目标雷达散射截面计算机数值解

目标雷达散射截面计算机数值解电子工业部第５３研究所于淑平１引言目标雷达散射截面的理论计算对雷达目标设计者、目标设计者、雷达目标特性研究者和目标识别工作者都具有重要的意义。本文通过研究分析目标雷达散射截面理论，利用计算机进行数值计算，给出了箔条主谐振区...     

地下目标散射的并行FDTD计算

着重讨论半空间FDTD并行计算方法,入射源的特殊处理方式,和如何调节负载不平衡三个问题,给出一种简单易行的地下目标雷达散射截面的并行时域有限差分(FDTD)方案,并在北京理工大学电磁仿真中心刘徽并行计算平台上,做了具体的程序实现和数值实验,实验不仅证实了算法的精度,而且还表明并行方案的高效,即当参与计算的处理器数量达到14个时,并行效率仍然可以保持在80%以上.在此基础上,用开发的程序计算了以往串行算法无法计算的电大地下典型目标的雷达散射截面.     

单基地雷达对隐身目标探测范围的研究

通过分析典型隐身目标的单站雷达散射截面,提出一种计算隐身目标雷达探测区域的新方法,由单基地雷达方程出发,从能量角度得到雷达探测判定不等式;采用一种新的雷达探测区域仿真计算的网格剖分方法,给出隐身目标探测范围的仿真计算流程。仿真计算了不同频段单基雷达对隐身目标的探测范围,验证了该方法的可行性。     

不同地下介质条件下探地雷达的探测深度问题分析

探地雷达技术巳成为近年来岩土工程领域探查地下目标体的重要手段，其应用的关键问题之一是如何准确计算不同介质条件下的探测深度，并确定探查对象是否在雷达探测系统的有效测距范围之内。根据探地雷达测距的基本公式，讨论了雷达测深的重要影响因素：反射目标体的反向散射增益及散射截面积。将地下岩土介质的反射体目标模型归结为三种典型类别：光滑、粗糙反射界面及点状目标体，同时给出了这三种反射体的简单数学模型，及计算分析。结合目前国内广泛使用的三种不同类型的探地雷达系统，计算得到了在不同地区或不同地下介质条件下的最大探测深度，为实际探测工程提供了较有价值的参考。     

磁化等离子体覆盖导体散射问题的FE/BI方法分析

基于矢量有限元方法和边界积分方程,推导了分析三维导体表面覆盖各向异性磁化等离子体电磁散射问题的矢量有限元/边界积分(FE/BI)方法公式,并将该方法推广到外磁场沿任意方向时磁化等离子体的情形。应用该方法计算了磁化等离子覆盖导体目标的双站雷达散射截面(RCS),分析了等离子体厚度、密度、碰撞频率和外磁场方向对雷达散射截面的影响。数值计算结果表明:在导体表面覆盖各向异性磁化等离子体并且选取合适的参数,能够有效地减少雷达散射截面。     

基于高阶抛物线方程求解目标雷达散射截面

 为改进标准抛物线方程算法的缺陷,本文基于Padé逼近引入高阶抛物线方程,结合复坐标系的完全匹配层(PML)吸收边界条件来求解多体目标的雷达散射截面,计算结果表明高阶抛物线方程不但可以有效地处理轴向方向40度以内的电磁散射问题,并且可以有效地对多体目标进行雷达散射截面计算,为计算电磁学提供了新的、有效的数值计算方法.     

球型目标在不同波段的雷达散射截面

文中对球型目标在微波、红外、太赫兹等不同波段的雷达散射截面进行深入探讨,利用电磁波理论和红外辐射理论得到了理想金属球的微波雷达和朗伯球的激光雷达的散射截面的数学表达式,并在此基础上给出了球型目标太赫兹雷达散射截面的具体研究内容和研究方式,指出选用理想金属朗伯球体的目标作为太赫兹雷达散射截面的标准体,提出了“中值加权修正”的研究方法,并对方法的具体实施方案给予了阐述。     

涂敷介质目标的表面反射系数及其雷达散射截面

在金属目标表面涂敷吸波材料可以有效地抑制雷达散射截面．增强雷达目标的隐身性能,而在求解这种目标的雷达散射截面过程中一个重要的问题是计算介质表面的反射系数．给出了一种求解反射系数的通用公式,并且以金属平板为例分别计算其在涂敷三层和五层介质时的反射系数．以及有涂敷五层介质时金属球的雷达散射截面．     

球型目标在不同波段的雷达散射截面

文中对球型目标在微波、红外、太赫兹等不同波段的雷达散射截面进行深入探讨,利用电磁波理论和红外辐射理论得到了理想金属球的微波雷达和朗伯球的激光雷达的散射截面的数学表达式,并在此基础上给出了球型目标太赫兹雷达散射截面的具体研究内容和研究方式,指出选用理想金属朗伯球体的目标作为太赫兹雷达散射截面的标准体,提出了"中值加权修正"的研究方法,并对方法的具体实施方案给予了阐述.     

