Catalytic Synthesis of Chemicals from Coal

Abstract

While the oil and gas needed for the production of chemicals in the United States is only a small percentage of the total oil and gas consumed, the manufacture and use of chemicals from these hydrocarbons has a tremendous impact on the economy of the country. A study by A. D. Little, Inc. [1] in 1973 showed that the impact of a 15% decline in production of organic chemicals could result via a “multiplier” effect in a loss of over 1,700,000 jobs and a $65 to 70 billion loss in the production value of goods. One need only look around to see how pervasive and ubiquitous chemicals from petroleum products are in everyday life; our clothes, our food (fertilizers), all sorts of polymers, plastics, drugs and medicinal, tires, tubing, building materials, automobile interiors-the list is long and verge important to the economic health and growth of the country.     

低渗透油田开发调整技术对策研究

低渗透油田有很多特点,比如油气比较多,油气藏类型也很多,分布区域比较广。如果可以比较合理科学的开发低渗透油田,对我国石油开采能够产生极为积极的影响。基于此,主要讨论了目前低渗透油生产的具体特征,使用油藏工程的方法,以此调整技术,让地层能量得以保持,尽量减缓产量递减的情况。并且探索了开发效果评价以及开发政策界限,以此提高油田的采收率,分析了剩余油的分布特征影响因素。     

油价飚升与天然气的开发利用

由于石油输出国组织增产后的原油产量，仍未达到历史普达到过的水平，市场油价仍居高不下，我国已探明的天然气储量（含煤层气）虽丰，但仅考虑作清洁燃料一种方式来利用不妥，应探索天然气的更有效利用途径。     

危险化学品的安全管理

危险化学品是一类常见的化学物质,大都具备容易燃烧、容易爆炸、有毒、有害和容易腐蚀等性质,故危险化学品在生产、贮存、装卸、运输等环节中较易造成人员伤亡和财产损失。企业化工生产对危险化学品的使用必不可少,但是其固有的危险性对人身安全、财产安全和生态环境的安全构成极大威胁。尤其是我们国家危险化学品的管理现状不容乐观,所面临的问题也日益突出,以此为出发点,论述了加强危险化学品安全管理的必要性和意义,并且针对我国危险化学品安全管理的现状,提出了一些对策。     

潜油电泵腐蚀性研究

我国多数油气田已进入中、高含水期,各种采油设施的腐蚀十分严重,潜油电泵是油田主要采油设备之一。为了提高潜油电泵运行寿命,分别从物理因素和化学因素方面对潜油电泵腐蚀性、机理等进行分析研究,为提高产品的性能和可靠性奠定基础,对油田生产起到更好的促进作用。     

靖边油田油水井调剖堵水效果分析

油气田开发过程中有一个普遍的问题即油井出水。油井出水会对油气井生产、油气集输与油气田开发产生的影响,尤其对注水开发油田影响深远。所以在油气田开发过程中了解油气井出水的情况,及时的找出出水层位,并且能够采用相对应堵水的办法是很重要的。堵水调剖技术能有效的优化高含水油田注水开发的效果,从而实现油气田的稳产。     

石油开采过程中水平井钻井技术的应用探析

水平井钻井技术可满足当前的石油开采需求,但由于配备不合理、施工难度大等问题,使这一项技术的应用受到了限制。针对此项技术存在的问题进行简要分析,并提出相应的改进措施。     

Enhanced oil recovery chemical needs

A large fraction of known petroleum resources will not be recoverable by conventional methods. Enhanced oil recovery (EOR) is costly, but a significant amount of production is possible at current world oil prices, and additional production is possible at prices equivalent to synthetic alternates. Many opportunities exist for uses of chemicals in EOR. In particular, polymers and surfactants that are effective and stable at high temperatures and high salinities are needed for surfactant flooding to achieve its potential. Potential markets can be large in the 1990s and beyond. Many factors other than improved chemicals will impact on the future development of EOR. Risks to the chemical industry in new product development would appear to be reasonable, as long as oil producers continue a major effort to develop EOR processes.     

以石油替代为目标的我国新型煤化工

我国油气资源比较匮乏,而煤炭资源相对丰富,新型煤化工是以煤为原料生产洁净能源和可替代石油原料的化工产品为目标。简要介绍了我国新型煤化工制油、烯烃、天然气、乙二醇在建和在运项目,提出我国新型煤化工要创造技术核心竞争力,实现与石油路线经济效益竞争的优势,具有特殊战略意义的观点。同时,指出企业延长产业链、提高产品附加值,并不一定能够获得较好的投资回报。     

蜡油加氢处理装置物料流向和能耗分析

对洛阳石化蜡油加氢处理装置物料平衡和能耗进行了统计分析,介绍了装置物流走向和收率、综合能耗组成及变化,为企业优化生产、降低加工成本提供了依据。装置原料是混合蜡油和氢气,产品主要是精制蜡油、加氢干气和加氢酸性气,副产柴油和石脑油。装置负荷在162 136~201 298 t的情况下,总收率约99.9%,并且总收率随装置处理量的增大而变大。     

生物质制备生物油裂解反应器研究进展

生物质热裂解是生物质在隔绝空气的条件下,快速加热裂解,裂解蒸汽经快速冷却制得棕褐色液体产物。将生物质热解生成生物油,不仅便于运输和储存,而且还可以作为生产化工产品的原料。主要介绍了国内外生物质纤维素裂解制备生物油工艺、裂解反应器的特点等。就我国目前的技术,建议开发高效裂解工艺、新型高效反应器、研究反应机理以及开发高效催化剂等,从而降低生物质裂解油成本。     

