离子渗硫模具钢的摩擦磨损机理研究

对模具钢5CrNiMo进行低温离子渗硫处理，表现得到了厚约10μm的渗硫层。在MM－200型摩擦磨损试验机上进行了渗硫层干摩擦条件下的摩擦学试验。利用原子力显微镜（AFM）和扫描电镜（SEM）观察了渗硫层的表面、截面与磨痕形貌；利用X射线衍射仪（XRD）分析了渗硫层的相结构；利用扫描俄歇微探针（SAM）分析了表面元素沿深度的分布。渗硫层表面多孔且不平，由纳米尺度的微粒随机叠嵌而成。渗硫层的纳米结构有利于改善其减摩耐磨性能。摩擦磨损结果表明，模具钢渗硫层的摩擦学性能明显优于未渗表面。     

离子渗硫层在油润滑条件下的转动微动摩擦磨损性能

利用低温离子渗硫技术在LZ50钢表面制备渗硫层,在干摩擦和油润滑条件下开展不同角位移幅值的渗硫层转动微动磨损试验,并利用扫描电子显微镜、能谱仪和轮廓仪对磨斑进行微观分析。试验结果表明:与干摩擦相比,油润滑条件下离子渗硫层呈现出不同的微动运行工况图,部分滑移区和滑移区的界限向左移动,滑移区的运行范围增大;在部分滑移区,渗硫层在油润滑条件下的摩擦因数几乎不变,且明显低于干摩擦,损伤十分轻微;在滑移区,渗硫层在油润滑条件下的摩擦因数仍低于干摩擦,呈现"初始-爬升-稳定"3个阶段,其磨损机制为磨粒磨损和剥层。     

GCr15钢渗硫层的摩擦学性能研究

利用低温离子渗硫技术在GCr15钢球表面形成渗硫层以提高其摩擦学性能。采用四球摩擦试验机,考察渗硫和未渗硫试样在干摩擦及油润滑条件的摩擦学性能。结果表明：在干摩擦和油润滑条件下渗硫试样的摩擦因数均远低于未渗硫试样;在干摩擦条件下,渗硫试样的磨损率相比未渗硫试样大幅下降,这主要归因于渗硫层良好的减摩抗磨作用;在油润滑条件下,因油润滑和渗硫层的固体润滑相互协调作用,渗硫试样的摩擦和磨损性能明显优于未渗硫试样,其磨损表面的痕迹浅而轻,磨损机制为轻微的磨粒磨损。     

磨损条件对轴承钢低温离子渗硫层摩擦学行为的影响

采用低温离子渗硫技术在GCr15钢的表面制备了FeS固体润滑薄膜。在球-盘摩擦磨损试验机上对比研究了GCr15钢渗硫在不同磨损条件(工况和润滑条件)下的摩擦学性能。利用SEM观察分析了磨损表面形貌及成分,利用XPS分析了磨损表面边界润滑膜化合物的价态。结果表明:在改变工况的情况下,转速的增加会使FeS层作用下降,载荷的增加也会降低FeS层抗磨性能,但在一定转速下都存在一个可充分发挥FeS层减摩特性的载荷。使用极压抗磨添加剂不能改善渗硫层的减摩抗磨性能,但选用合适的添加剂可增强渗硫处理件的承载能力,提高其在恶劣工况下的磨损寿命。     

碳氮共渗与磁化电解渗硫复合处理后20CrMnTi钢的摩擦磨损性能

研究了20CrMnTi钢经碳氮共渗与磁化电解渗硫复合处理后的摩擦磨损性能,利用扫描电镜、电子探针和硬度仪观察分析了试样经不同时间磨损后的表面形貌和硬度变化,并与碳氮共渗、碳氮共渗后低温电解渗硫复合处理的进行了对比。结果表明:碳氮共渗与磁化电解渗硫复合处理后试样的摩擦因数、磨损量和磨损速率均最小,碳氮共渗后低温电解渗硫的次之,而碳氮共渗的均最大;与碳氮共渗相比,碳氮共渗与磁化电解渗硫复合处理后试样的磨损量可减少近50%,摩擦因数仅为它的1/3~1/5,显示了良好的减摩性及耐磨性能,且磨损前后表面硬度基本不变;三种工艺处理后试样的磨损机理基本相同,由短时间的麻点剥落向长时间的深层剥落转化,属于表面疲劳磨损,伴随有粘着磨损。     

