cyst concentration in raw water were nearly lognormal. In filtered water samples, Cryptosporidium oocysts were detected in 9 of the 26 samples (35%) with the geometric mean concentration of 1.2 oocysts /1,000 L and Giardia cysts in 3 samples (12%) with 0.8 cysts/1,000 L. The estimated log10 removal efficiency of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts by rapid-sand filtration was 2.47 and 2.53, respectively. Empty particles were removed at a higher log10 than intact oocysts and cysts. The efficiency of particle removal in the rapid sand filtration process tends to be reduced under cold-water conditions. Close management is necessary in the winter when the water temperature is low.     

Current status of arsenic contamination in drinking water and treatment practice in some rural areas of West Bengal,India

The aim of the present investigation was to draw the current scenario of arsenic (As) contamination in drinking water of community tube well and drinking water treated by tube wells installed with different adsorbent media-based treatment plants in districts Nadia, Hooghly and North 24-Parganas districts, West Bengal, India. As removal efficiencies of different treatment plants varied from 23 to 71%, which is largely governed by adsorption capacity of adsorbent and influencing environmental factors. Though investigated treatment plants removed substantial amount of As from tube well water, high As concentration in treated drinking water was retained after passing through the treatment plants. This high level of As concentration in tube well water and retention of high As concentration in treated drinking water were severe for the consumers which therefore, indicating the improvement of removal efficiency of treatment plant by meticulously considering favorable influencing factors or/and application of other high capacity treatment alternatives to adsorb the excess As retained in drinking water and regular monitoring of As concentration in the treated drinking water are indispensable.     

福州市东南区水厂原水生物预处理试验研究

采用悬浮填料生物接触氧化法对福州市东南区水厂的微污染原水进行预处理,考察了该工艺的处理效果及影响因素,并针对原水中污染物的周期性变化规律,提出了可行的工艺设计参数和建议。结果表明,当原水的氨氮和CODMn分别为(0.15~2.0)、(2~4.1)mg/L时,在HRT为1 h、气水比为1∶1的工况下,生物接触氧化工艺对氨氮和CODMn的去除效果较好,平均去除率分别可达70%以上和15%左右。随HRT的缩短、水温的降低及气水比的减小,系统对氨氮的去除效果会相应下降,但原水的水温基本满足工艺的要求,而要保持填料的流化状态,曝气量需在2m3/(m2.h)以上。可行的生物预处理工艺设计参数:采用两级生物接触氧化工艺串联运行,总HRT为45~60 min、总气水比为(0.8~1.2)∶1。     

New chlorinated amphetamine-type-stimulants disinfection-by-products formed during drinking water treatment

Previous studies have demonstrated high removal rates of amphetamine-type-stimulants (ATSs) through conventional drinking water treatments; however the behaviour of these compounds through disinfection steps and their transformation into disinfection-by-products (DBPs) is still unknown. In this work, for the first time, the reactivity of some ATSs such as amphetamine, methamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and 3,4-methylenedioxyethylamphetamine (MDEA) with chlorine has been investigated under simulated and real drinking water treatment conditions in order to evaluate their ability to give rise to transformation products. Two new DBPs from these illicit drugs have been found. A common chlorinated-by-product (3-chlorobenzo)-1,3-dioxole, was identified for both MDA and MDEA while for MDMA, 3-chlorocatechol was found. The presence of these DBPs in water samples collected through drinking water treatment was studied in order to evaluate their formation under real conditions. Both compounds were generated through treatment from raw river water samples containing ATSs at concentration levels ranging from 1 to 15 ng/L for MDA and from 2.3 to 78 ng/L for MDMA. One of them, (3-chlorobenzo)-1,3-dioxole, found after the first chlorination step, was eliminated after ozone and GAC treatment while the MDMA DBP mainly generated after the postchlorination step, showed to be recalcitrant and it was found in final treated waters at concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 5.8 ng/L.     

Diversity and antibiotic resistance of Aeromonas spp. in drinking and waste water treatment plants

The taxonomic diversity and antibiotic resistance phenotypes of aeromonads were examined in samples from drinking and waste water treatment plants (surface, ground and disinfected water in a drinking water treatment plant, and raw and treated waste water) and tap water. Bacteria identification and intra-species variation were determined based on the analysis of the 16S rRNA, gyrB and cpn60 gene sequences. Resistance phenotypes were determined using the disc diffusion method.Aeromonas veronii prevailed in raw surface water, Aeromonas hydrophyla in ozonated water, and Aeromonas media and Aeromonas puntacta in waste water. No aeromonads were detected in ground water, after the chlorination tank or in tap water. Resistance to ceftazidime or meropenem was detected in isolates from the drinking water treatment plant and waste water isolates were intrinsically resistant to nalidixic acid. Most of the times, quinolone resistance was associated with the gyrA mutation in serine 83. The gene qnrS, but not the genes qnrA, B, C, D or qepA, was detected in both surface and waste water isolates. The gene aac(6’)-ib-cr was detected in different waste water strains isolated in the presence of ciprofloxacin. Both quinolone resistance genes were detected only in the species A. media. This is the first study tracking antimicrobial resistance in aeromonads in drinking, tap and waste water and the importance of these bacteria as vectors of resistance in aquatic environments is discussed.     

