TiO2纳米结构在染料敏化太阳电池中的应用

利用纳米结构材料作为光阳极制备的染料敏化太阳电池被称为纳米结构染料敏化太阳电池(NDSSC).一般而言,它由纳米结构金属氧化物半导体的光阳极、染料敏化剂,电解质和对电极等几个部分组成.目前,纳米结构光阳极的研究主要集中在如何优化设计和成功制备各种纳米结构的光阳极材料,以改善NDSSC的光电转换性能.本文着重介绍了各种TiO2纳米结构,例如TiO2晶粒薄膜、TiO2准一维纳米结构、TiO2纳米复合物膜层、TiO2核-壳纳米结构、TiO2量子点敏化结构以及串联电池结构等在NDSSC中的应用,并评论了它们最近的主要研究进展.     

染料敏化纳晶薄膜太阳电池对电极的研究进展

研究了染料敏化纳晶薄膜太阳电池由于价格低、性能好而备受关注，对电极作为染料敏化纳晶薄膜太阳电池的重要组成部分，其性能对电池性能有很大影响。综述了目前对电极的研究进展，重点分析了对镀铂电极、碳电极的研究进展，并简要介绍了导电聚合物电极和柔性对电极在染料敏化纳晶薄膜太阳电池中的应用。     

利用有机介质丝网印刷技术制备TiO2纳晶电极

在水热法制备TiO2胶体的基础上,加入松油醇、聚丙烯酸酯、Tx-100、乙基纤维素组成浆液,利用丝网印刷技术制备了染料敏化纳晶多孔TiO2薄膜电极.在光强为100mW/cm2的条件下,TiO2电极显示了良好的光电化学性能,由介孔TiO2电极组装的染料敏化太阳能电池的光电转换效率可达6.9%.     

碳纳米管在染料敏化太阳电池光阳极中的应用

TiO2作为光阳极薄膜材料,广泛应用于染料敏化太阳电池(DSC)中.在TiO2多孔薄膜中掺碳纳米管,不仅可以加快光生电子在TiO2薄膜内的传输,同时也可以增加电子寿命,从而提高染料敏化太阳电池的效率.本文综述了近年来在TiO2中掺碳纳米管的研究成果,简要介绍了碳纳米管在DSC中的作用;归纳了掺杂于TiO2光阳极的碳纳米...     

大小颗粒混和的纳晶多孔TiO2薄膜电极的制备及其性能研究

把大小颗粒的纳晶TiO2进行混合,制备了纳晶多孔TiO2薄膜电极并应用于染料敏化太阳能电池中.研究表明,混合一定量的大颗粒纳晶,改善了纳晶多孔TiO2薄膜对染料的吸附量和薄膜电极对光的散射性能,提高了光电输出,在100mW/cm2光照条件下,染料敏化太阳能电池的光电转换效率达到5.66%.     

TiO2纳晶电极的光电性能研究

在TiO2胶体中加入3种表面活性剂松油醇、聚丙烯酸甲酯、TX-100和乙基纤维素增稠剂组成浆液,利用丝网印刷技术制备了染料敏化纳晶多孔TiO2薄膜电极.在松油醇、聚丙烯酸甲酯、TX-100和乙基纤维素与TiO2在合适的质量比率下制备的纳晶TiO2电极的光电转换效率可达6.9％;经过TiC14修饰后的纳晶TiO2薄膜电极...     

染料敏化太阳能电池的研究进展

近年来,染料敏化太阳电池以其简单的制作工艺,低廉的生产成本,较高的转换效率和光明的发展前景,已经成为国际上的研究热点。本文介绍了染料敏化太阳电池的研究背景和发展过程,简述了基于纳米TiO2半导体电极材料的太阳能电池的基本结构和工作机理,,并且就染料敏化太阳电池存在的问题和发展前景给予论述。     

染料敏化纳米晶体TiO2太阳电池的研究和进展

染料敏化纳米晶体TiO2太阳电池作为新型太阳电池，已经引起人们的广泛重视。该太阳电池制备方法简单、成本低廉，且能够获得比较理想的光电转换效率。本文详细介绍了染料敏化纳米晶体TiO2太阳电池的研究现状和存在的问题，对该领域的未来发展做出了一些预测。     