增产丙烯技术及其研究进展

介绍了国内外丙烯增产技术的发展现状,简述了传统丙烯增产工艺及新型丙烯增产工艺的技术特点及其催化剂的应用。指出了丙烷脱氢、MTO/MTP以及合成气制取低碳烯烃作为一种以液化气或煤为原料的工艺路线,对我国多煤少油的状况而言,具有重要的战略意义。     

Biofuel potential production from cottonseed oil: A comparison of non-catalytic and catalytic pyrolysis on fixed-fluidized bed reactor

Conversion of vegetable oils predominantly composed of triglycerides using pyrolysis type reactions represents a promising option for the production of renewable fuels and chemicals. The purpose of this article was to compare catalytic cracking with thermal cracking on production of gaseous hydrocarbon and gasoline conversion by cottonseed oil, and to discuss the difference on composition of products from catalytic cracking and thermal cracking. Reaction products are heavily dependant on the catalyst type (catalyst activation) and reaction conditions. They can range from dry gas to light distillate, such as dry gas, liquefied petroleum gas and gasoline. When the temperature of catalytic cracking is over 460 °C, the effects of thermal cracking must be considerable.     

天然气转化制取合成气使用圆筒炉的生产实践和发展

我国天然气（主要成分ＣＨ４）潜在资源丰富，利用ＣＨ４进行转化生产ＣＯ＋Ｈ２合成气．以生产众多的化工产品．蒸汽转化炉系特殊昂贵的关键设备，发展高效率、低造价的炉型，有其重要的经济意义。本文通过生产实践对圆筒形蒸汽转化炉进行分析总结并介绍应用前景。     

Methanol from natural gas. Proven and new technologies.

The world methanol consumption has surpassed 25 million tons per annum and is still growing steadily, indicating an increasing importance of methanol in the bulk chemicals market. At present, methanol is produced in a two step process: steam reforming of a hydrocarbon feedstock, followed by synthesis gas conversion into methanol.

Single step methanol production by partial oxidation of methane is a promising new catalytic process providing new opportunities for natural gas utilization. To study the economic perspective of such a new process and to set targets for futher research, a process design study was carried out, based on literature data with respect to kinetics and yields. This study included investment and production cost estimates relative to those of existing plants.

The results prove that the new process is less economic, unless extremely selective catalysts are developed. Using the present data, the investment is of a similar level, while the variable costs are much higher due to the lower carbon efficiencies and the consumption of “expensive” oxygen.     

Production of Biocomponent Containing Gas Oil with the Coprocessing of Vegetable Oil�CGas Oil Mixture

We investigated the impact of the enhanced sulphur content of feedstocks during the production of gas oil with bio-component content in one catalytic step, on a NiMo/Al₂O₃ catalyst from sunflower oil-containing gas oil. The mixing of vegetable oil reduces the efficiency of hydrodesulphurization compared to the pure gas oil feedstock, but using the favourable process parameter combination high scale desulphurization can be achieved.     

THE FIRING OF REFRACTORY PRODUCTS IN FRANCE1

Importance of the question for a country where fuel is expensive and resources are less than consumption. Types of Kilns Used. —Principally continuous kilns; some intermittent ones and a few tunnel kilns. Heating of Kilns. —Heating direct or with gas—evolution of ideas. Conclusion. —Heating in modem kilns consists in transporting calories from one point to another with the minimum of loss, the hearth serves only to compensate these losses while raising the calories to a higher potential. The firing of refractory products can be considered either from the purely technical point of view of the influence of the firing temperature on the quality of final product, or from the economic point of view of obtaining this firing temperature in the least onerous manner. The fuel question plays an important part in the ceramic industry, particularly in the making of refractories; it is one of the important elements in cost of production, especially in a country like France in the present situation. Our² production of coal in 1913 amounted, in round numbers, to 40 million tons; in 1921 due to our coal mines having been destroyed, the extraction was only 28 million tons. In 1920, although our needs amounted to 80 million tons, we were able to obtain, both in French and foreign coals, not more than 50 million tons. The saving of fuel, undertaken in all of the great nations, presented then and still presents to our country a primordial interest. The point of these various statements is to show very briefly the technic of firing in the industry of refractory products in France and the evolution of ideas in respect to firing.     

延长油田油库蒸发损耗数据测量与计算

延长油田是油气资源的生产和储运企业,为了保证油品存储系统稳定安全运行,减少油品损失,改善油区生产环境,对油库进行蒸发损耗量的测试是非常必要的.本文选用了适合延长油田的油气损耗计算公式以及数据计量的方法,为找出油气损耗的主要原因和日后油气回收工作做好铺垫.     

Moving boundary approach to forecast tight oil production

A novel semianalytical production predictive tool for tight reservoirs based on the application of material balance on a transient linear flow system is developed in this paper. This method considers two important regions during transient production of oil reservoirs: the saturated region where gas evolves and flows with oil, and the undersaturated region where only oil flows. A zonal moving boundary approach is used to evolve the two regions as the reservoir pressure gradually decreases. A semianalytical method is used to calculate pressures in the various regions and volumetric expansions. For both black oil and volatile oil scenarios, calculations from this analytical framework are able to match reservoir pressures, oil and gas rates, and cumulative gas–oil ratios determined using a reservoir simulator. The model was also applied to wells in tight reservoirs around the United States such as the Bakken (ND) and the Eagle Ford (TX) with reasonable success.     

大型氮肥厂不同原料生产合成氨及尿素的效益分析

对大型油，煤，天然气生产合成氨及尿素的原料路线进行了经济效益分析对比，为加速发展我国化肥工业研究决策参考。