Performance of selected anion exchange resins for the treatment of a high DOC content surface water

The objective of this study was first to compare the performance of four strong anion exchange resins (AERs) (MIEX from Orica Pty Ltd, DOWEX-11 and DOWEX-MSA from DOW chemical and IRA-938 from Rohm and Haas) for their application in drinking water treatment (natural organic matter (NOM), mineral anions (nitrate, sulfate and bromide) and pesticide removal) using bench-scale experimental procedures on a high DOC content surface water. The efficiency of MIEX for NOM and mineral anions removal was furthermore evaluated using bench-scale dose-response experiments on raw, clarified and post-ozonated waters. NOM removal was assessed using the measurement of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), UV absorbance at 254 nm (UV254) and the use of high-performance size exclusion chromatography with UV (HPSEC/UV) and fluorescence detection (HPSEC/FLUO). The MIEX and IRA938 anionic resins exhibit a faster removal of NOM and mineral anions compared to the DOWEX11 and MSA AERs. All the resins were found to be very effective with similar performances after 30 to 45 min of contact time. As expected, only limited sorption of atrazine and isoproturon (C0=1 microg/L) occurred with MIEX, DOWEX11 and MSA AERs. MIEX resin proved to be very efficient in eliminating NOM of high-molecular weight but also a large part of the smallest UV absorbing organic compounds which were refractory to coagulation/flocculation treatment. Remaining DOC levels after 30 min of contact with MIEX were found similar in raw water, clarified water and even post-ozonated water implying no DOC benefit can be gained by employing conventional treatment prior to MIEX treatment. Removal of bromide (initial concentration 110 microg/L) was also observed and ranged from 30% to 65% for resin dose increasing from 2 to 8 mL/L. T     

原水硬度对臭氧和高锰酸钾预氧化除藻效果的影响

为掌握原水硬度对除藻效果的影响,以绿藻为研究对象,在原水钙硬度为50~300mg/L的环境下进行了臭氧和高锰酸钾的混凝除藻实验。混凝实验结果显示,不同的钙离子浓度均能显著提高臭氧和高锰酸钾的混凝除藻效果。当钙离子浓度较低时,臭氧预氧化—混凝除藻效果优于高锰酸钾预氧化—混凝;但当钙硬度> 90 mg/L时,高锰酸钾预氧化—混凝除藻效果则优于臭氧预氧化—混凝。水厂原水的3组平行实验数据也证明在高硬度环境下高锰酸钾预氧化—混凝除藻效果优于臭氧预氧化—混凝。     

Perchlorate in raw and drinking water sources in England and Wales

A well‐known use of perchlorate is as a rocket fuel propellant; however, more widespread uses include in munitions and fireworks, and it also occurs naturally. Perchlorate suppresses the thyroid, which can lead to a variety of adverse effects. It is a widespread contaminant in the United States, but limited occurrence data in the United Kingdom exist, and even less for drinking water. Monitoring of 20 raw and treated drinking water sites in England and Wales, covering four seasonal periods, showed that perchlorate is a low‐level background contaminant of raw and treated drinking water. Low concentrations (treated drinking water: <0.020–2.073 μg/L, mean 0.747 μg/L) were detected at every higher‐risk site. The concentrations were comparable in each of the four sampling exercises and no significant trends were apparent relating to the time of year, the type of risk or the method of chlorination. Limited data showed that removal by ion exchange and granular‐activated carbon may occur.     