45钢离子渗硫层的接触疲劳性能研究

对离子渗硫层的接触疲劳性能进行了研究。将调质处理的４５钢进行低温离子渗硫处理后，在ＪＰ—５２接触疲劳试验机上测定了渗硫层的疲劳寿命，表明其疲劳寿命比未渗硫处理的提高一倍左右。从接触应力、润滑介质、表面缺陷和表面粗糙度等几个方面分析了渗硫层对接触疲劳性能的影响。     

低温离子渗硫技术的应用

渗硫技术的发展经过固体装箱渗硫、盐浴渗硫、低温电解渗硫和气相离子渗硫等几个阶段。固体装箱渗硫法和盐浴渗硫劳动强度大，能耗高，生产周期长，零件变形大，已经不再使用。目前，低温电解渗硫虽然在一些国家已得到生产应用，但由于硫化物层的质量欠佳，而电解液成分控制和生产的排放污染等环保问题的约束也逐步被淘汰。气相渗硫存在防毒、防爆和防污染等方面的问题，生产应用有一定困难。     

低温离子渗硫表面处理对满装滚子轴承寿命的影响

介绍了低温离子渗硫表面处理工艺的原理,对满装滚子轴承进行了低温离子渗硫表面处理,并对比了渗硫处理前后轴承的各项技术指标。低温离子渗硫表面处理能降低满装滚子轴承的摩擦系数,提高疲劳寿命。     

表面纳米化预处理对1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢渗硫层摩擦学性能的影响

用超声速微粒轰击表面纳米化技术在1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢表面制备了晶粒尺寸约为30 nm的具有随机取向的等轴状纳米晶表层,后用低温离子渗硫技术在部分纳米化样品和原始样品表面分别制备了硫化物层.在YTи-1000型球盘式摩擦磨损试验机上对比研究了干摩擦条件下纳米化处理前后的1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢及两种渗硫试样的摩擦学性能.结果表明,纳米化处理明显提高了1Cr18Ni9Ti钢的摩擦学性能和低温离子渗硫的效果,纳米化表面的摩擦因数由0.65降低到0.45,而纳米化预处理后渗硫层厚度由1 μm增加到3.5μm.分析认为,这些性能的提升主要与纳米晶表面层具有较高的硬度、强度和化学活性有关.原始1Cr18Ni9Ti钢的主要磨损机制为磨料磨损和粘着磨损,而表面纳米化处理后转变为以疲劳磨损为主.     

离子轰击热处理技术对轴承钢摩擦学性能的影响

为提高轴承钢的摩擦磨损性能,采用离子轰击热处理技术在GCr15轴承钢的表面生成渗硫层、渗氮层和硫氮复合渗层.在球一盘摩擦磨损试验机上对比研究轴承钢原始表面、渗硫表面,渗氮表面与硫氮复合处理表面在油润滑下的摩擦磨损性能.利用显微硬度计分析不同表面的硬度;利用扫描电镜观察不同处理表面和磨损表面的形貌;利用X射线光电子能谱仪分析磨损表面边界润滑膜化合物的价态并研究元素随深度的变化.研究表明,GCr15轴承钢表面通过渗硫、渗氮、硫氮复合处理后在油润滑条件下摩擦磨损性能都可以得到比较明显的提高.轴承钢基体对渗硫层的支持作用有限,影响硫化层作用的发挥.高硬度的渗氮层在较低载荷下可以起到很好的减摩抗磨作用.硫氮复合处理盘由于在较软的共渗层下面存在高硬度的渗氮层,可以对表面的软质层提供更强的支持,在较苛刻的工况下,硫氮复合盘的摩擦学性能显得更加突出.     