RCS数值计算的时域有限体积方法

以空间无限长导体圆柱雷达散射截面(RCS)的数值计算为例,分析、研究了时域有限体积(FVTD)方法在电磁场数值计算中的应用方法,通过对不同散射条件下RCS的计算,并对数值计算结果进行了较为深入的分析。结果表明,计算结果与解析结果吻合较好。     

An FDTD near- to far-zone transformation for scatterers buried instratified grounds

The finite-difference time-domain (EDTD) technique is being used with increasing frequency for modeling the scattering characteristics of buried objects. The FDTD has, for some time, been able to model the near-zone scattered fields of buried objects due to near-zone sources. This is adequate for modeling the scattered returns of ground-based ground-penetrating radar, but not for airborne radar. This paper describes an FDTD-compatible technique whereby far-zone scattered fields of objects buried in a stratified ground can be calculated. This technique uses the equivalence principle to model a buried object in terms of equivalent electric and magnetic currents. The fields radiated by these currents in the presence of a stratified ground are then calculated using the reciprocity theorem and the well-known field equations for plane waves in a stratified media. Numerical results are presented that show excellent agreement between this technique and both analytical and numerical results     

Electromagnetic scattering by multiple three-dimensional scatterersburied under multilayered media. I. Theory

A general procedure is developed for the analysis of electromagnetic (EM) scattering by multiple three-dimensional (3D) dielectric and/or conducting objects buried under one-dimensional (1D) multilayered media. In this first part of a two-part paper, general closed-form formulations for the electric fields excited by an arbitrarily oriented electric dipole under the layered media are first presented, from which electric-field integral equations for the buried dielectric objects, pure conducting objects, and their combinations are then obtained, and the scattered electric fields in the upper space are formulated. Finally, the physical significance of the above formulations is discussed. In the second part, numerical implementations for these integral equations and the scattered fields are investigated     

Spheroidal Mode Approach for the Characterization of Metallic Objects Using Electromagnetic Induction

We propose a spheroidal mode approach to characterize the electromagnetic induction (EMI) response of buried objects, assumed to be much more conductive than their environment. Both the excitation and the response are formulated as the linear superpositions of basic spheroidal modes. The scattering coefficients characterize objects, regardless of their geometrical complexity and material inhomogeneity, due to the orthogonality of the spheroidal modes. The ill-conditioning encountered in retrieving the scattering coefficients is dealt with by mode truncation and Tikhonov regularization. The approach is tested for both simulated and measured data, and the retrieval results show encouragingly that only few excitation and response modes effectively represent the EMI response of the objects. The proposed approach is therefore promising in the detection and classification of buried objects     

Multidomain pseudospectral time-domain simulations of scattering by objects buried in lossy media

A multidomain pseudospectral time-domain (PSTD) method with a newly developed well-posed PML is introduced as an accurate and flexible tool for the modeling of electromagnetic scattering by 2-D objects buried in an inhomogeneous lossy medium. Compared with the previous single-domain Fourier PSTD method, this approach allows for an accurate treatment of curved geometries with subdomains, curvilinear mapping, and high-order Chebyshev polynomials. The effectiveness of the algorithm is confirmed by an excellent agreement between the numerical results and analytical solutions for perfectly conducting as well as permeable dielectric cylinders. The algorithm has been applied to model various ground-penetrating radar (GPR) applications involving curved objects in a lossy half space with an undulating surface. This multidomain PSTD algorithm is potentially a very useful tool for simulating antennas near complex objects and inhomogeneous media.     

