Changes in smoking prevalence in Ukraine in 2001-5

Objectives

To analyse trends in smoking prevalence in Ukraine from three surveys conducted in 2001–5, and to explore correlates of observed changes, in order to estimate the stage of tobacco epidemic in Ukraine.

Design

Repeated national interview surveys in Ukraine in 2001, 2002 and 2005.

Main outcome measure

Prevalence of current smoking among the population aged ⩾15 years.

Results

The age‐standardised prevalence of current smoking in Ukrainian men was 54.8% in 2001 and 66.8% in 2005. Among Ukrainian women, prevalence increased from 11.5% in 2001 to 20.0% in 2005. ORs for yearly increase in prevalence were estimated as 1.164 (95% CI 1.111 to 1.220) for men and 1.187 (1.124 to 1.253) for women, which implies that, on average, 3–4% of men and 1.5–2% of women living in Ukraine join the smoking population each year.

Conclusions

In Ukraine, smoking prevalence is increasing in most population groups. Among men, the medium deprivation group with secondary education has the highest smoking prevalence. Among women, while the most educated, young and those living in larger cities are the leading group for tobacco use, other groups are also increasing their tobacco use. Tobacco promotion efforts appear to have been significantly more effective in Ukraine than smoking control efforts. The decrease in real cigarette prices in Ukraine in 2001–5 could be the main factor explaining the recent growth in smoking prevalence.Ukraine is a large eastern European country with high smoking prevalence. Tobacco products are widely available at very low prices, and the transnational tobacco industry is extremely successful in promoting its products and lobbying for its interests in the legislative field. Advocacy of tobacco control has only recently achieved some success in the legislative field, with the first tobacco control law being adopted in late 2005. Ukraine ratified the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in 2006, but there is still much cause for concern regarding the enforcement and effectiveness of the adopted legislative measures. Unfortunately, the government is not yet involved in nationwide surveillance of the tobacco problem, and the available data have mostly been gathered with funding from foreign donors. Several attempts have been made to measure the extent of the tobacco epidemic in the countries of the former Soviet Union (FSU).^{1,2,3,4,5,6,7} Most of these studies have shown rather high smoking prevalence among men (50–70%) and comparatively low prevalence among women (5–20%). Most countries in the FSU have similar smoking rates, while certain trends are shown to be related to the differences in how the transnational tobacco industry succeeds in every national tobacco market.⁶ Unfortunately, few studies have been published showing trends in smoking prevalence in the FSU.⁷ In Ukraine, two studies^3,4 provided point estimates of smoking prevalence.The aim of this study was to analyse trends in smoking prevalence in Ukraine, on the basis of three surveys conducted in 2001–5, and to explore correlates of observed changes in order to estimate the stage of the tobacco epidemic in Ukraine.     

2010年河南省部分食品中重金属污染状况分析

了解河南省部分食品中重金属污染的现状。方法 在河南省18个省辖市采集8大类3 657份食品样品,按照国家标准检测食品中铅、镉和汞的含量,检测结果按照GB 2762—2012《食品安全国家标准食品中污染物限量》进行评价。结果 河南省部分食品中铅含量的平均值为0.34 mg/kg,总体超标率为8.8%(320/3 656),其中粮食、肉类和蔬菜中超标率较高,分别为17.2%(95/552)、14.5%(85/587)和10.7%(57/534);部分食品中镉含量的平均值为0.054 mg/kg,总体超标率为3.9%(143/3 657),其中食用菌和蛋类中超标率较高,分别为9.6%(49/508)和8.1%(42/518);部分食品中汞含量的平均值为0.077 mg/kg,总体超标率为8.3%(303/3 657),其中蔬菜和粮食中超标率较高,分别为25.3%(135/534)和12.3%(68/551)。结论 河南省部分食品中铅、汞污染情况较为严重,其中粮食、蔬菜和肉类食品中污染情况尤为突出,需要加强监管。     

Moulds and mycotoxins in sorghum stored in traditional containers in India

Various traditional containers have been used in India for storage of sorghum grains. Sorghum is susceptible to fungal infestation and toxin elaboration. The present study relates to the mould and mycotoxin contamination (aflatoxin B₁ and T-2 toxin) in stored sorghum in different storage containers viz. “Kotlu” (Storage rooms), earthenware pots, gunny bags and reed baskets. Aspergillus sp. and Fusarium sp. were the prominent genera and the “Kotlu” form of storage was most susceptible to fungal attack. Storage treatment had little effect on fungal contamination, but despite the fungal infestation, the mycotoxin contamination was found to be very low.     

