折射/衍射球柱有晶体眼人工晶体的设计

为了提高白光下人眼的视觉质量,设计了一款折射/衍射球柱有晶体眼人工晶体 (Phakic Intraocular Lens, PIOL)。根据实际人眼的角膜地形图、眼内各组分的轴向间距和波前像差,运用ZEMAX光学设计软件,构建了个性化眼模型,然后运用该模型,设计了球柱PIOL和折射/衍射球柱PIOL。研究表明：与球柱PIOL相比,折射/衍射球柱PIOL能够全面提高人眼的白光调制传递函数 (Modulation Transfer Function, MTF) 和非中心波长下的MTF,这有利于获得良好的视觉质量。研究还表明：折射/衍射球柱PIOL只需要在4mm区域设计二元面就能够满足要求。最后分析了加工工艺问题。折射/衍射球柱PIOL在先进视觉矫正方面具有潜在的应用价值。     

基于个性化眼模型的人眼调焦特性研究

运用光学设计软件ZEMAX分别为10只正常人眼构建了个性化眼模型,这些眼模型由实际测量的人眼参数数据优化而来,具有与实际人眼相同的光学特性.在此基础上分析了0D、-1D、-2D、-3D、-4D状态下的全眼像差与特殊像差项的变化情况.随着调节状态的改变,不同眼睛的波前像差的变化不同,而且变化量的大小与初始状态0D时的波前像差大小无关.将个性化眼模型计算得来的全眼波前像差值与用哈特曼夏克波前传感器实际测量的全眼像差值相比较,结果吻合.     

波前技术的眼视网膜AIM和CSF测定

提出了一种计算复色光下人眼视网膜空间像调制度AIM的方法.利用Hartmann-Shack波前传感器测量的波前像差数据,求得眼睛光学系统的调制传递函数MTF,利用CSV-1000测试仪和VAF-1000视锐度测试仪分别测量同一只眼睛的对比敏感度函数CSF以及视锐度VA.由MTF,CSF,以及VA之间的关联获得复色光下人眼视网膜空间像调制度AIM曲线.结果表明视网膜AIM曲线与眼光学系统的MTF无关,并且正常人眼(无视网膜疾病)的AIM值相近,因此多眼的AIM曲线的统计平均值可以作为标准.文中演示了基于波前技术和标准AIM曲线的对比敏感度CSF的测定,它具有快速和客观测量的特点.     

基于线结构光的水下旋转扫描高精度测量方法研究

随着海洋工程领域的不断发展，如何高精度地获取水下物体的三维点云具有重要学术和应用价值。由于光在不同介质中传播会引起光路的变化，导致水下线结构光视觉测量获得的点云受折射畸变影响，精度降低。针对上述问题，设计了一种基于线结构光的水下旋转扫描测量系统。提出了一种轴眼标定算法，能够将多视角水下点云配准到统一坐标系中。提出了一种引人折射补偿的水下相机成像模型，该模型可准确的描述激光在不同介质间传播过程中的光路，基于水下激光平面方程的约束，对水下点云进行折射校正，提高了水下点云的重建精度。水下测量实验结果表明，提出的高精度测量方法能够获得水下物体的三维点云信息，可测量水下目标的尺寸信息，距离目标30~80cm 时测量精度达到0.2mm，满足了水下目标三维高精度测量要求，     

人眼像差测量技术研究进展

眼睛由于内部结构的复杂多变,成像时伴随有大量的像差。用于测量人眼像差和视网膜成像质量的各种技术已经问世,然而至今还没有形成标准规范的眼像差测量方法。目前已经提出的眼像差测量技术有:阴影眼像差仪,Hartmann-Shack眼像差仪,干涉量度法和双程法,以及测量评估视网膜成像质量的人眼调制传递函数测量仪。详细回顾和描述了这几种技术的实验光路、实验原理和实验结果,同时在比较各种技术的基础上提出了眼像差研究的发展方向。     

