声景方法在景观设计中的作用

Soundscape starts from human’s perception and understanding of users’ needs and expectations of a space in an un-visual observation and expression form. Similar to visual landscape, soundscape costbenefit can be rather attractive. However, how to integrate soundscape approaches into landscape design has not been sufficiently understood or applied by designers and practitioners. This paper aims to discuss the roles of soundscape approaches in landscape design by exploring the research outcomes, national policies, and the state-of-the-art design practice especially across the UK. The design elements of landscape have been demonstrated to be able to form positive soundscape in terms of both noise barrier and positive sound source, although there is still a lack of research on soundscape approaches in landscape design. Besides, relevant policies should encourage appropriate soundscapes and diversity of soundscapes in both urban and rural areas, which could provide more possibilities for landscape designers to create innovative design solutions for noise problems. The landscape design options need further development through collaboration and innovative thinking so that a greater variety of solutions can be implemented. Soundscape approaches are those which take into account interests of different groups, including transport authorities and developers. Coordinated solutions can be defined with the help of landscape and urban architects to fulfil stakeholders’ interests by creating a desirable urban soundscape.     

城市广场声景感知对游览体验的影响研究

研究以福州仓山万达广场为例,通过实地调查以及针对广场使用者的问卷调查等方式研究声景感知对游览体验的影响。研究结果显示游览满意度评价与景观美景度和声景安静度均显著相关,相关系数分别为0.577和0.368。声源优势度对景观美景度影响最大,而声源偏好度对游览满意度影响最大。城市交通声是对游览体验产生消极影响的最主要因素,鸟叫声和游乐设施声也是影响游览体验的关键声源。使用者社会、人口及行为学特征对声景感知和游览体验的影响主要体现为,偏好度与使用者特征关系最密切;年龄对声景感知的影响最大;来访频率和受教育程度对游览体验的影响最大。研究结论可以为提升城市广场视听综合感受的设计提供理论依据。     

城市公共空间声景设计初探

随着城市的高速发展,城市公共空间中的声音景观正被逐渐破坏殆尽。针对当前城市景观规划中以视觉为中心的倾向,本文对公共空间中的声音景观进行了分析,引入了声景观设计的概念与方法,并指出将中国古典园林中的借景、对景、点景、障景等手法运用于城市公共空间声景设计,可使空间景观更加完整和富有场所感。     

浅谈杏林湾工程护岸如何与景观生态相结合

本文从工程管理的角度,针对厦门杏林湾护岸工程的实施,从现状、规划、景观、护岸安全等多方面、多角度考虑问题,协调规划、水利、景观等不同设计单位之间的矛盾,克服各专业的片面观点,达到综合社会效益的最大化,供同类工程的建设实施提供参考。     

Upland landscapes and the landscape image

In my brief for the state‐of‐the‐art review, 1 was asked to provide a summary of research which addressed the question of what role the mass media were playing in influencing people's attitudes and values towards landscapes and nature. This paper is not, however, an edited version of my original submission. There are two reasons why I have taken the opportunity to write a new essay. First, much of the work I reviewed formed a substantial part of my paper in the edition of Landscape Research which focused on Landscapes as television and popular culture(Burgess, 1987). Second, in the last eighteen months there has been new work I would like to discuss.     

Urban landscape networks: an ecological planning framework

This paper presents a framework for the planning of urban landscape networks in an attempt to have nature areas integrated into traditional urban land-use planning. The biophysical and socio-economic benefits of such a network are discussed to provide justification for this incorporation. A framework is described, building upon ecological planning processes and incorporating theory and methodology from landscape ecology. The framework includes an assessment of natural and cultural resources, formulating the spatial structure of the network and examination of network components. Implementation strategies are discussed within the context of traditional urban land-use planning practice.     