中国固态发酵白酒中功能细菌研究进展

细菌是白酒酿造3大类微生物之一,其在白酒生产中有着重要的作用,如:芽孢杆菌、乳酸菌、放线菌和梭菌等,它们能产生酯类、有机酸、吡嗪、萜烯等微量成分,从而影响白酒的风味与品质。基于细菌在白酒中的重要功能以及微生物分离培养技术和分析检测技术的进步,近年来相关研究越来越深入。该文综述了近年来白酒功能细菌的研究进展,介绍了酿酒各个环节中主要功能细菌及其在白酒中的作用,旨在为白酒功能细菌的研究提供参考。     

Heavy metals in vegetables sold in the local market in Jordan

Heavy metals (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) in various vegetables (cabbage, green onion, lettuce, parsley, rocket, spinach, carrot, onion, potato and cauliflower) from the market in Jordan were measured using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn ranged from 0.009–0.275 mg kg^?1 wet weight, 0.004–0.060 mg kg^?1, 0.003–0.401 mg kg^?1, 0.105–3.51 mg kg^?1, 0.15–1.15 mg kg^?1, 0.93–14.39 mg kg^?1, 0.044–0.702 mg kg^?1, 0.072–0.289 mg kg^?1 and 2.23–6.65 mg kg^?1, respectively. Parsley, followed by spinach, contained the highest concentration of heavy metals. Onion contained high levels of toxic heavy metals. The content of Cu in parsley and spinach and Pb in onion exceeded the Codex limits. However, the daily intake of heavy metals from the tested vegetables was lower than the maximum limits for allowable intake.     

2010年山西省食品中食源性致病菌监测分析

目的 了解山西省食源性致病菌的污染现状.方法 按照2010年度《全国食源性致病菌监测工作手册》进行.结果 1 576份样品中共检出阳性菌株149株,检出率为9.45％,其中单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌、副溶血性弧菌污染比较严重,总检出率为9.50％和8.22％,金黄色葡萄球菌、阪崎肠杆菌和沙门氏菌的总检出率分别为3.02％、1.11％和0.87％.不同类别食品中致病菌的检出率差异较大,生肉中致病菌的检出率高居榜首为49.33％,主要污染菌为沙门氏菌、单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌;沙拉中致病菌的检出率为17.39％,主要污染菌为单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌;生食水产品中致病菌的检出率为16.94％,主要污染菌为单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌、副溶血性孤菌;熟肉制品中致病菌的检出率为9.84％,主要污染菌为单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、沙门氏菌;中式凉拌菜中致病菌的检出率为8.89％,主要污染菌为金黄色葡萄球菌;鲜榨果汁中致病菌的检出率为6.67％,主要污染菌为金黄色葡萄球菌;鲜冻水产品中致病菌的检出率为5.00％,主要污染菌为副溶血性弧菌;婴幼儿配方粉/米粉/谷粉/豆奶粉中阪崎杆菌的检出率为1.11％.结论 山西省多种食品均存在食源性致病菌不同程度的污染,应加大对散装食品、即食食品和生食水产品的监管.     

降低劳力输出的同时提高整经生产率

在劳动成本很高的国家,纺织厂遇到了难以找到合适的工人和辅助人员以从事繁重的筒子搬运工作的问题,而且这种问题日益严重。因为按照不同的纱线支数和筒管尺寸,成吨的纱线筒管必须由人工尽快地搬运到位。     

南通市2003年食品污染状况监测与分析

为系统准确地了解南通市食品污染物的污染状况和污染水平,从而提出相应的预防方法及改进措施。2003年在严格的质量控制下,按照统一的方法对南通市6县2区共8类食品进行了有关食品污染物的污染状况监测。监测指标为铅、镉、甲胺磷。178份样品中有2份铅超标,均为乳类,合格率为98.88%;动物肾脏、鱼、虾中的镉含量高于CAC标准,合格率分别为27.27%、62.5%、71.4%;蔬菜中甲胺磷的平均检出率为15%,检出率最高的为小白菜(30%)。监测结果提示动物肾脏镉污染严重,应寻找污染源,进一步研究干预措施,从根本上阻断镉在食物链中的迁移。     

中国白酒须关注的"四大问题"

