Evaluation of light beams for short and medium range wireless communications

Technological improvements in free space optical communication systems have reduced the cost and alternatives to fiber optic transmission. The advantages of the free space optical link over fiber optic cabling are primarily economic. In line with the demand for gigabyte link from 10 Mbit/s to 10 Gbit/s in the market, the uses of free space optical communication systems have increased exponentially from 1995 to 2008. However, free space optics is subject to atmospheric effects such as attenuation and scintillation which can reduce link availability and may introduce errors not seen in fiber transmission. In this paper we argue that optical wireless communication is an alternative to fiber optic transmission in short and medium range wireless communications and we discuss that the liability and availability of the free space optical link is mainly determined by the local atmospheric condition, this is to say that the transmission quality may be affected by weather conditions. For the evaluation we constructed an experimental communication network with a free space system. One way to characterize the strength of the turbulence fluctuation is by examining the Rytov variance for a plane wave. This Rytov variance physically represents the intensity fluctuation induced by atmospheric turbulence.     

大气湍流中贝塞尔-高斯涡旋光束传播性能分析

为了研究涡旋光束在湍流大气中的传输特性,根据广义的惠更斯-菲涅耳原理,采用基于快速傅里叶变换的功率谱反演法,对贝塞尔-高斯光束在大气湍流中的传输过程进行了理论分析和数值仿真; 采用次谐波补偿法产生随机相位屏来模拟大气湍流,解决了大气湍流模拟时存在低频成分不足的问题。结果表明,除了湍流强度外,传输距离、拓扑荷数、激光波长等也成为影响贝塞尔-高斯涡旋光束质量的主要因素; 湍流越强,光束的环形光强越弱,相位畸变越严重,光强起伏越明显,且逐渐退化为普通高斯光束; 随着传输距离的增加,涡旋光束扩散现象明显,最终退化为普通高斯光束; 波长越长,则涡旋光束抑制湍流能力越强,环形光强越强,相位畸变程度会得到逐步改善; 拓扑荷数越小,涡旋光束会最先退化为普通高斯光束,相位畸变程度越弱。该结果对于研究涡旋光束在自由空间光通信中的传输是有帮助的。     

自由空间光通信系统中弱大气湍流引起的相位波动和强度闪烁对DPSK调制系统的影响

大气湍流是自由空间光通信链路系统的主要限制因素。大气湍流造成光束的强度闪烁和相位起伏。因此,基于MZI- DPSK调制,考虑大、小湍流尺度引起的强度闪烁和相位噪声对误码率的影响且强度闪烁满足逆高斯分布和相位波动满足高斯分布。利用分布式天线阵接收技术,研究了大气湍流下自由空间光通信链路的误码率性能,推导了在内外尺度下,分布式天线阵接收的误码率关于相位误差的函数表达式。为了提高误码率的性能,天线阵接收采用了最大比合并技术。仿真结果得出相位误差对误码率的影响很大;内外尺度对误码率的影响可以忽略不计。采用天线阵接收可以降低系统的误码率,提高通信系统的性能,且得出天线阵接收的最佳子天线个数。     

湍流大气中光波闪烁的计算及实验测量比较

采用修正Rytov方法和近似理论计算了球面波在湍流大气中传播的闪烁指数，并与实验结果进行了比较，发现在弱起伏和中等湍流起伏区修正Rytov解与实验结果符合得良好，而在饱和区采用考虑内尺度效应下的近似理论结果更符合实验结果。     

Effect of clear atmospheric turbulence on quality of free space optical communications in Yemen

Free space optical (FSO) communication is one of the most recently developed modes of wireless communication.FSO is a technique used to convey data carried by a laser beam through the atmosphere.While FSO offers a broadband service,it requires a line of sight communication between the transmitter and receiver.The atmosphere has effects on the laser beam passing through it.For instance,the quality of data received is affected by the scattering and atmospheric turbulence.The atmospheric turbulence is caused by both temporary and special random fluctuations of the refractive index along the optical propagation path.Clear air turbulence impairs the performance of the FSO due to the fluctuation in the intensity of the laser beam.By referring to the two criteria,namely bit error rate (BER) and signal to noise ratio (SNR),this work includes analysis of the effect of atmospheric turbulence on FSO systems in Yemen by using an appropriate model.     