Comparative study of the tribological properties of various modified mild steels under boundary lubrication condition

AISI1045 steel was modified by laser heat-treatment and conventional heat treatment. The friction and wear behaviors of the steel specimens after various surface modifications sliding against SAE52100 steel under the lubrication of liquid paraffin containing sulphurized olefin were comparatively investigated on an Optimol SRV oscillating friction and wear tester. The worn surface morphologies of the modified steel specimens were analyzed using a scanning electron microscope. The elemental compositions and chemical states of some typical elements on the worn surfaces of the modified steel specimens were analyzed with an energy dispersive X-ray analyzer and X-ray photoelectron spectroscope, respectively. It was found that the laser heat-treated specimen showed the highest hardness and best wear-resistance. The laser heat-treated and conventionally heat treated AISI1045 steel specimens sliding against SAE52100 steel under the lubrication of liquid paraffin containing sulphurized olefin registered smaller friction coefficients than under the lubrication of liquid paraffin alone. This was partly attributed to the increased hardness of the modified specimens. The tribochemical reaction between the steel and the active elements in the additive was involved in the sliding of the modified steel specimens against SAE52100 steel ball under the boundary lubricating condition, with the formation of a surface protective film composed of various tribochemical products. This also contributed to improve the friction and wear behavior of the modified steel specimens. The steel specimens subject to different surface modifications showed differences in the wear mechanisms under the boundary lubricating condition as well. Namely, the tempered steel specimen was mainly characterized by plastic deformation and pitting, the quenched specimen by grooves and delaminating, and the laser heat-treated one by polishing and mild adhesion.     

Friction and Wear Behavior of Steels under Different Reciprocating Sliding Conditions

The friction and wear behavior of ISO 100Cr6 steel ball sliding against conventionally hardened carbon and low-alloy steels was studied. The effect of hardness, hardening capacity, normal load, and sliding speed on the coefficient of friction and friction energy was investigated. Friction tests were carried out, without lubrication and under ambient conditions, on a reciprocating friction tester in which a ball-on-flat contact configuration was adopted. The results showed that there is a relative tendency for the friction properties to decrease with increased hardening capacity and decreased hardness. The results showed that increasing normal load decreases the coefficient of friction for the two steel nuances. However, increasing sliding speed increases the coefficient of friction of low-alloy steel and decreases the coefficient of friction of carbon steel. The oxidation of wear debris influences the wear mechanisms and friction behavior.     

润滑条件对Al_2O_3基陶瓷材料摩擦磨损性能的影响

本文对Al2O3基陶瓷材料/45＃钢摩擦副的摩擦系数与45＃钢/45＃钢的摩擦系数作了对比滑动摩擦试验研究,观测分析了Al2O3基陶瓷材料磨痕形貌,并就干摩擦,油润滑状态下Al2O3基陶瓷材料的磨损机理进行了分析。结果表明,分别在干摩擦和20＃机油润滑下,Al2O3基陶瓷材料/45＃钢的摩擦系数均比45＃钢自配副时的低。在干摩擦条件下,Al2O3基陶瓷材料的磨损机理是脆性微剥落和磨粒磨损,油润滑条件下,该材料的磨损机理是脆性脱落和耕犁,但磨损量小于干摩擦条件下的磨损量,说明油润滑对Al2O3基陶瓷材料有明显的减磨作用。     

Wear and Friction Characteristics of a Selected Stainless Steel

Dry sliding wear tests were performed for 3Cr13 steel with various tempered states at 25–400°C; wear and friction characteristics as well as the wear mechanism were explored. With an increase in test temperature, the wear rate decreased accompanied by an increase in tribo-oxides. The fluctuation of friction coefficient was slight at 25–200°C but became violent at 400°C. At 25–200°C, adhesive wear prevailed due to trace or less tribo-oxides; at 400°C, oxidative wear prevailed with the predominant tribo-oxides of Fe₃O₄ and Fe₂O₃. It can be suggested that the antioxidation of the stainless steel postponed the occurrence of oxidative wear to a higher test temperature. For adhesive wear, the wear resistance, roughly following Archard's rule, was directly proportional to hardness besides the specimen tempered at 500°C with grain boundary brittleness. But for elevated-temperature wear, a better wear resistance required thermal stability and an appropriate combination of hardness and toughness.     