激光眼屈光外科术：回顾与现状

眼角膜屈光外科术是为了修正角膜前表面曲率，从而达到校正近视、远视和散光的目的。空气·泪层的内面为一强折射层，较小的曲率变化就可以引起较大的屈光能力变化。激光和角膜组织的完美作用性使得激光能在眼屈光外科中成功地应用，已为临床应用开发了许多系统。本文对激光眼屈光外科术的临床和研究状况作一个综述。     

眼动跟踪技术研究进展

眼动跟踪是指通过测量眼睛注视点的位置或者眼球相对头部的运动而实现对眼球运动的追踪。介绍了眼动跟踪技术及近年来相关研究进展,分析了各种眼动跟踪技术原理,详细比较了各种测量方法的利弊。通过对几种最新眼动跟踪设备特性的比较,进一步了解国内外眼动跟踪发展趋势。最后介绍了眼动跟踪技术的研究方向,并对眼动跟踪技术应用前景进行了展望。     

眼倍率色差的实验测定与理论分析

提供一种计算人眼倍率色差的简化模型。理论分析得：倍率色差与轴向色差，以及人射光瞳至节．点问轴向距离成正比。眼睛观察前五平行平面视觉倾斜对视网膜成像大小非常敏感，利用这种技术，通过一个辅助连镜可以测量人眼双眼倍率色差的平均值，从而得到单眼的倍丰色差．对实验结果作分析，可得与理论模型相一致的关系。     

一种非接触眼压眼后测定仪

本文论述了一种非接触眼压眼后测定仪的测量原理和仪器结构,并提供了一组实验结果。     

新型液压随钻扩眼器的研制

鉴于目前小井眼侧钻缩径卡钻和小井眼固井质量差的难题,设计了一种安全性和可靠性非常高的扩眼器。该工具采用机械式硬支撑设计方案,具有PDC切削效应,可实现随钻扩眼,并将118mm钻头所钻进的井眼机械式扩眼至145mm。该工具通过投球憋压实现刀翼收放。当刀翼完全打开时,由连接接头上的定位套使PDC刀翼的位置稳定不变,实现硬支撑。此扩眼器原理正确、结构可靠,为从根本上彻底解决小井眼固井难和小井眼缩径、卡钻频繁等情况提供了一种有效的手段。     

Chromatic aberration effects in small electron probes

The tolerance for chromatic aberration in low voltage probe-forming systems is much larger than we had believed previously. In this article, we calculate the effect of chromatic aberration on small probes on the basis of wave optics. An upper limit for chromatic aberration is established as a practical guide.     

Chromatic aberrations of diffractive-refractive intraocular lenses in an eye model

Results of analyzing chromatic aberrations of an eye model with different designs of intraocular lenses (IOLs), that is, artificial crystalline lenses (refractive, diffractive-refractive, diffractive, and harmonic, i.e., multiorder lenses) are represented. Investigations were carried out sequentially for elements of the model, namely, for a cornea, refractive and diffractive components, and IOL, and as a whole, for a cornea + IOL. It is shown that diffractive-refractive IOLs in which the diffractive components produce a positive additional focal power possess the best chromatic characteristics. Chromatic aberration of the eye model with such IOLs is 2 times less than that of a model with a refractive IOL, whereas with other IOL designs it is 2 times greater and even more.     

基于光学色差传感器的表面粗糙度测量

随着机械加工自动化程度的提高，对表面粗糙度的测量提出了越来越高的要求。表面粗糙度的测量一直面临着提高测量精度和抗干扰能力的挑战，提出了一种新的利用光学色差来测量表面粗糙度的非接触测量方法，这一方法不但具有一般非接触测量所具有的快速、对工件表面无损伤等特点，而且在提高精度和抗干扰能力两方面都有很强的优势。重点介绍了利用光学色差法测量表面粗糙度的理论依据以及基于光学色差原理的光学色差传感器，分析了应用光学色差传感器测量表面粗糙度的工作原理。通过实验证明了理论分析与实验结果相符。     

Chromatic two-photon excitation fluorescence imaging

We report on a chromatic axial scanning method for two-photon excitation fluorescence imaging. Effective axial scanning is achieved by incorporating a Fresnel lens in the system, which has large chromatic aberration and can therefore focus the excitation beam to different axial positions depending on its wavelength. We experimentally demonstrated this technique and used it to image the cross-section of fluorescent microspheres.     