NPC太阳电池的TiO2薄膜结构的研究

采用溶胶凝胶法、粉末涂敷法和磁控溅射法在导电玻璃上制得纳米TiO2薄膜。电子衍射和X射线衍射实验表明该薄膜主要是锐钛矿相结构，透射电子显微镜实验证明了薄膜晶粒为纳米尺度，扫描电子显微镜实验观察了薄膜的表面形貌。分析并讨论了利用以上各种方法制得的纳米TiO2薄膜的结构及其所组成的染料敏化太阳电池的性能。发现由致密TiO2层和多孔TiO2层组成的多层TiO2薄膜组装的太阳电池的性能优于任一种单层TiO2薄膜。     

二氧化钛纳米晶染料敏化太阳电池的最新研究进展

染料敏化纳米晶太阳电池是一种新型的光电材料。由于它的理论光电转换效率高，制作工艺简单，成本很低，被认为是可取代硅电池的新型太阳电池。自从这一成果发表以来，世界各国的研究者对其理论及实用化进行了广泛深入的研究和探讨。结合研究成果，重点论述了国内外染料敏化纳米晶太阳电池的最新研究进展及其实用化所面临的课题和太阳电池在高效率化及固态化等方面的最新研究成果，并对这一新型太阳电池的发展前景进行了展望。     

Naphthalenediimide (NDI) polymers for all-polymer photovoltaics

Naphthalenediimide (NDI) polymers are an important class of electron-accepting (acceptor or n-type) semiconductors for organic photovoltaic (OPV) or organic solar cell (OSC) applications. Blending them with compatible electron-donating (donor or p-type) polymers yields an OPV device known as bulk-heterojunction (BHJ) all-polymer solar cells (all-PSCs). Compared to the more extensively studied OPVs using fullerene derivatives as the acceptor material, all-PSCs provide important benefits such as chemical tunability, mechanical flexibility and ambient/stress stability. Through an extensive research on materials design and device optimization in the last five years, all-PSCs employing NDI-based polymers have achieved remarkable improvement in device power conversion efficiency (PCE), now surpassing 10% – a number that approaches the state-of-the-art organic photovoltaic (OPV) cells using fullerenes. In this review, recent development of NDI-based conjugated polymers used in all-PSCs will be highlighted.     

Recent Progress of Counter Electrodes in Nanocrystalline Dye-sensitized Solar Cells

Dye-sensitized solar cell （DSC） consists a combination of several different materials： photoanodes with nanoparticulated semiconductors, sensitizers, electrolytes and counter electrodes （CEs）. Each materials performs specific task for the conversion of solar energy into electricity. The main function of CE is to transfer electrons to the redox electrolyte and regenerate iodide ion. The work of CE is mainly focused on the studies of the kinetic performance and stability of the traditional CEs to improve the overall efficiency of DSC, seeking novel design concepts or new materials. In this review, the development and research progress of different CE materials and their electrochemical performance, and the problems are discussed.     

25th Anniversary Article: Isoindigo‐Based Polymers and Small Molecules for Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells and Field Effect Transistors

Driven by the potential advantages and promising applications of organic solar cells, donor‐acceptor (D‐A) polymers have been intensively investigated in the past years. One of the strong electron‐withdrawing groups that were widely used as acceptors for the construction of D‐A polymers for applications in polymer solar cells and FETs is isoindigo. The isoindigo‐based polymer solar cells have reached efficiencies up to ～7% and hole mobilities as high as 3.62 cm² V^?1 s^?1 have been realized by FETs based on isoindigo polymers. Over one hundred isoindigo‐based small molecules and polymers have been developed in only three years. This review is an attempt to summarize the structures and properties of the isoindigo‐based polymers and small molecules that have been reported in the literature since their inception in 2010. Focus has been given only to the syntheses and device performances of those polymers and small molecules that were designed for use in solar cells and FETs. Attempt has been made to deduce structure‐property relationships that would guide the design of isoindigo‐based materials. It is expected that this review will present useful guidelines for the design of efficient isoindigo‐based materials for applications in solar cells and FETs.     

Multilayer Polypyrrole Nanosheets with Self‐Organized Surface Structures for Flexible and Efficient Solar–Thermal Energy Conversion

Converting solar energy into concentrated heat is very appealing for various applications. Polypyrrole (PPy) is known to possess excellent photothermal property with low thermal conductivity, and thus is an ideal candidate for solar–thermal energy conversion. However, solar–thermal materials based on PPy or other conducting polymers still exhibit limited energy conversion efficiency due to the lack of effective light‐trapping schemes. Here, it is demonstrated that multilayer PPy nanosheets with spontaneously formed surface structures such as wrinkles and ridges via sequential polymerization on paper substrates can dramatically enhance broadband and wide‐angle light absorption across the full solar spectrum, leading to an impressive solar–thermal conversion efficiency of 95.33%. The intriguing solar–thermal properties and structural features of multilayer PPy nanosheets can be used for solar heating and photoactuators. Meanwhile, when used for solar steam generation, the measured efficiency could achieve ≈92% under one sun irradiation. The hierarchically multilayer structure is mechanically flexible and robust, holding great potential for practical solar energy utilization. This study provides a simple and straightforward approach toward engineering light‐weight and thermally insulating polymers into efficient solar–thermal materials for emerging solar energy‐related applications.     