Chlorination kinetics of glyphosate and its by-products: modeling approach

Chlorination reactions of glyphosate, glycine, and sodium cyanate were conducted in well-agitated reactors to generate experimental kinetic measurements for the simulation of chlorination kinetics under the conditions of industrial water purification plants. The contribution of different by-products to the overall degradation of glyphosate during chlorination has been identified. The kinetic rate constants for the chlorination of glyphosate and its main degradation products were either obtained by calculation according to experimental data or taken from published literature. The fit of the kinetic constants with experimental data allowed us to predict consistently the concentration of the majority of the transitory and terminal chlorination products identified in the course of the glyphosate chlorination process. The simulation results conducted at varying aqueous chlorine/glyphosate molar ratios have shown that glyphosate is expected to degrade in fraction of a second under industrial aqueous chlorination conditions. Glyphosate chlorination products are not stable under the conditions of drinking water chlorination and are degraded to small molecules common to the degradation of amino acids and other naturally occurring substances in raw water. The kinetic studies of the chlorination reaction of glyphosate, together with calculations based on kinetic modeling in conditions close to those at real water treatment plants, confirm the reaction mechanism that we have previously suggested for glyphosate chlorination.     

BAF工艺处理微污染含铁锰地下水试验研究

采用BAF工艺处理微污染含铁锰地下水,研究了其净化效能和适宜的运行条件.结果表明,在水力负荷为4-5 m3/(m2·h),气水比为3:1-4:1的试验条件下,BAF工艺能有效去除氨氮、锰、铁、CODMn.和浊度.当原水铁含量小于2 mg/L,滤层中部DO在4 mg/L左右时,对氨氮的去除效果最佳.微量Fe2+即可维系滤...     

Trihalomethane occurrence in chlorinated reclaimed water at full-scale wastewater treatment plants in NE Spain

Total trihalomethane (TTHM) concentrations were determined in three chlorinated effluents (i.e. secondary and tertiary) from full-scale wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) in NE Spain over a 2-year monitoring period (May 2003-February 2005). Low TTHM concentrations (2-30 microg L(-1)), according to international standards for drinking water (80-150 microg L(-1)), were obtained in all samples analysed. The effects of (a) ammonia nitrogen and bromide concentrations, (b) UV light exposure, (c) tank storage, and (d) water temperature were evaluated. Two chlorination strategies were adopted: low chlorine dosages (2-5 mg Cl2 L(-1)) and a high-chlorine dosage (16 mg Cl2 L(-1)). The effects of storing chlorinated reclaimed water and of UV light exposure before chlorination were also evaluated. Samples collected over the 2-year monitoring period offered the possibility to assess the numerous variables affecting THM formation. A statistical evaluation of Platja d'Aro WWTP data set shows a low TTHM formation in the presence of high ammonia nitrogen concentration (p<0.05). That result can be attributed to the formation of chloramines by reaction with added chlorine, at doses below breakpoint chlorination. An increase in TTHM concentration in the presence of bromide (0-1 mg L(-1)) was also recorded (p<0.05). In contrast to published reports, TOC had a negative effect on TTHM formation. COD and turbidity had no statistical significance on TTHM formation. As expected, chlorination promoted TTHM formation in the three water reclamation plants monitored. Nevertheless, no statistical difference was observed when chlorinated effluents were kept in storage tanks. Exposure to UV light did not affect either formation or removal of TTHM. The relative production of TTHM during warm and cold seasons was also evaluated. TTHM production decreased with higher temperatures, but that could be attributed to the increase of ammonia nitrogen concentration observed during the warm summer seasons.     

新生态水合氧化铁去除水中磷酸根的效能研究

以新生态水合氧化铁(FHIO,由高铁酸钾和氯化亚铁配制)为混凝剂,考察了对水中磷酸根的处理效能,以及有机物浓度、pH、温度、浊度等参数对其去除磷酸根的影响。通过对原水pH和浊度变化的分析,发现FHIO的水解过程不同于普通铁盐,可形成细小、比表面积大、吸附能力强的铁氧体。在投加氯化铁进行混凝时,随着投量(6、7、8mg/L)的增加,对磷酸根的去除率分别达到了54%、59%、70%。而在相同的总铁投量下,FHIO对磷酸根的去除率分别提高了11%、13%、9%。水中有机物浓度的增加,对FHIO的除磷效果有一定的影响,这是因为有机物在一定程度上抑制了Fe(Ⅱ)的氧化,间接地影响了FHIO的生成,从而降低了除磷效果。在较低温度、pH和浊度时,FHIO对磷酸根的去除效果明显优于单独铁盐的,这是由于FHIO的无定形状态和细小的颗粒度决定其受这些因素的影响较小。     

化学沉淀法对金属铍的去除性能试验研究

研究了化学沉淀法对水中铍的去除效果及最大应对能力.结果表明,投加5 mg/L三氯化铁或聚合硫酸铁,调节原水pH≥7.5,或投加5 mg/L聚合氯化铝或硫酸铝,调节原水pH≥7.0,均可将原水中0.01 mg/L左右的铍降低至《生活饮用水卫生标准》限值(0.002 mg/L)以内.投加5 mg/L铁盐或硫酸铝可有效应对原...