中国白酒业的发展应关注以下“四大问题”：（1）辩证看待“集中度”。中国进入市场经济比较晚，走过的路不长，尚未形成垄断头企业，给中小企业的发展和崛起提供了机遇。今日之“酒业大王”未必是明日之垄断巨头，现实的“大”不代表未来的“大”，但中国白酒走向垄断和集中却是历史的必然；（2）“改制”是“妙药”，但绝非“灵丹”。“改制”是企业发展的一种手段，是过程而非目的，关键是解放生产力，理顺企业经营状况与经营者收益的关系；（3）“通路”后要解决消费者的需求问题。只有把握消费者的需求和变化，才能真正赢得市场，树造白酒品牌应基于人性诉求和自我主张；（4）面对新税制，调整以自救。调整产品结构是核心，必须提高产品档次，才能找到摆脱困境的出路。     

抗氧化成分在消化过程中变化的研究进展

食物中的抗氧化成分具有促进健康和预防非传染性疾病的作用,近年来得到学术界和工业界的广泛关注,然而目前的研究主要还是停留在对于提取物的活性评价上,与实际的人体利用情况差异很大。食物消化过程中的p H值、各种消化酶类对食品抗氧化成分的稳定性存在潜在的影响。文章详述了近年来关于食品中多酚、黄酮、类胡萝卜素等主要的抗氧化成分在消化过程中结构变化的最新研究进展,并介绍了其抗氧化能力在消化前后的变化情况,以期为抗氧化成分的活性评价提供理论参考。     

Aflatoxins in black tea in Iran

Aflatoxins (AFs) are highly toxic, and carcinogenic secondary fungal metabolites and have been detected in various food commodities. In this regard, 40 black tea samples including domestic and imported black tea were analysed for aflatoxin contamination by high-performance liquid chromatography using a post-column derivatisation procedure (Kobra cell) with fluorescence detection. Samples were randomly collected in 2010 from Tehran markets. The results revealed that 30 among 40 samples were contaminated with aflatoxins (27.5% of the total). Mean AFB1 content was 10.0 ng/g and mean of aflatoxin total was 12.07 ng/g for the 11 contaminated samples.     

Fungicides in forestry in Great Britain

In Great Britain, fungicides are used in the forest only for the control of root and stem rot, caused by Fames annosus. In forest nurseries they are erriployed on a small scale to control damping-off, grey mould (Botrytis cinerea), needle-cast of pine caused by Lophodermium pinastri, needle-cast of larch caused by Meria laricis, needle blight of Western red cedar (Thuja plicata) caused by Didymascella thujina, and oak mildew (Microsphaera alphitoides).     

1999年全国啤酒产量

序号省市区 1 999年产量(万吨 )1 998年产量(万吨 )增长率( % ) 序号省市区 1 999年产量(万吨 )1 998年产量(万吨 )增长率( % )1山　东 2 68.3 3 2 3 2 .0 51 5.63 1 7内蒙古 3 9.653 9.3 50 .762浙　江 1 4 6.81 1 4 9.52 -1 .81 1 8陕　西 3 1 .0 92 6.4 61 7.503辽　宁 1 4 4 .2 61 2 9.1 2 1 1 .73 1 9上　海 2 8.80 2 9.2 8-1 .644北　京 1 3 8.861 1 7.2 2 1 8.4 62 0广　西 2 7.4 62 5.4 1 8.0 75黑龙江 1 3 6.551 2 1 .0 81 2 .782 1湖　南 2 5.1 4 2 7.2 7 -7.816广　东 1 3 3 .2 1 1 2 9.3 1 3 .0 2 2 2甘　肃 1 9.4 7 2 0 .86-6.…     

1998年日本清酒生产情况

酒种 工厂数(家 )成品清酒产量 (ｋｌ)平均酒精分 ( % )平均日本酒度(度 )使用原料 (米 )玄米 (ｔ)白米 (ｔ)精米率 ( % )纯米酒　　 1 1 0 3 60 60 3 ( 1 1 0 3 9) 1 8.2 1 .64 4 5652 8.57964 .1纯米吟酿酒 1 2 663 1 4 52 ( 5.64 5) 1 7.92 .62 8.9791 5.2 73 52 .7吟酿酒　　 1 3 91 3 9558( 7.567) 1 9.1 3 .93 2 .2 81 1 6751 51 .9本酿造酒　 1 3 72 1 4 7865( 2 93 59) 1 9.92 .3 91 70 0 60 88666.4普通酒　　 1 4 53 3 84 987( 80 0 4 1 ) 2 0 .82 .51 83 762 1 3 2 3 1 972 .0增酿酒　　 881 97751 ( 2 2 0 63 ) 2 2 .6-7.52 5.2…