Numerical modeling of an enhanced very early time electromagnetic(VETEM) prototype system

In this paper, two numerical models are presented to simulate an enhanced very early time electromagnetic (VETEM) prototype system, which is used for buried-object detection and environmental problems. Usually, the VETEM system contains a transmitting loop antenna and a receiving loop antenna, which run on lossy ground to detect buried objects. In the first numerical model, the loop antennas are accurately analyzed using the method of moments (MoM) for wire antennas above or buried in lossy ground. Then, the conjugate gradient (CG) methods, with the use of the fast Fourier transform (FFT) or MoM, are applied to investigate the scattering from buried objects. Reflected and scattered magnetic fields are evaluated at the receiving loop to calculate the output electric current. However, the working frequency for the VETEM system is usually low and, hence, two magnetic dipoles are used to replace the transmitter and receiver in the second numerical model. Comparing these two models, the second one is simple, but only valid for low frequency or small loops, while the first modeling is more general. In this paper, all computations are performed in the frequency domain, and the FFT is used to obtain the time-domain responses. Numerical examples show that simulation results from these two models fit very well when the frequency ranges from 10 kHz to 10 MHz, and both results are close to the measured data     

Electromagnetic scattering by multiple three-dimensional scatterersburied under multilayered media. II. Numerical implementations andresults

For pt.I see ibid., vol.36, no.2, p.526-34 (1998). In part I of this paper, coupled electric-field integral equations for dielectric objects, conducting objects, and multiple dielectric and/or conducting objects were derived when they were buried under one-dimensional (1D) multilayered media. In part II of this paper, numerical implementations for these integral equations are developed by use of the method of moments, in which the “self-actions” in the method are treated special because of the presence of singularity. Sample numerical results are presented for several cases of interest, which show the validity of the scheme     

Inverse scattering of two-dimensional dielectric objects buried ina lossy earth using the distorted Born iterative method

An efficient inverse-scattering algorithm is developed to reconstruct both the permittivity and conductivity profiles of two-dimensional (2D) dielectric objects buried in a lossy earth using the distorted Born iterative method (DBIM). In this algorithm, the measurement data are collected on (or over) the air-earth interface for multiple transmitter and receiver locations at single frequency. The nonlinearity due to the multiple scattering of pixels to pixels, and pixels to the air-earth interface has been taken into account in the iterative minimization scheme. At each iteration, a conjugate gradient (CG) method is chosen to solve the linearized problem, which takes the calling number of the forward solver to a minimum. To reduce the CPU time, the forward solver for buried dielectric objects is implemented by the CG method and fast Fourier transform (FFT). Numerous numerical examples are given to show the convergence, stability, and error tolerance of the algorithm     

Studies of the angular correlation function of scattering by randomrough surfaces with and without a buried object

The discrimination of the scattered wave from an object buried in shallow ground from that of the rough surface is a difficult task with present ground penetrating radar (GPR) systems. Recently, a new approach for this classical problem has been proposed and its effectiveness has been verified. This new method is based on the angular correlation function (ACF) of the scattered wave observed at two or more different incident and scattered angle combinations. It has been shown that the angular memory signatures of rough surfaces are substantially different from those of typical man-made targets and by choosing the appropriate incident and scattered angles, the surface scattering can be minimized whereas the scattering from the target is almost unchanged. The authors present detailed numerical studies of the ACF of the scattered wave from rough surfaces with and without a buried object. To obtain the ACF, the three averaging methods: realization, frequency and angular averaging, are tested numerically. It is shown that a single random rough surface of moderate extent can exhibit memory effect by using frequency averaging. Frequency averaging with a wide bandwidth is also effective for suppressing fluctuation in ACF and is most useful for practical applications. Numerical simulations indicate that even when the ratio of scattered intensities with and without the buried object is close to unity, the corresponding ratio of ACF magnitude can be more than 10 dB. Thus, using the ACF is superior to using the radar cross section (RCS) in the detection of buried objects     

Electromagnetic scattering by buried objects of low contrast

The Born approximation is used to derive the plane-wave scattering matrix for objects of low dielectric contrast. For general shapes a numerical integration over the volume of the scatterer is required, but analytical expressions are derived for a sphere, a circular cylinder and a rectangular box (parallelepiped). The plane-wave scattering-matrix theory is used to account for the air-Earth interface. Numerical results are presented for the scattered field and far field for plane-wave excitation. The scattered field are weak for low-contrast objects, but the near-field results have application to electromagnetic detection of buried objects     

地下目标瞬态谐振特性研究

利用谐振特性实现目标辨识是雷达探测领域研究的热点问题之一,地下目标在电磁波照射下也会产生外部谐振现象,该谐振信号与媒质特性、目标固有特性有关。该文通过FDTD方法计算了地下目标的瞬态谐振特性以及损耗媒质参数对目标谐振信号的影响,利用极点展开方法(SEM)对计算结果进行了分析,在计算分析的基础上研究了利用谐振特性识别地下目标的可行性。结果表明:在一定条件下,利用目标的外部谐振特性可以识别地下目标。