Panchromatic photon-harvesting by hole-conducting materials in inorganic-organic heterojunction sensitized-solar cell through the formation of nanostructured electron channels

Additional photon-harvesting by hole transporting materials in Sb(2)S(3)-sensitized solar cell is demonstrated through the formation of electron channels in the hole transporter such as P3HT (poly(3-hexylthiophene)) and PCPDTBT(poly(2,6-(4,4-bis-(2-ethylhexyl)-4H-cyclopenta[2,1-b;3,4-b']dithiophene)-alt-4,7(2,1,3-benzothiadiazole)) that can act as both a hole conductor and light absorber. As a result, the short-circuit current density is improved with an increment in overall efficiency. These findings provide new insights into use of light-absorbing conjugated polymers as a hole conductor in the inorganic-organic heterojunction sensitized solar cells.     

Toward interaction of sensitizer and functional moieties in hole-transporting materials for efficient semiconductor-sensitized solar cells

Sb(2)S(3)-sensitized mesoporous-TiO(2) solar cells using several conjugated polymers as hole-transporting materials (HTMs) are fabricated. We found that the cell performance was strongly correlated with the chemical interaction at the interface of Sb(2)S(3) as sensitizer and the HTMs through the thiophene moieties, which led to a higher fill factor (FF), open-circuit voltage (V(oc)), and short-circuit current density (J(sc)). With the application of PCPDTBT (poly(2,6-(4,4-bis-(2-ethylhexyl)-4H-cyclopenta[2,1-b;3,4-b']dithiophene)-alt-4,7(2,1,3-benzothiadiazole)) as a HTM in a Sb(2)S(3)-sensitized solar cell, overall power conversion efficiencies of 6.18, 6.57, and 6.53% at 100, 50, and 10% solar irradiation, respectively, were achieved with a metal mask.     

Double-walled carbon nanotube solar cells

We directly configured double-walled carbon nanotubes as energy conversion materials to fabricate thin-film solar cells, with nanotubes serving as both photogeneration sites and a charge carriers collecting/transport layer. The solar cells consist of a semitransparent thin film of nanotubes conformally coated on a n-type crystalline silicon substrate to create high-density p-n heterojunctions between nanotubes and n-Si to favor charge separation and extract electrons (through n-Si) and holes (through nanotubes). Initial tests have shown a power conversion efficiency of >1%, proving that DWNTs-on-Si is a potentially suitable configuration for making solar cells. Our devices are distinct from previously reported organic solar cells based on blends of polymers and nanomaterials, where conjugate polymers generate excitons and nanotubes only serve as a transport path.     

Some recent advances in materials technology

Recent advances in five key areas of materials technology are discussed. Structural and non-structural composites, electrically-conducting polymers, materials obtained by rapid quenching, new developments in hydraulic cements and photothermal solar energy conversion are reviewed.     

Recent Advances in Wide‐Bandgap Photovoltaic Polymers

The past decade has witnessed significant advances in the field of organic solar cells (OSCs). Ongoing improvements in the power conversion efficiency of OSCs have been achieved, which were mainly attributed to the design and synthesis of novel conjugated polymers with different architectures and functional moieties. Among various conjugated polymers, the development of wide‐bandgap (WBG) polymers has received less attention than that of low‐bandgap and medium‐bandgap polymers. Here, we briefly summarize recent advances in WBG polymers and their applications in organic photovoltaic (PV) devices, such as tandem, ternary, and non‐fullerene solar cells. Addtionally, we also dissuss the application of high open‐circuit voltage tandem solar cells in PV‐driven electrochemical water dissociation. We mainly focus on the molecular design strategies, the structure‐property correlations, and the photovoltaic performance of these WBG polymers. Finally, we extract empirical regularities and provide invigorating perspectives on the future development of WBG photovoltaic materials.     

导电聚合物在纳米太阳能电池中的应用研究

导电聚合物以其特殊的性质及种种优点而越来越广泛地应用于光电化学太阳能电池,文中主要介绍了导电聚合物作为全固态太阳能电池的电解质以及作为纳米光电化学太阳能电池敏化剂的应用研究。