湍流大气中光波闪烁的斜程问题研究

根据光波斜程传输理论以及随高度变化的ITU－R湍流大气结构常数模型，将水平传输的修正Rytov方法扩展到了斜程传输问题中。在零内尺度湍流谱模型下，得到了平面波入射时从弱起伏湍流区到强起伏湍流区闪烁指数随斜程Rytov方差的变化规律，最后讨论了闪烁指数随天顶角的变化情况。     

湍流大气中高斯波束地-空传播闪烁研究

根据光波波束传播理论及ITU-RC2n模型,应用在强起伏下引入空间滤波函数的修正Rytov方法,在零内尺度湍流谱模型下,得到了从弱到强起伏下的高斯波束激光在水平和地-空路径上闪烁指数随Rytov方差变化的模型.通过理论分析,该地-空路径传播的闪烁模型在一定条件下能退化到水平视距传播闪烁模型,也能分别退化到已有的平面和球面波的地-空和水平视距传播的闪烁模型.并通过数值分析,结果和理论分析结果一致.最后还讨论了闪烁指数随波束宽度和路径天顶角的变化情况.     

大气湍流中受限高斯光束的轴向光强分布

利用扩展Huygens-Fresnel原理分析了大气湍流中圆形孔径限制下高斯光束的传播特性,得到了轴上平均光强的解析表达式,运用数值模拟方法计算了不同湍流强度、孔径大小和波长下的轴上平均光强.结果表明,轴上平均光强在近场发生振荡,其振荡幅度随湍流强度增强和发射孔径的增大而降低,振荡的周期随传播距离的增大而增加;在远场随传播距离的增大,振荡逐渐消失,平均光强平滑下降,最后一个平均光强极大值的位置与湍流强度和波长成反比,与发射孔径成正比.     

湍流外尺度对光闪烁孔径平滑的影响

基于包含湍流内、外尺度和高波数跃变的变形Andrews折射率谱从理论上分析了平面和球面波大气闪烁孔径平滑效应,得出了弱湍流起伏区无限平面波闪烁平滑因子解析关系和球面波孔径平滑因子内插关系.结果表明,在分析孔径平滑效应时应该考虑湍流外尺度的影响.作者采用变形Andrews折射率模型所得结果与采用Kolmogorov谱计算值间有明显差别.     

大气湍流对激光信号影响的数值模拟

为了分析大气湍流对传输在其中的激光信号的影响,依据随机信号与随机过程的相关理论,推导出无线激光通信系统的信噪比（SNR）、误码率（BER）的计算公式,探讨闪烁指数、大气结构常数以及激光波长对信噪比、误码率的影响,并且对信噪比和误码率在不同大气结构常数、不同激光波长下随传输距离的变化进行了数值模拟。结果表明：弱起伏条件下,闪烁指数的增大会导致通信质量的降低;大气湍流对激光通信系统的信噪比和误码率都有显著影响,对比不同激光波长对系统的影响发现,选用长波长激光信号可以增加信号传输的有效距离,抑制系统误码率的增长,改善无线激光通信系统的通信质量。     

大气弱湍流信道下松弛极化码译码方法

针对自由空间光通信中存在的大气湍流降低通信系统误码性能的问题,提出了基于松弛极化码的分段式极化码-循环冗余校验-串行抵消列表(PC-CRC-SCL)译码方法,并将其用于自由空间光通信系统中,在大气弱湍流强度下进行了仿真分析.仿真结果表明:与完全极化码的分段式CRC-SCL译码方法相比,在误码率为10-4时,基于松弛极化...     

大气湍流对部分相干激光瑞利区间影响的研究

为了研究部分相干双曲余弦高斯激光瑞利区间所受到的大气湍流作用的影响,采用解析分析和数值计算的方法,研究了自由空间中瑞利区间所受各种因素的影响,发现激光瑞利区间随光束相干强度、高斯束腰宽度和大气湍流内尺寸的增强而增大,随大气折射率起伏强度和激光波长的增加而减小。结果表明,湍流内尺寸对瑞利区间的影响较为显著,而湍流外尺寸对瑞利区间的影响作用有限,瑞利区间的大小取决于大气质量和激光本身特性。     

Performance limitation of laser satellite communication due to vibrations and atmospheric turbulence: down‐link scenario

In this paper, we analyse the effects of vibrations and the atmosphere on the performance of a broadband laser inter‐satellite link (BLISL) which was studied within the framework of the BLISL joint Israeli–German applied research project. The use of optical radiation as a carrier between satellites and in satellite‐to‐ground links enables transmission using very narrow beam divergence angles. Due to the narrow beam divergence angle and the large distance between the satellite and the ground station or airplane the pointing is a complicated process. Further complication results from vibration of the pointing system caused by two fundamental mechanisms of a stochastic nature: (1) tracking noise created by the electro‐optic tracker and (2) vibrations caused by internal satellite mechanical mechanisms. Additionally an inhomogeneity in the temperature and pressure of the atmosphere leads to variations of the refractive index along the transmission path. These variations of refractive index as well as pointing vibrations can cause fluctuations in the intensity and the phase of the received signal leading to an increase in link error probability. In this paper, we develop a bit error probability (BEP) model that takes into account both pointing vibrations and turbulence‐induced log amplitude fluctuations (i.e. signal intensity fading) in a regime in which the receiver aperture D₀ is smaller than the turbulence coherence diameter d₀. Our results indicate that BLISL can achieve a BEP of 10^?9 and data rate of 1Gbps with normalized pointing vibration of G_T*σ_θ²=0.05 and turbulence of σ_X=0.3. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