Friction and wear behaviors of nanocrystalline surface layer of medium carbon steel

A nanocrystalline (nc) surface layer, which is about 30 μm thick, was fabricated on a medium carbon steel plate using high-energy shot peening (HESP). The tribological behavior of the nanocrystalline surface layer was investigated under the unlubricated slide using a ring-on-disc tester. The observation of the surface topography shows that the nanocrystalline surface layer may reduce the effect of fatigue wear and improve the friction and wear properties of medium carbon steel. Experimental results show that the friction coefficient and wear weight loss decrease and the wear resistance increases with the surface nanocrystallized samples under lower loads.     

Friction and wear behaviour of stainless steel rubbing against copper-impregnated metallized carbon

A series of experimental tests were carried out using stainless steel rubbing against copper-impregnated metallized carbon under electrical current on a pin-on-disc test rig. The test parameters include the sliding speed of 60-100 km/h, normal force of 40-80 N and electrical current of 0-50 A. During testing, the friction coefficient and wear volume were recorded. The topography of worn surfaces was also observed with SEM. The cross sectional profiles of worn surfaces of stainless steel were measured with Ambios profiler. The result displays that electrical current, normal load and sliding speed have a distinct effect on the friction and wear behaviour of stainless steel rubbing against copper-impregnated metallized carbon. Without electric current, the friction coefficient is largest but the wear volume of copper-impregnated metallized carbon is lowest. With increasing electric current, the friction coefficient decreases while the wear volume of copper-impregnated metallized carbon increases. Through the whole test, it is found that the wear loss of stainless steel was light. The wear of copper-impregnated metallized carbon becomes severe when electrical current or sliding speed is high. When the electrical current or sliding speed is high, arc ablation is a dominant wear mechanism of copper-impregnated metallized carbon.     

Bio-Fuel-Contaminated Lubricant and Hardening Effects on the Friction and Wear of AISI 1045 Steel

A study has been made on the wear and friction of hardened AISI 1045 steel using a tri-pin-on-disc type of friction and wear apparatus. During the investigation the linear pin wear, coefficient of friction and rise in pin specimen temperature were monitored and wear and friction curves plotted. Wear surfaces and mechanisms were investigated by means of optical microscopy. Analysis of used lubricating oil was performed using FTIR spectroscopy.

It was shown that the wear rate, type of wear and friction coefficient were influenced by contaminating the lubricant with bio-fuel as well as the surface hardening treatment. Corrosive wear and pits on the specimen surface were found when plain bio-fuel was used as lubricating oil. The results also confirmed that better wear resistance was obtained from the surface-hardened steel specimen with 4 % bio-fuel-contaminated lubricant.

Results from this study will be useful in material selection for tribological components in diesel engines running on vegetable fuel.     

The Friction and Wear Model of Steels and Their Probable Statistic Calculations

Based on a systematic analysis of steel wear surfaces by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Auger Electron Microscopy (AES), a statistical model for friction and wear of steels is proposed. Three categories of contact are proposed; oxide-oxide, metal-metal, and metal-oxide. Each category of contact is related to a probability distribution on the real contact area. Using a new concept of nascently exposed metallic surfaces, this paper derived the mathematical expressions for the friction coefficient and wear rate by means of statistical methods. The calculated values are in good agreement with measured values.     

润滑油添加剂对聚合物材料摩擦磨损性能的影响研究

利用MM－200型磨损试验机考察了ZDDP对聚合物材料（PTFE、PI及MCPA）－GCr15轴承钢摩擦副摩擦磨损性能的影响。研究发现，液体石蜡及含ZDDP的液体石蜡润滑均可大幅度改善聚合物材料的摩擦磨损性能，且使其摩擦系数比干摩擦时降低一个数量级，摩擦副表面的ZDDP吸附膜均在不同程度上提高聚合物材料的耐磨性，但其对聚合物材料的摩擦性能影响不大。     

SiCp/AI有机摩擦材料摩擦磨损特性研究

对20%Vol SiCp/AI复合材料与有机摩擦材料组成的摩擦副的摩擦磨损特性进行了试验研究.试验表明:该摩擦副在不同的速度情况下都具有平稳的摩擦系数.摩擦系数在一定速度范围内随速度增加而减小,而在超过一定速度后随速度增加而增大.对摩擦系数随速度变化的机理进行了讨论.