人眼消色差：色视差问题

如果眼睛不与消色差系统的光轴共轴，那么校正人眼聚焦色差将导致我们所不期望的色视差。用几何光学方法可以证明视差量大约与眼睛的不共轴量成正比，其比例常数与眼睛的色差相同。饮用两种市场上可得到的消色差透镜，通过色差试验证实了此推测。基于这些结果，可以计算出，该消色差透镜给眼睛的复色调制传递函数提供的改进量，将由于透镜和眼睛之间的大约0．4mm的不共轴性抵消。对比灵敏度的心理物理实验已证实了我什1的推测：不关轴量的进一步增大特严重降低已消色差眼睛的成像质量。     

机电产品表面涂装色差故障分析及控制

针对机电产品表面涂装的Ⅱ级精度装饰性要求,对中压开关柜涂装时出现色差,达不到精度要求的问题展开分析,从环氧-聚酯粉末静电涂装时固化温度的均匀性、粉末配方原材料的热稳定性试验,找出了机电产品表面涂装产生色差故障的原因并提出了解决控制措施。     

光谱共焦位移传感器镜头设计研究

光谱共焦位移传感器是一种高精度、非接触式位移传感器。本文讨论了光谱共焦法用于位移测量的基本原理,用Zemax光学设计软件完成了一个镜头组的设计,并给出了光谱共焦位移传感器镜头组的设计方法以及像差分析。该镜头组采用密接透镜结构,工作波段为486.13nm-656.27nm,测量范围约为91μm,轴向响应FWHM优于5μm。通过线性回归分析得出波长与位移间判定系数为0.99523,在测量范围内,位移与波长间的线性关系较好。     

Chromatic shift in multicolour confocal microscopy

Multicolour confocal microscopy has proven to be a successful technique for the analysis of the spatial relationship between different biological structures in the same preparation. However, when the positions of objects are compared, e.g. co-localization and distance measurements, any positional shift that arises between the colour components is clearly unacceptable. This paper presents a simple technique for measuring with high accuracy the positional shifts that occur between the colour components of an image. Multi-labelled microbeads were scanned using two or three different detection channels. The position of each microbead was calculated separately for each detection channel. In general, the two calculated positions of the same microbead (one for each channel) are slightly different. This difference is a measure of the positional shift between the colours. This method enables the measurement of shift with a high accuracy (20 nm), and it has been applied to images from several experiments. The results of these experiments will give the reader an impression of typical contributions of different effects (such as chromatic aberration, misalignment of optical components and inaccuracy of the scanning unit) on the amount of positional shift.     

Adaptive aberration correction using a triode hyperbolic electron mirror

A converging electron mirror can be used to compensate spherical and chromatic aberrations in an electron microscope. This paper presents an analytical solution to a novel triode (three electrode) hyperbolic mirror as an improvement to the well-known diode (two electrode) hyperbolic mirror for aberration correction. A weakness of the diode mirror is a lack of flexibility in changing the chromatic and spherical aberration coefficients independently without changes in the mirror geometry. In order to remove this limitation, a third electrode can be added. We calculate the optical properties of the resulting triode mirror analytically on the basis of a simple model field distribution. We present the optical properties-the object/image distance, z(0), and the coefficients of spherical and chromatic aberration, C(s) and C(c), of both mirror types from an analysis of electron trajectories in the mirror field. From this analysis, we demonstrate that while the properties of both designs are similar, the additional parameters in the triode mirror improve the range of aberration that can be corrected. The triode mirror is also able to provide a dynamic adjustment range of chromatic aberration for fixed spherical aberration and focal length, or any permutation of these three parameters. While the dynamic range depends on the values of aberration correction needed, a nominal 10% tuning range is possible for most configurations accompanied by less than 1% change in the other two properties.