Our visual landscape: Managing the landscape under special consideration of visual aspects

Comprehensive landscape valuation requires an integration of ecological, economical and social values. Landscape image does not only comprise its spatial and structural parts but also the formal visual and cultural aesthetic expression of the landscape. In accordance with this holistic image of the landscape the manifestation of these special elements and visual functions is reflective of the natural and cultural coherence and beauty of long functioning natural and cultivated landscape systems.Landscape image and identity on the one hand and its natural or cultural variety (singular appearances of elements, local peculiarities or particulars) on the other hand are the most important criteria for evaluation, classifying and protecting against possible impacts on the local and regional landscape.However, in addition to the desirability of preserving existing landscape identity, the protection of existing elements, space and functions should not blindly rule out the possibility of new developments emerging with new values.Based on this basic idea value ranking of landscape features and individual expression of partial image sectors can be performed on the level of ecological and sustainable land use and planning culture. In landscape planning it is recognised that such a ranking requires a combination with professional judgement, informed opinion and public preferences as well.To ensure the aims of preservation and development of a high-quality nature and culture beauty special methods of analysis and demonstration of the landscape structure and image are requested. The demonstrated methodical steps should correspond to the objective of a sustainable nature and landscape preservation and development on an aesthetic landscape planning level with guidelines and helpful data for the impact assessment and intervention rule (German nature conservation act).     

Architecture,values and perception: Between rhetoric and reality

Throughout history, design values have always underlined a given architectural style. The manner architects and architectural critics distinguish between them varies from that of the public. In fact a style well perceived by civil society was read as pathological by architectural academia. This paper examines the values and perceptions of contemporary architecture by architects and civil society. Through qualitative methodology, a project by each of the following leading contemporary architects-Renzo Piano, Norman Foster and Rem Koolhaas-was analyzed. The selected designs, all commissioned not more than a decade ago, vary in locations from Malta to Lebanon to India. The study concludes that design values and perceptions of architecture as read by members of the architectural profession do not tally with those of the public. The emphasis by architects is on the aesthetic whilst non-architects focus on the utilitarian dimension. Furthermore, the rhetorical language which architects use is not read as such by the public. The assessment of the public is based on the existential reality which they experience. The perception of civil society matters; it is at the core of architectural design values.     

论声景类型及其规划设计手法

概述了声景的起源和特点,得出了一般性的景观空间的声级在40分贝到75分贝之间分布的结论,指出景观中的声音元素主要包括自然声景元素和人工声景元素两类,其均能产生令人愉悦的作用。提出借声、补声、反衬、掩声以及声音的综合利用等声景的设计方法。     

影响当代建筑设计的地景艺术

地景艺术产生于20世纪60年代的美国,作为一种反映城市环境与自然环境关系的全新媒介出现。当代建筑与景观设计学受到了地景艺术的深刻影响,众多设计案例中都出现了地景艺术原则的运用,自然与设计的相互包容,今后的设计与发展提供无限可能。     

The influence of preconceptions on perceived sound reduction by environmental noise barriers

The paper presents research that answers three main questions: (1) Do preconceptions held about the constituent materials of an environmental noise barrier affect how people perceive the barrier will perform at attenuating noise? (2) Does aesthetic preference influence the perception of how a barrier will perform? (3) Are barriers, which are deemed more aesthetically pleasing, more likely to be perceived as better noise attenuators? In a virtual reality setting with film to improve the contextual realism of the intersensory interaction test, participants were required to compare the perceived effectiveness of five standard ‘in-situ’ noise barriers, including concrete, timber, metal, transparent acrylic and a vegetative screen. The audio stimulus was held at a constant sound pressure level (SPL), whilst the visual stimulus changed, as the influential factor. As the noise levels projected during the study were held constant, it was possible to attribute the participants’ perception of noise attenuation by the barriers, to preconceptions of how the varying barrier material would attenuate noise. There was also an inverse correlation between aesthetics and perception of how a noise barrier would perform. The transparent and deciduous vegetation barriers, judged most aesthetically pleasing, were judged as the least effective at attenuating noise.     