部分相干高斯-谢尔光束在大气湍流中的平均强度与展宽

基于广义惠更斯-菲涅耳原理,交叉密度函数以及Rytov’s相位结构函数二次近似,利用傅里叶高斯变换推导出部分相干高斯-谢尔光束在大气湍流中的强度分布表达式,并在此基础上分析了大气湍流对角展宽、桶中功率以及光束漂移的影响。数值结果表明：角展宽和光束漂移与光束的初始半径、光源的相干长度有关;远场能量集中度随湍流强度增加、光源相干宽度减小而减小。     

湍流大气传输光束的孔径平均到达角起伏

采用Rytov近似、包含湍流内外尺度影响的近似修正von Karmam谱和传输权重函数中的Airy函数的高斯函数近似,给出了平面波通过湍流大气圆孔接收孔径平均到达角方差解析关系。     

弱太阳闪烁对深空电波传播影响的预测模型

针对上合期间太阳风湍涡不规则性对穿过日冕区无线电波所引发的太阳闪烁问题,基于弱闪烁理论提出一种幅度起伏、相位起伏和到达角起伏的预测模型.该模型充分考虑了上合期间通信链路的几何模型、日冕背景参数和太阳风湍涡谱模型.仿真结果指出,太阳风湍涡外尺度、湍涡谱指数对太阳闪烁有较大的影响.太阳闪烁对无线电波的影响随日径距离的增大而逐渐减小,且随无线电波工作频率的提高而减小.与实测数据的对比结果进一步表明,所提预测模型具有较高的精度,且其准确性随电波工作频率的增大而提高.因此,提出的太阳闪烁预测模型可对未来的深空探测活动提供参考依据.     

Heterodyne measurements of light propagation through atmospheric turbulence

Experiments on the phase perturbation of optical beams due to atmospheric turbulence were carried out using coherent radiation at 6328 Å, and 1.15 µ. The measurements were accomplished using a modulated interferometer to produce Doppler beats between a reference beam and one reflected from a plane mirror at a distance. This paper presents preliminary results of the phase measurements taken over total horizontal paths of 4.0 km and 23.8 km. The experimental data were consistent with a propagation theory based on the accepted model of atmospheric turbulence. Perturbation free apertures up to 10 cm were observed in good seeing conditions and as low as 1 mm under poor conditions. The corresponding variance of refractive index of the atmosphere showed a magnitude and diurnal variation consistent with published observations of temperature fluctuations.     

湍流下目标散射回波时域起伏特征研究

为研究不同目标散射回波受大气影响的差异,以高斯光束为模型,利用Rytov近似法和广义Huygens-Fresnel原理,推导得到了适用于不同目标的原路返回处的场分布。进行了弱湍流下漫反射面、角反射器和“猫眼”目标的高重频激光散射回波起伏探测实验,通过对实验数据的处理分析,得到了同等条件下三种目标散射激光在时域上受大气影响的差异特征,并定性地分析了产生此种差异可能的原因,为激光主动探测应用的目标分类识别提供了重要依据。     

星地光通信链路大气湍流衰落特性研究

针对大气湍流中gamma-gamma分布的光强起伏,建立了星地光链路的衰落统计模型,研究了不同天顶角星地光通信链路的衰落概率、平均衰落次数及平均衰落时间等关键参数的统计特性.结果表明:减小天顶角和提高接收端探测灵敏度均可以极大的减少衰落概率和平均衰落次数,而不能显著缩短平均衰落时间,星地光链路的平均衰落时间为毫秒量级.     

斜程大气湍流中成像系统分辨率的影响因素研究

大气湍流是影响光学成像系统分辨率不可避免的因素之一。为了研究大气湍流内外尺度、湍流轮廓线及探测高度对光学成像系统分辨率的影响,根据光学成像系统积分分辨率理论及修正Von Karman湍流谱,推导了斜程传输路径下考虑湍流内、外尺度的光学成像系统的分辨率积分公式。数值计算中应用ITU-R公布的随高度变化的大气折射率结构常数模型,结果表明:湍流内尺度对光学成像系统分辨率的影响要远小于湍流外尺度对分辨率的影响,而湍流内尺度又限制着外尺度对光学成像系统分辨率的影响;斜程传输时,湍流轮廓线的影响大于外尺度对积分分辨率的影响;光学成像系统分辨率在近地面受近地面大气结构常数的影响大,而当高度大于5 000 m时,光学成像系统分辨率受风速的影响大。