法国城市声音风景理论及对我国的启发

本文以法国城市声音风景理论发展沿革为线索,介绍了许多值得借鉴的成熟理论,最后指出我国应从哪里切入研究才能在城市声音风景研究领域走到世界前列。     

Decoding Sharawadgi: Taoist influence on the Chinese landscape garden

This paper explores the influence of Taoist philosophy on Chinese garden aesthetics from crosscultural and interartistic perspectives. Problematising the comparability between the Chinese landscape garden and the European picturesque garden that is based on the notion of irregularity and associated with Sharawadgi, it argues that the Chinese garden is essentially different from its European cousin. It further argues that as the product of an eclectic culture and of a holistic art the Chinese garden has received the strongest influence from Taoism through the agency of landscape poetry and painting. Such influence is seen both in the conception of its space and in the mode of viewing this space.     

在使用扩声系统厅堂中提高语言清晰度的建声设计

本文主要论述了在使用扩声系统的厅堂中,采用有效混响时间的建声设计可提高厅堂的语言清晰度。     

街心公园植物景观与声景观评价研究初探

通过对天津市内几处公园绿地的植物配置调查,采用摄取照片、采集声环境数据以及主观调查问卷等形式,对公园绿地中的植物配置模式与声环境营造之间的关系进行了初步研究。在研究中尝试的使用SD语义微分法等评价手法对公园绿地中,植物配置的模式与声环境进行评价。初步探究能够科学有效优化城市街心公园声景观效果的植物配置模式。     

Dynamics of integrating landscape values in landscape character assessment: the hidden dominance of the objective outsider

Abstract

While there has been extensive research undertaken on the values which insiders attribute to landscape there is a lack of literature which looks at how planning professionals handle landscape values. In this article, I develop a framework for questioning how landscape values are taken up in landscape planning, with the aim of conceptualising what landscape values mean in practice. This is undertaken through addressing landscape assessment, more specifically analysing how landscape character assessment (LCA) represents a critical point in the framing of landscape values. Through a synthesis of research on landscape values I examine the underlying logic of the LCA documents. I conclude that the values communicated in these assessments tend to be those of ‘objective’ outside experts, predominantly based on aesthetics and focusing on the physicality of landscape. This I argue leads to a questioning the legitimacy of the LCA approach.     

The global influence of national cultural values on construction permitting

This research discovers how national level culture shapes construction permitting across 62 nations. Hofstede’s cultural dimensions explain variability in components of World Bank’s dealing with Construction Permits index, which measures the number of required permitting procedures, the required time in days, the cost as a percentage of a standardized warehouse value, and a permitting quality index. After controlling for gross domestic product, statistically significant relationships between permitting time and Hofstede’s Uncertainty Avoidance and Masculinity-Femininity dimensions emerged. Hofstede’s Power Distance Index shared statistically significant relationships with the number of procedures required for permitting, and a limited relationship with the cost of permitting. These data provide empirical evidence that different cultural preferences lead to different construction permitting practices, and allow the construction community to better understand the culturally shaped ways in which permits govern projects. This builds the theory of social sustainability of infrastructure, which seeks to generalize ways to match construction practice to societal preferences to improve community and project outcomes. For example, policy makers may use the results presented here to shape more culturally appropriate construction permitting regulations. In another example, construction firms may use these results to navigate permitting challenges they encounter on global projects.     

高速公路景观设计对区域旅游文化发展的影响

以安徽黄塔桃高速公路为例,在解析该区域文化资源和自然景观资源的基础上,重点探讨了高速公路的景观设计对本区域旅游文化发展的影响,指出黄塔桃高速公路景观与沿线景观融为一体,实现了功能性、实用性、观赏性、艺术性的有机结合,值得推广。     

城市景观设计的影响因素分析

城市景观设计是城市总体规划及详细规划的一项重要内容。城市景观设计的成功与否 ,直接关系到城市在建设过程中能否创造出美的城市环境 ,反映城市的个性和特色 ,并防止出现各城市景观“千人一面”的大众化形象 ,同时促进形体环境这一物质和精神财富的价值提升。运用系统评价方法 ,建立解释结构模型 ISM,分析、评价影响城市景观设计的各因素的特点 ,旨在探索一条使城市景观设计达到最佳效果的方法。